Diagnostic value of ABCD2 and ABCD3-Ⅰ risk scoring systems in determining one-month risk of stroke in patients with transient ischemic attack: An observational study

Objective:To compare the diagnostic value of the ABCD2 and ABCD3-栺scoring systems in predicting the development of a 30-day neurological event in adult patients with transient ischemic attack(TIA)presenting to the emergency department.Methods:The study was observational and prospective and was conducted in a single center.The diagnostic values of the ABCD2 and ABCD3-栺scores in predicting a neurological event within one month were compared in patients diagnosed with TIA in the emergency department.Results:A statistically significant difference was observed between groups with or without stroke within one month in terms of both the ABCD2 and ABCD3-栺scores(P=0.044 and P=0.029,respectively).There was no statistically significant difference between the patients with and without a recurrent TIA within one month in relation to the ABCD2 score(P=0.934),but a statistically significant difference was found in the ABCD3-栺scores of these groups(P<0.001).Conclusions:Both the ABCD2 and ABCD3-栺scoring systems could predict ischemic stroke within 30 days of TIA,the ABCD3-栺score is more effective than the ABCD2 score in the prediction of TIA recurrence.

Evaluation of modified hemodilution combined therapy in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke in the elderly

BACKGROUND： Thrombolysis therapy is not suitable for the elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke who delayed to be diagnosed for more than 3 hours, but traditional medicine is also not very ideal. OBJECTIVE： To observe the clinical therapeutic effect of modified hemodilution combined therapy applied in elderly patients with acute cerebral thrombosis and analyze the mechanism of this therapeutic method. DESIGN： 1：1 paired grouping according to gender and controlled observation SETTING： Department of Internal Medicine, Chengzhanyuan District, First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University. PARTICIPANTS： Totally 90 elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke who received the treatment in the Cadre Ward and Mental Ward, Department of Internal Medicine, Chengzhanyuan District, First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University from March 1996 to June 2004 were recruited. They all met the diagnosis criteria revised by the Fourth Academic Conference of National Cerebrovascular Diseases in 1995 and were diagnosed as acute ischemic stroke by skull CT. They were informed of therapeutic plan and detected items. According to 1：1 paired principle in gender, 90 enrolled patients were assigned into treated group （n=45） and control group （n=45）. There were 39 male and 6 female in the treatment group, and they were aged （76±6）years, ranging from 71 to 84 years, and hospitalized at the 14^th to 76^th hours after onset. There were 39 male and 6 female in the control group, and they were aged （76±6）years , ranging from 70 to 82 years, and hospitalized at the 16^th to 72^th hours after onset. METHODS： Therapeutic method： Patients of treated group received modified hemodilution combined therapy. 200 mL whole blood of patients was exchanged with 500 mL dextran-40 （including 20 mL danshen parenteral solution and 32 mg heparin） at the beginning of therapy; From the 2^nd day, compound huangqi tea bag （Huangqi mainly, including danshen, honghua, chuanxiong, shishao and a little acetyl salicylic acid） was made, twice a day, 1 bag once. At the same time, the above-mentioned dextran-40 liquid of 500 mL was intravenously injected, once a day, 14 days in total; On the 6^th day after therapy, the above-mentioned aseptic autoblood stored in refrigerator at 4℃ was transfused back into the patients following pre-treatment of high-concentration oxygenation and ultraviolet irradiation by light quantum instrument. Patients of control group were intravenously injected of 0.4 g venoruton（Traditional Chinese medicine compound parenteral solution for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis ） and 50 g/L glucose of 500 mL, 75 mg acetosal was taken orally, once a day, 14 days in total. ② Measurement and observation of index： Blood coagulation index, change of platelet aggregation rate and change of hemorrheology of patients in two groups were monitored before and after therapy. The level of blood lipid of patients in two groups was measured with American Beckman automatic biochemistry analyzer. Blood flow rate of middle cerebral artery of resting electrocardiogram were measured with American HP SONOS 2500 sonoscope. Neuro-dysfunction score revised in the national conference （1995） was used to evaluate the recovery of neurological function of the patients in two groups at the 3rd, 5^th, 7^th and 14^th days after therapy. ③Therapeutic effect and adverse effect were observed at the same time. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： ① Changes of coagulation index, blood lipid level and hemorheology; ② Blood flow rate of middle cerebral artery and NDS of patients with acute ischemic stroke in two groups; ③Adverse effect of drug. RESULTS： Totally 90 patients were enrolled in the experiment. One patient from treated group died of hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma of complicated diabetes mellitus. One patient from control group died of severe pulmonary infection. The rest 88 patients entered the stage of result analysis. ① Change of coagulation index and platelet aggregation rate： prothrombin time （PT）, activated partial thromboplastin time （APTT） and thrombin time （TT） of patients after therapy were significantly longer than those before therapy in the treated group and those after therapy in control group [After therapy in treated group： （18.4±1.9）, （41.8±2.1）, （19.7±1.7） s, Before therapy in treated group： （13.4±1.3）, （35.8±1.3）, （12.5±0.9） s, After therapy in control group： （16.9±1.5）, （39.1±1.1）, （11.9±2.1） s, P〈 0.05]：Concentration of fibrinogen （Fbg） after therapy was significantly lower than that before therapy in the treated group and that after therapy in control group[After therapy in treated group： （3.4±0.4） g/L; Before therapy in treated group： （4.3±0.7） g/L; After therapy in control group：（4.0±0.6） g/L; P 〈 0.05]. Platelet aggregation rate decreased from （37.92 ±0.85）% before therapy to （26.42±1.01）% after therapy （P 〈 0.01）. ②Change of blood lipid level： Levels of total cholesterol （TC）, triacylglycerol（TG） and low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） of patients after therapy were significantly lower than those before therapy in treated group and those after therapy in control group [After therapy in treated group： （5.2±0.9）, （1.9±0.9）, （2.08±1.1） mmol/L, before therapy in treated group： （5.9±1.2）, （2.8±0.9）, （3.94±0.5） mmol/L, After therapy in control group： （6.0±1.1）, （2.6±0.8）, （3.84±0.9） mmol/L, P 〈 0.05]. ③Change of hemorheology index： Hematocrit of patients of treated group was significantly lower after therapy than before therapy [Before therapy： （43.84±4.55）% ;After therapy： （40.48±4.02）%;P 〈 0.05]. Blood flow rate of middle cerebral artery of patients of treated group was significantly lower before therapy than after therapy [（90±1.2）, （97±2.1） cm/s,P〈 0.01]. ⑤NDS of patients in treated group was significantly lower than of control group 14 days after therapy. The total effective rate after therapy was significantly higher in the treated group than in the control group （93%,78%, P 〈 0.05）. ⑥There was no obvious adverse effect. CONCLUSION： Modified hemodilution combined therapy can improve hemorheology, decrease hematocrit, increase blood flow rate of middle cerebral artery, so as to improve the impaired clinical neurological function of elderly patients with acute cerebral thrombosis through anticoagulation and antiplatelet aggregative activity as well as regulating blood lipid.

Cardiovascular risk factors for acute stroke: Risk profiles in the different subtypes of ischemic stroke

Timely diagnosis and control of cardiovascular risk factors is a priority objective for adequate primary and secondary prevention of acute stroke. Hypertension, atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus are the most common risk factors for acute cerebrovascular events, although novel risk factors, such as sleep-disordered breathing, inflammatory markers or carotid intima-media thickness have been identified. However, the cardiovascular risk factors profile differs according to the different subtypes of ischemic stroke. Atrial fibrillation and ischemic heart disease are more frequent in patients with cardioembolic infarction, hypertension and diabetes in patients with lacunar stroke, and vascular peripheral disease, hypertension, diabetes, previous transient ischemic attack and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with atherothrombotic infarction. This review aims to present updated data on risk factors for acute ischemic stroke as well as to describe the usefulness of new and emerging vascular risk factors in stroke patients.

Middle cerebral artery occlusion methods in rat versus mouse model of transient focal cerebral ischemic stroke

Experimental stroke research commonly employs focal cerebral ischemic rat models （Bederson et al., 1986a; Longa et al., 1989）. In human patients, ischemic stroke typically results from thrombotic or embolic occlusion of a major cerebral artery, usually the mid- dle cerebral artery （MCA）. Experimental focal cerebral ischemia models have been employed to mimic human stroke （Durukan and Tatlisumak, 2007）. Rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia that do not require craniotomy have been developed using intraluminal suture occlusion of the MCA （MCA occlusion, MCAO） （Rosamond et al., 2008）. Furthermore, mouse MCAO models have been wide- ly used and extended to genetic studies of cell death or recovery mechanisms （Liu and McCullough, 2011）. Genetically engineered mouse stroke models are particularly useful for evaluation of isch- emic pathophysiology and the design of new prophylactic, neuro- protective, and therapeutic agents and interventions （Armstead et al., 2010）. During the past two decades, MCAO surgical techniques have been developed that do not reveal surgical techniques for mouse MCAO model engineering. Therefore, we compared MCAO surgical methods in rats and mice.

A novel phenotype of B cells associated with enhanced phagocytic capability and chemotactic function after ischemic stroke

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the involvement of B cells in neuroinflammation and neuroregeneration.However,the role of B cells in ischemic stroke remains unclear.In this study,we identified a novel phenotype of macrophage-like B cells in brain-infiltrating immune cells expressing a high level of CD45.Macrophage-like B cells chara cterized by co-expression of B-cell and macrophage markers,showed stronger phagocytic and chemotactic functions compared with other B cells and showed upregulated expression of phagocytosis-related genes.Gene Ontology analysis found that the expression of genes associated with phagocytosis,including phagosome-and lysosome-related genes,was upregulated in macrophage-like B cells.The phagocytic activity of macrophage-like B cells was ve rified by immunostaining and three-dimensional reconstruction,in which TREM2-labeled macrophage-like B cells enwrapped and internalized myelin debris after cerebral ischemia.Cell-cell interaction analysis revealed that macrophage-like B cells released multiple chemokines to recruit peripheral immune cells mainly via CCL pathways.Single-cell RNA sequencing showed that the transdiffe rentiation to macrophage-like B cells may be induced by specific upregulation of the transcription factor CEBP fa mily to the myeloid lineage and/or by downregulation of the transcription factor Pax5 to the lymphoid lineage.Furthermore,this distinct B cell phenotype was detected in brain tissues from mice or patients with traumatic brain injury,Alzheimer’s disease,and glioblastoma.Overall,these results provide a new perspective on the phagocytic capability and chemotactic function of B cells in the ischemic brain.These cells may serve as an immunotherapeutic target for regulating the immune response of ischemic stroke.

A novel cerebrovascular drug-coated balloon catheter for treating symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis lesions:Study protocol for a prospective,multicenter,single-arm,target-value clinical trial

Background:Previous single-center studies have demonstrated that drug-coated balloons(DCBs)may reduce restenosis rates,which is an important factor affecting the prognosis for intracranial interventional therapy.However,currently available cardiac DCBs are not always suitable for the treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis(ICAS).This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel DCB catheter designed for patients with severely symptomatic ICAS.Methods:This prospective,multicenter,single-arm,target-value clinical trial was conducted in 9 Chinese stroke centers to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel DCB catheter for treating symptomatic severe ICAS.Primary metrics and other indicators were collected and analyzed using SAS version 9.4(SAS Institute,Cary,NC,USA).Results:A total of 155 patients were enrolled in this study.The preliminary collection of follow-up data has been completed,while data quality control is ongoing.Conclusion:Results of this study demonstrated the patency rate,safety,and effectiveness of a novel on-label paclitaxel DCB designed for the treatment of ICAS.Ethics and dissemination:This study,involving human participants,was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Drugs(Devices)Clinical Experiment at Henan Provincial People’s Hospital(reference number:2020-145-03)and other research centers participating in the clinical trial.The results of this study will be presented at international conferences and sent to peer-reviewed journals for publication.Standard protocol items:The Recommendations for Interventional Trials checklist was used when drafting the study protocol.Trial registration number:Registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on June 11,2021(Chi CTR2100047223).

Patent foramen ovale in an old patient with ischemic stroke following carotid surgery

Post-procedural strokes have been observed in 0.5-2.7% of patients after carotid endarterectomy （CEA）. They are frequently due to carotid embolism or thrombosis of the operated artery. lntracerebral haemorrhages and technical difficulties are less common underlying factors.

Is transesophageal echocardiography needed for evaluating tissue-based transient ischemic attack？

Transient ischemic attack（TIA） is a warning signal for stroke.A comprehensive evaluation of TIA may reduce the risk for subsequent stroke.Data on the findings of cardiac evaluation with transesophageal echocardiography（TEE） in patients with TIA are sparse.Our aims were to determine the frequency of TEE performance and to investigate the findings of TEE in patients with TIA based on the new definition of TIA（i.e.,transient neurological symptoms without evidence of infarction）.During a 4-year period（2011–2014）,1071 patients（mean age,70 ± 13 years;female,49.7%） with TIA were included in a prospective study and evaluated.Of 1071 consecutive patients suffering from TIA,288 patients（27%） underwent TEE.The median time between admission and TEE was 6 days.Patients with TIA who were evaluated by TEE were younger（67 vs.71 years,P 〈 0.001） than those who were not evaluated by TEE.They had a higher rate of sensibility disturbance as a TIA symptom（39% vs.31%,P = 0.012） but a lower rate of previous stroke（15% vs.25%,P = 0.001） and atrial fibrillation（2% vs.21%,P 〈 0.001） than those who did not.Foramen ovale was detected in 71 patients（25.7%）,atrial septal aneurysm in 13 patients（4.6%）,and severe atherosclerotic plaques（grade 4 and 5） in the aortic arch in 25 patients（8.7%）.One patient（0.3%） had a fibroma detected by TEE.In 17 of the 288 patients（6%） who underwent TEE,the indication for anticoagulation therapy was based on the TEE results,and 1 patient with fibroma underwent heart surgery.During hospitalization,7 patients experienced a subsequent stroke,and 27 patients had a recurrent TIA.At 3 months following discharge,the rates of readmission,stroke,recurrent TIA,and death were 19%,2.7%,4.2%,and 1.6%,respectively.The rates of mortality（0.9% vs.1.8%,P = 0.7）,stroke risk（1.9% vs.3.0%,P = 0.8）,and recurrent TIA（5.0% vs.3.9%,P = 0.8） were similar in patients who underwent TEE and in those who did not.Performing TEE in patients with tissue-based TIA is helpful in detecting cardiac sources for embolism and may indicate for anticoagulation.

Transient ischemic attack after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy:A case report

BACKGROUND Thrombocytopenia with thrombosis syndrome has been reported after vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with two mRNA vaccines.The syndrome is characterized by thrombosis,especially cerebral venous sinus thrombosis,and may lead to stroke.Pregnant women with stroke show higher rates of pregnancy loss and experience serious pregnancy complications.We present the case of a 24-year-old pregnant woman with a transient ischemic attack(TIA) that developed after vaccination with the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine(at 37 2/7 wk).CASE SUMMARY TIA occurred 13 d following the coronavirus disease vaccination.At 39 1/7 wk of pregnancy,the patient presented with sudden onset of right eye blurred vision with headache,dizziness with nausea,right-hand weakness,anomia,and alexia.The symptoms lasted 3 h;TIA was diagnosed.Blood test results revealed elevated D-dimer,cholesterol,and triglyceride levels.Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed no acute hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke.At pregnancy 37 6/7 wk,she was admitted for cesarean delivery to reduce subsequent risk of stroke during labor.Body mass index on admission was 19.8 kg/m~2.Magnetic resonance angiography and transesophageal echocardiography showed no abnormalities.The next day,a mature female baby weighing 2895 g and measuring 50 cm was delivered.Apgar scores were 8 and 9 in the first and fifth minutes.D-dimer levels decreased on postoperative day 4.After discharge,the autoimmune panel was within normal limits,including antinuclear and antiphospholipid antibodies.CONCLUSION TIA might be developed after the mRNA vaccines in pregnant women.

Wall shear stress can improve prediction accuracy for transient ischemic attack

BACKGROUND Early prediction of transient ischemic attack (TIA) has important clinical value. To date, systematic studies on clinical, biochemical, and imaging indicators related to carotid atherosclerosis have been carried out to predict the occurrence of TIA. However, their prediction accuracy is limited. AIM To explore the role of combining wall shear stress (WSS) with conventional predictive indicators in improving the accuracy of TIA prediction. METHODS A total of 250 patients with atherosclerosis who underwent carotid ultrasonography at Naval Military Medical University Affiliated Gongli Hospital were recruited. Plaque location, plaque properties, stenosis rate, peak systolic velocity, and end diastolic velocity were measured and recorded. The WSS distribution map of the proximal and distal ends of the plaque shoulder was drawn using the shear stress quantitative analysis software, and the average values of WSS were recorded. The laboratory indicators of the subjects were recorded. The patients were followed for 4 years. Patients with TIA were included in a TIA group and the remaining patients were included in a control group. The clinical data, laboratory indicators, and ultrasound characteristics of the two groups were analyzed. Survival curves were plotted by the Kaplan-Meier method. Receiver operating characteristic curves were established to evaluate the accuracy of potential indicators in predicting TIA. Logistic regression model was used to establish combined prediction, and the accuracy of combined predictive indicators for TIA was explored.RESULTS The intraclass correlation coefficients of the WSS between the proximal and distal ends of the plaque shoulder were 0.976 and 0.993, respectively, which indicated an excellent agreement. At the end of the follow-up, 30 patients suffered TIA (TIA group) and 204 patients did not (control group). Hypertension (P = 0.037), diabetes (P = 0.026), homocysteine (Hcy)(P = 0.022), fasting blood glucose (P = 0.034), plaque properties (P = 0.000), luminal stenosis rate (P = 0.000), and proximal end WSS (P = 0.000) were independent influencing factors for TIA during follow-up. The accuracy of each indicator for predicting TIA individually was not high (area under the curve [AUC]< 0.9). The accuracy of the combined indicator including WSS (AUC = 0.944) was significantly higher than that of the combined indicator without WSS (AUC = 0.856) in predicting TIA (z = 2.177, P = 0.030). The sensitivity and specificity of the combined indicator including WSS were 86.67% and 92.16%, respectively. CONCLUSION WSS at plaque surface combined with hypertension, diabetes, Hcy, blood glucose, plaque properties, and stenosis rate can significantly improve the accuracy of predicting TIA.

中国缺血性卒中及短暂性脑缺血发作患者血脂长期管理科学声明

中国缺血性卒中(ischemic stroke,IS)及TIA疾病负担沉重。LDL-C水平升高是卒中复发的独立危险因素,积极评估患者LDL-C不达标的原因,制订进一步治疗策略、监测频率以提高达标率具有重要临床意义。为加强医务工作者对IS及TIA疾病长期管理及监测的认识,规范长期血脂管理临床实践,中国卒中学会医疗质量管理与促进分会组织相关脑血管病临床医学专家,基于循证证据和临床实践、经多轮专家意见收集和研讨,拟定本科学声明。本科学声明对IS及TIA患者长期血脂管理、长期血脂监测及重点患者血脂管理等方面进行了阐述,以期为提升IS及TIA患者的长期血脂管理临床规范提供参考。

氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林治疗对轻型卒中与短暂性脑缺血发作患者功能预后的影响:CHANCE与POINT试验联合分析

目的评价氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林双抗治疗对轻型缺血性卒中与TIA患者功能预后的影响。方法提取CHANCE和POINT试验所有的个体数据。这两项试验中,所有纳入患者在症状发作12 h(POINT)或24 h(CHANCE)以内随机接受氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林或单用阿司匹林治疗。结局指标为3个月时功能预后不良(mRS≥2),三等级定义卒中复发[致残性或致死性卒中复发(mRS≥2)、非致残性卒中复发(mRS 0或1)、无卒中复发]。结果共10013例患者纳入分析,其中来自CHANCE试验5132例(51.3%),来自POINT试验4881例(48.7%);氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林组4995例(49.9%),单用阿司匹林组5018例(50.1%)。氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林组3个月时功能预后不良的患者比例低于单用阿司匹林组(11.6%vs 12.6%,校正OR 0.82,95%CI 0.72~0.94,P=0.005)。氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林组致残性或致死性卒中复发(4.6%vs 6.1%,校正OR 0.73,95%CI 0.61~0.87,P<0.001)、非致残性卒中复发(1.9%vs 3.0%,校正OR 0.62,95%CI 0.47~0.80,P<0.001)和卒中复发的整体致残性(校正cOR 0.70,95%CI 0.60~0.81,P<0.001)低于单用阿司匹林组。结论与单用阿司匹林治疗相比,氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林治疗可进一步改善轻型缺血性卒中和TIA患者3个月时功能预后,减少致残性卒中复发。

超重对急性轻型缺血性脑卒中或中高危短暂性脑缺血发作患者预后的影响探讨

目的探讨超重对急性轻型缺血性脑卒中或中高危短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者预后的影响。方法纳入366例携带CYP2C19功能缺失型等位基因的急性轻型缺血性脑卒中或中高危TIA患者作为研究对象,收集患者入院基线资料和发病后3个月的临床结局资料(主要结局为发病后3个月内卒中复发,次要结局为发病后3个月内卒中复发或死亡复合结局、血管事件和3个月生活质量)。采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制累计结局发生率曲线,采用多因素COX比例风险模型和多因素Logistic回归模型评估超重与缺血性脑卒中或TIA患者发病后3个月临床结局的关系。计算综合判别改善指数(IDI)和净重分类改善指数(NRI),评估在传统模型基础上增加体质量指数(BMI,是否超重)对急性缺血性脑卒中或TIA预后的预测价值。结果随访3个月,28例患者卒中复发,1例患者死亡,31例患者发生血管事件。Kaplan-Meier累计结局发生率曲线显示,超重患者发病后3个月卒中复发、卒中复发或死亡、血管事件累计发生率均低于未超重患者,差异有统计学意义(Log-rank P<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,与未超重患者比较,超重患者3个月卒中复发(HR=0.24,95%CI:0.08~0.71)、卒中复发或死亡复合结局(HR=0.24,95%CI:0.08~0.69)、血管事件(HR=0.22,95%CI:0.07~0.63)风险显著降低,且3个月生活质量显著提升(OR=0.39,95%CI:0.20~0.76)。IDI和NRI计算结果显示,与传统模型相比,增加BMI(是否超重)后的新模型对急性缺血性卒中或TIA预后的预测能力显著提高。结论超重可能是携带CYP2C19功能缺失型等位基因的急性轻型缺血性脑卒中或中高危TIA患者预后的保护因素。与未超重患者相比,超重患者发病后3个月内卒中复发、卒中复发或死亡复合结局、血管事件的发生风险均降低,且发病后3个月的生活质量提高。

不同血小板浓度指导双联抗血小板治疗方案在轻型缺血性脑卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作患者中的应用价值

目的探究不同血小板浓度指导双联抗血小板治疗方案在轻型缺血性脑卒中(MIS)/短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者中的效果及安全性。方法选取江苏省常州市武进中医医院2020年9月至2022年5月收治的180例MIS/TIA患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组和试验组,各90例。对照组常规使用阿司匹林+氯吡格雷;试验组按血小板浓度给药。治疗3个月后,比较两组复发率、症状性颅内出血发生率、死亡率;比较两组治疗前,治疗3周、3个月后美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分;比较两组治疗前,治疗7 d、3个月后血小板计数;观察治疗期间不良反应发生情况。结果治疗期间,对照组7例患者因个人原因,自行退出研究,最终入组83例;研究组6例患者因个人原因,自行退出研究,最终入组84例。两组均无死亡患者;试验组复发率高于对照组,症状性颅内出血率低于对照组(P<0.05)。整体分析:两组治疗前,治疗7 d、3个月后血小板计数时间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组治疗前,治疗7 d、3个月后血小板计数组间、交互作用比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。组内比较:两组血小板计数不同时间点两两比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。组间比较:两组治疗前,治疗7 d、3个月后血小板计数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。整体分析:两组治疗前,治疗3周、3个月后NIHSS评分时间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组治疗前,治疗3周、3个月后NIHSS评分组间、交互作用比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。组内比较:两组NIHSS评分不同时间点两两比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。组间比较:两组治疗前,治疗3周、3个月后NIHSS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组皮肤、黏膜瘀斑或牙龈、鼻腔出血,消化道反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论不同血小板浓度指导双联抗血小板治疗方案应用于MIS/TIA患者中,有助于降低颅内出血率,但复发风险随之增高。

张宪忠老中医从肾虚络阻论治中风先兆学术经验探讨

张宪忠老中医继承传统中医理论,结合现代医学研究,认为肾虚络阻为中风先兆的发病基础,肾中阴精亏虚导致虚火内生,煎熬血液而成瘀;阴亏导致脉道失濡,气血运行不畅加重瘀血内生。肾阴不足,水不涵木,肝风内动,内风肆虐于内,扰乱气机,致气血运行逆乱,上扰清窍,瘀阻脑脉,脑髓失养,神机受损而发中风先兆诸症。基于此理论,采用自拟补肾通络消风汤,以补肾息风、活血通络、软坚散结,同时结合随证加减及特色用药,治疗中风先兆患者取得了理想的效果。

阿加曲班、替罗非班治疗短暂性脑缺血发作患者的疗效评估

目的:评估阿加曲班、替罗非班治疗短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2020年1月—2021年12月天津市泰达医院收治的196例高风险TIA患者的临床资料,分为A组92例、B组54例、C组50例。A组患者给予阿司匹林、硫酸氢氯吡格雷双联抗血小板治疗,B组患者给予阿加曲班抗凝及阿司匹林抗血小板治疗,C组患者给予替罗非班桥接阿司匹林、硫酸氢氯吡格雷抗血小板治疗。观察三组患者自开始用药至1个月的治疗效果及不良反应发生情况。结果:B组和C组患者治愈率及总有效率均高于A组患者,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.955、20.787、5.600、10.762,P<0.05)。C组患者治愈率高于B组患者,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.630,P<0.05)。B组和C组患者总有效率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.331,P>0.05)。结论:阿加曲班、替罗非班对于TIA患者的疗效较好,且阿加曲班与替罗非班治疗TIA患者的总有效率相当,替罗非班能够更加快速地阻止TIA的复发及恶化。

Hes1 Knockdown Exacerbates Ischemic Stroke Following tMCAO by Increasing ER Stress-Dependent Apoptosis via the PERK/ eIF2a/ATF4/CHOP Signaling Pathway

Apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress plays a crucial role in mediating brain damage after ischemic stroke.Recently,Hes1(hairy and enhancer of split 1)has been implicated in the regulation of ER stress,but whether it plays a functional role after ischemic stroke and the underlying mechanism remain unclear.In this study,using a mouse model of ischemic stroke via transient middle cerebral artery occlusion(tMCAO),we found that Hes1 was induced following brain injury,and that siRNA-mediated knockdown of Hes1 increased the cerebral infarction and worsened the neurological outcome,suggesting that Hes1 knockdown exacerbates ischemic stroke.In addition,mechanistically,Hes1 knockdown promoted apoptosis and activated the PERK/eIF2a/ATF4/CHOP signaling pathway after tMCAO.These results suggest that Hes1 knockdown promotes ER stress-induced apoptosis.Furthermore,inhibition of PERK with the specific inhibitor GSK2606414 markedly attenuated the Hes1 knockdown-induced apoptosis and the increased cerebral infarction as well as the worsened neurological outcome following tMCAO,implying that the protection of Hes1 against ischemic stroke is associated with the amelioration of ER stress via modulating the PERK/eIF2a/ATF4/CHOP signaling pathway.Taken together,these results unveil the detrimental role of Hes1 knockdown after ischemic stroke and further relate it to the regulation of ER stress-induced apoptosis,thus highlighting the importance of targeting ER stress in the treatment of ischemic stroke.

二磷酸腺苷抑制率指导轻型脑卒中或高危短暂性脑缺血发作双联抗血小板方案

目的探讨二磷酸腺苷(ADP)抑制率指导轻型脑卒中或高危短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者调整双联抗血小板方案的可行性和安全性。方法选取2020-01—2022-03在陕西省人民医院接受治疗的轻型脑卒中或高危TIA患者268例,所有患者在发病24 h内采用阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷进行抗血小板治疗,治疗3 d后检测ADP抑制率,根据ADP抑制率分为A组、B组和C组。A组患者不调整治疗方案,B组和C组患者在医师指导下选择原方案治疗或将氯吡格雷改为替格瑞洛。观察出院时间、治疗期间的血小板反应指数(PRI)和血小板-纤维蛋白凝块强度(MAADP)、出血事件和不良反应以及随访3个月的再发脑卒中率。结果A组119例患者中未调整治疗方案,B组79例患者中40例调整了治疗方案,C组70例患者中36例调整了治疗方案。A组患者的住院时间、MAADP、PRI、再发脑卒中率均低于B组和C组(P<0.05),B组和C组的住院时间、MAADP、PRI、再发脑卒中率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B组和C组中调整治疗方案患者的住院时间、MAADP、PRI、再发脑卒中率均低于未调整治疗方案者(P<0.05)。B组和C组中调整治疗方案患者的住院时间、MAADP、PRI、再发脑卒中率与A组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。各组患者均未发生出血事件。各组患者的不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论ADP抑制率>70%的轻型脑卒中或高危TIA患者采用阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷方案治疗可取得满意的治疗效果,ADP抑制率较低的患者更换治疗方案可获益。

Post-ischemic Elevation of Circulating Hepatocyte Growth Factor Differentiates Stroke from Transient Ischemic Attack

Background:A rapid elevation of post-ischemic circulating hepatocyte growth factor(HGF)levels has been reported in acute vascular disease including stroke.However,the impact of transient ischemic attack(TIA)on circulating HGF has never been studied.Methods:Patients with an onset of either stroke or TIA within the past 30 days were enrolled.Based on the ischemic event,the patients were divided into a stroke group and a TIA group.Blood samples were collected at enrollment and at follow-up visits at one,three,and six months until a recurrent cerebral ischemic event.Plasma levels of HGF were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and logarithmically transformed to eliminate skewness.Results:Thirty-six patients were enrolled in the study,with 20 in the stroke group and 16 in the TIA group.The dynamic HGF levels post-ischemia showed distinct patterns between the two groups.A significant decrease of HGF levels was observed in the stroke group,from 2.62±0.18 ng/mL within 30 days after stroke to 2.41±0.22 ng/mL beyond 30 days(P=0.026);however,no significant change was found in the TIA group(2.22±0.17 ng/mL vs.2.19±0.16 ng/mL,P=0.990).A multivariate regression analysis showed a last event of stroke and a comorbidity of systemic atherosclerotic disease(SAD)were independently associated with higher levels of HGF.Subgroup analyses showed HGF levels decreased from 2.64±0.22 ng/mL within 30 days after stroke to 2.36±0.18 ng/mL beyond 30 days in patients without SAD(P=0.008),but not in patients with SAD(P=0.700).Conclusion:Our data indicate that in patients without SAD,circulating HGF is a potential biomarker to distinguish between stroke and TIA.

颈动脉MRI血管斑块特点对轻型急性前循环脑卒中及短暂性脑缺血发作早期预后的诊断价值

目的 探讨颈动脉MRI血管斑块特点对轻型急性前循环缺血性脑卒中(AACIS)及短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)早期预后的诊断价值。方法 选择2018年6月至2020年6月绍兴市人民医院神经内科收治的轻型AACIS及TIA患者158例,根据发病后90d的预后分成进展组62例和非进展组96例,分析并比较两组患者MRI症状侧颈动脉斑块负荷、斑块成分以及动脉硬化斑块的MRI分型。结果 观察组症状侧颈动脉最大管壁标准化指数(64.85±7.10)%、平均管壁标准化指数(49.42±5.31)%、最大管壁面积(72.64±21.22)mm2、最大管壁厚度(3.91±0.92)mm、斑块内出血最大面积百分比(11.22±0.85)%、斑块纤维帽破裂比例(67.74%)以及Ⅵ型斑块比例(75.81%)均高于对照组[(54.60±5.35)%,(43.24±3.40)%,(51.37±18.03)mm2,(2.81±0.74)mm,(2.53±0.77)%,35.42%,54.17%],差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。颈动脉最小管腔面积、脂质坏死核最大面积百分比及钙化最大面积百分比组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论MRI显示的血管斑块特性对轻型AACIS和TIA患者近期预后有重要价值。