Initial transient process in a simple helical flux compression generator

An analytical scheme on the initial transient process in a simple helical flux compression generator, which includes the distributions of both the magnetic field in the hollow of an armature and the conducting current density in the stator, is developed by means of a diffusion equation. A relationship between frequency of the conducting current, root of the characteristic function of Bessel equation and decay time in the armature is given. The skin depth in the helical stator is calculated and is compared with the approximate one which is widely used in the calculation of magnetic diffusion. Our analytical results are helpful to understanding the mechanism of the loss of magnetic flux in both the armature and stator and to suggesting an optimal design for improving performance of the helical flux compression generator.

Arranging transient process used in iterative learning control system

Considering the same initial state error in each repetitive operation in the iterative learning system, a method of arranging the transient process is given. During the current iteration, the system will track the transient function firstly, and then the expected trajectory. After several iterations, the learning system output will trend to the arranged curve, which has avoided the effect of the initial error on the controller. Also the transient time can be changed as you need, which makes the designing simple and the operation easy. Then the detailed designing steps are given via the robot system. At last the simulation of the robot system is given, which shows the validity of the method.

1/3 PURE SUB-HARMONIC SOLUTION AND FRACTAL CHARACTERISTIC OF TRANSIENT PROCESS FOR DUFFING'S EQUATION

The 1/3 sub-harmonic solution for the Duffing＇s with damping equation was investigated by using the methods of harmonic balance and numerical integration. The assumed solution is introduced, and the domain of sub-harmonic frequencies was found. The asymptotical stability of the subharmonic resonances and the sensitivity of the amplitude responses to the variation of damping coefficient were examined. Then, the subharmonic resonances were analyzed by using the techniques from the general fractal theory. The analysis indicates that the sensitive dimensions of the system time-field responses show sensitivity to the conditions of changed initial perturbation, changed damping coefficient or the amplitude of excitation, thus the sensitive dimension can clearly describe the characteristic of the transient process of the subharmonic resonances.

A 1/3 PURE SUBHARMONIC SOLUTION AND TRANSIENT PROCESS FOR THE DUFFING'S EQUATION

The 1/3 subharmonic solution for the Duffing’s equation is investigated by using the methods of harmonic balance and numerical integration. The sensitivity of parameter variation for the transient process and the transient process for the perturbance initial conditions are studied. Over and above, the precision of numerical integration method is discussed and the numerical integration method is compared with the harmonic balance method. Finally, asymptotical stability of the pure subharmonic oscillations element is inspected.

Effect of Carried-Envelope Phase on Transient Process in a Cascade-Type System

This paper investigates the effect of carried-envelope phase on transient process in a cascade-type atomic system, which is driven by two ultrashort laser pulses （probe and signal laser）. It is found that the one- and two-photon processes corresponding to pathway ｜0〉→｜1〉and ｜0〉→｜1〉→｜2〉 can be enhanced or ,suppressed by modulating the carried-envelope phases of probe laser pulse. Our numerical results also show that the transient populations of two excited states can be periodically affected by the carried-envelope phase of probe laser pulse. With certain time, the partial population transfer between two exited states can be realized just by adjusting the carried-envelope phase of probe laser pulse.

High-Accuracy Pneumatic Position Control by Applying Nonlinear Control and Arranging Transient Process

By applying a nonlinear control and arranging a transient process, the initiative error of the pneumatic servo positioning system is reduced largely, and a larger gain of the controller is used to improve the responding speed of the system at the same damping ratio. Therefore, a compromise is made among the responding speed, overshoot, robustness, adaptability and stability. In addition, a dynamic output feedback controller, including position velocity and acceleration （PVA） feedback, is designed to improve the performance of the system. And a nonlinear controller is reconstructed based on the linear output feedback controller to decrease noises and disturbances. The dynamic responses of the system are simulated and tested. Results show that the error is kept within 0.02 mm under different mass loads and the positioning transient process is smooth, without overshoot and speedy.

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS ON THE TRANSIENT PROCESS OF AC SILENT DISCHARGE

A mathematical model for analysing transient process of AC silent discharge isestablished from its physical model.Then,the breakdown characteristics and the dependence ofdischarge current density on time are calculated theoretically in this kind of AC silent discharge.They are compared with the experimental results and the deviation between the theoretical andexperimental results are discussed briefly.

EFFECTS OF NONLINEARITY ON TRANSIENT PROCESSES IN AT-CUT QUARTZ THICKNESS-SHEAR RESONATORS

We study the effects of mechanical nonlinearity arising from large thickness-shear deformation on the transient process of an AT-cut quartz plate resonator. Mindlin＇s two-dimensional plate equation is used, from which a system of first-order nonlinear differential equations governing the evolution of the vibration amplitude is obtained. Numerical solutions by the Runge-Kutta method show that in common operating conditions of quartz resonators the nonlinear effect varies from noticeable to significant. As resonators are to be made smaller and thinner in the future with about the same power requirement, nonlinear effects will become more important and need more understanding and consideration in resonator design.

Finite Element Method for the Transient Process of the Separation of External Stores from Aircraft

The adjustment and the regeneration of the flow field unstructuredmesh as well as the fi- nitelement solutions for the Euler equationsin the transient process of the separation o external stores form anaircraft at a predetermined downward translation and rotation areinvestigated. It is shown that the adjustment or regeneration ofgrids needed for moving store can be confined within a small regionaround the store and the finite element numerical solution method ofEuler equations for fixed grids can also be used for moving grids ifthe conservative fluxes F_k of fixed grids are replaced by E_k ofmoving grids. The relation-ships between F_k and E_k are alsoestablished. The numerical results For practical examples of aircraftwith external stores are shown.

Transient numerical simulation of annealing process in a conjugate combined radiation conduction heat transfer

The annealing time is an important affecting factor in the performance of many furnaces.The present work deals with the transient simulation of annealing process in a cubic furnace in which a solid element is placed in its center.As the working gas can have some radiating features,a set of governing equations including the energy balance with the radiative transfer equation(RTE)for the gray radiating medium and the conduction equation inside the solid product are numerically solved with progressing in time.Numerical results which are validated against both analytical and theoretical findings in the literature demonstrate that during the starting period,a high rate of radiant energy transfers into the solid body even at small optical thickness.This behavior which hastens the rate of heat transfer at low values of the radiation conduction parameter,causes a fast annealing process in which the solid body warms up to its maximum temperature.Moreover,it is revealed that the rate of heat transfer is an increasing function of radiation-conduction parameter.

Processing and analysis of transient pressure measurements from permanent down-hole gauges

With permanent down-hole gauges （PDGs） widely installed in oilfields around the world in recent years, a continuous stream of transient pressure data in real time is now available, which motivates a new round of research interests in further developing pressure transient processing and analysis techniques. Transient pressure measurements from PDG are characterized by long term and high volume data. These data are recorded under unconstrained circumstances, so effects due to noise, rate fluctuation and interference from other wells cannot be avoided. These effects make the measured pressure trends decline or rise and then obscure or distort the actual flow behavior, which makes subsequent analysis difficult. In this paper, the problems encountered in analysis of PDG transient pressure are investigated. A newly developed workflow for processing and analyzing PDG transient pressure data is proposed. Numerical well testing synthetic studies are performed to demonstrate these procedures. The results prove that this new technique works well and the potential for practical application looks very promising.

抽水蓄能机组特性曲线对电站水力过渡过程的影响

为了研究抽水蓄能机组特性曲线对过渡过程的影响,采用三组比转速接近的已建电站的特性曲线对某电站进行了水力过渡过程计算分析。通过对比计算发现:减小飞逸曲线与机组运行轨迹线交点的单位转速,有助于降低机组最大转速上升率。初始工况点应选在特性曲线相对平滑的地方,有助于减小机组在过渡过程中的流量变化,降低蜗壳进口最大压力。“s”特性斜率变化率越小,整体越平滑,尾水管进口最小压力越高。可以为项目前期选择合适的转轮提供理论依据。

A two-step transient liquid phase diffusion bonding process of T91 steels

In this study, a two-step heating process is introduced for transient liquid phase （ TLP） diffusion bonding fo r sound joints with T91 heat resistant steels. At first, a short-time higher temperature heating step is addressed to melt the interlayer, followed by the second step to complete isothermal solidification at a low temperature. The most critical feature of our new method is producing a non-planar interface at the T9／ heat resistant steels joint. We propose a transitional liquid phase bonding of T91 heat resistant steels by this approach. Since joint microstructures have been studied, we tested the tensile strength to assess joint mechanical property. The result indicates that the solidified bond may contain a primary solid-solution, similar composition to the parent metal and free from precipitates. Joint tensile strength of the joint is not lower than parent materials. Joint bend＇s strengths are enhanced due to the higher metal-to-metal junction producing a non-planar bond lines. Nevertheless, the traditional transient liquid phase diffusion bonding produces planar ones. Bonding parameters of new process are 1 260 °C for 0. 5 min and 1 230 °C fo r 4 min.

Effect of non-uniform swelling on coal multiphysics during gas injection: The triangle approach

In current dual porosity/permeability models,there exists a fundamental assumption that the adsorption-induced swelling is distributed uniformly within the representative elementary volume (REV),irrespective of its internal structures and transient processes.However,both internal structures and transient processes can lead to the non-uniform swelling.In this study,we hypothesize that the non-uniform swelling is responsible for why coal permeability in experimental measurements is not only controlled by the effective stress but also is affected by the adsorption-induced swelling.We propose a concept of the swelling triangle composed of swelling paths to characterize the evolution of the non-uniform swelling and serve as a core link in coupled multiphysics.A swelling path is determined by a dimensionless volumetric ratio and a dimensionless swelling ratio.Different swelling paths have the same start and end point,and each swelling path represents a unique swelling case.The swelling path as the diagonal of the triangle represents the case of the uniform swelling while that as the two perpendicular boundaries represents the case of the localized swelling.The paths of all intermediate cases populate inside the triangle.The corresponding relations between the swelling path and the response of coal multiphysics are established by a non-uniform swelling coefficient.We define this method as the triangle approach and corresponding models as swelling path-based ones.The proposed concept and models are verified against a long-term experimental measurement of permeability and strains under constant effective stress.Our results demonstrate that during gas injection,coal multiphysics responses have a close dependence on the swelling path,and that in both future experiments and field predictions,this dependence must be considered.

Influence of Blade Number on the Performance of Hydraulic Turbines in the Transition Stage

To analyze the effect of blade number on the performance of hydraulic turbines during the transient stage in which theflow rate is not constant,six hydraulic turbines with different blade numbers are considered.The instantaneous hydraulic performance of the turbine and the pressure pulsation acting on the impeller are investigated numerically by using the ANSYS CFX software.The ensuing results are compared with the outcomes of experimental tests.It is shown that thefluctuation range of the pressure coefficient increases with time,but the corresponding range for the transient hydraulic efficiency decreases gradually when theflow velocity transits to larger values.During the transition to smallflow velocity,thefluctuation range of the pressure coefficient gradually decreases as time passes,but the correspondingfluctuation range of its transient hydraulic efficiency gradually becomes larger.Thefluctuation range in the Z9 case is small during the transition.The main frequency of transient hydraulic efficiency pulsation is equal to the blade frequency.At the main frequency,Z7 has the largest amplitude of the hydraulic efficiency pulsation,Z10 has the smallest amplitude,and the difference between Z7 and Z9 is limited.As the number of blades grows,the pressure pulsation during the transition process gradually decreases,but the pressure pulsation of Z10 at the volute tongue is larger.In the steady state,Z9 has the highest efficiency and in the transient stage,the pressure coefficientfluctuation range is small.Accordingly,for the hydraulic turbine Z9,the performance is optimal.

导叶关闭规律对大小机组水电站同时甩负荷工况的影响分析

针对两台大机组、两台小机组联合布置的一洞四机的水电站,基于特征线法,建立系统的过渡过程模型,模拟系统甩负荷工况,研究分析一段直线关闭规律及两段折线关闭规律对过渡过程的影响。结果表明:一段直线关闭规律时间越长、两段折线关闭第一段关闭时间越长、折点开度越大以及第二段关闭时间越长时,蜗壳最大压力越小,机组最大转速上升率越大;增加转动惯量有利于改善过渡过程参数,可通过调整大(小)机组的转动惯量使大小机组过渡过程极值接近。

离心泵变频调速在长距离输水工程中的应用与研究

介绍了南水北调大兴支线工程输水管道系统,特别是在处理水锤现象和保证安全输水方面的应对措施。对整个输水系统建立数学模型,阐述数学模型在供水系统瞬变流数值计算中的应用,对比离心泵启动及停止瞬态过程中工频与变频的变化对整个系统安全运行的影响,并提出了大兴支线输水工程过渡过程计算分析结果。通过建立合理的数学模型和设置边界条件,可有效解决供水系统瞬变流产生的问题,保证输水管道系统的安全稳定运行,为长距离输水工程设计及运行管理提供参考依据。

某迫榴炮击针疲劳寿命仿真与提升研究

击针大多采用细长及变截面结构,在循环撞击力作用下,易引起结构应力集中及交变应力,经常出现疲劳断裂故障,严重影响自动武器的可靠性,甚至威胁到作战人员安全。某迫榴炮击针在试验中偶发断裂现象,疲劳寿命约200发左右,为了提升该击针疲劳寿命,基于载荷传递过程,建立了击针在火药气体反冲力下高速运动与限位块的瞬态撞击模型,获取击针撞击过程交变应力,通过循环载荷作用下击针疲劳寿命评估,计算击针疲劳寿命与试验现象基本一致,验证了计算模型的准确性。在此基础上,开展了不同材料击针疲劳寿命提升研究,研究表明,将击针材料由PCrNi3Mo更换为30CrNi2MoVE后,击针疲劳寿命由215发提升到1670发,提升效果显著,改进后的击针经实弹射击试验验证在规定寿命周期内未发生断裂现象。

阻断水锤传播的调压塔水力特性及其应用

安全可控的水锤压力是保障长距离有压输水工程稳定运行的必要条件,然而对于超长有压输水系统,还需要重点关注局部爆管等极端事故产生的超标水锤压强,其在全线蔓延导致整个输水系统瘫痪,可能引发次生危害。为解决极端水锤压力在整个输水系统传播的问题,首先提出一种阻断水锤传播的圆筒式溢流调压塔结构,通过将调压塔进水管竖直向上深入调压塔内部,形成圆筒式溢流调压塔,利用调压塔结构将进出水管道有效分割,以此阻断水锤的传播。随后通过模型试验和数值模拟方法分析了阻断式调压塔的水力特性,发现调压塔内流态均匀,溢流水体能在调压塔内充分消能后进入下游管线。最后将此调压塔应用于引绰济辽有压管线中,发现当管线出现局部爆管事故时,此调压塔能有效阻断负水锤的传播,避免水锤在全线蔓延,缩小事故影响范围。研究成果可为超长距离输水系统的水锤防护措施研究提供借鉴依据。

电站含不同装机容量机组导叶关闭规律

扩建小容量生态机组是保证已建电站下游所需生态用水的有效方式之一.对于需要扩建机组的水电站,增设机组和原设机组选取的导叶关闭规律是否协调对于调节保证参数有着重要意义.基于特征线法建立了过渡过程仿真模型,探究设有不同装机容量机组水电站的导叶关闭规律组合,开展了新增生态小机组前后对电站调保参数影响的对比分析,并揭示了电站中机组装机容量对蜗壳压力的影响机理.结果表明:电站中原机组若沿用增设生态机组前的关闭规律,会导致蜗壳压力超出控制标准,因此应适当延长导叶关闭时间;机组装机容量越大,机组转速越小,蜗壳压力越大;电站设置不同装机容量(AABB)机组时,装机容量较小的机组A可直接采用电站全为该容量的方案(AAAA)的关闭规律,装机容量较大的机组B可参考电站全用较大装机方案(BBBB)的关闭规律.研究成果可为同类型水电站的导叶关闭规律选取提供参考.