STEADY-SHEAR VISCOSITY AND TRANSIENT STRESS RESPONSE FOR ELASTO-THIXOTROPIC FLUIDS

A phenomenological model for dispersed systems which exhibit complex theological behaviour such as shear and time-dependent viscosity, yield stress, and elasticity is proposed. The model extends the Quemeda model to describe the viscosity function with a structural parameter λ which varies according to differ- ent kinetic orders of particle aggregation and segregation. The transient stress response is obtained by solving an instantaneous Maxwell model with an assumed shear modulus function G of the same form as the viscosity function η. Accuracy of the proposed model is verified experimentally with the results obtained for two oil (creosote)/water emulsions. The model that gives the best fit of experimental data appears to be the one with kinetic orders n = m = 2.

Exact Dynamic Modeling of PWM DC-to-DC Power Converters—Part I: Continuous Conduction Mode

A general approach is presented by which the exact frequency response of any transfer function of switched linear networks can be determined. This is achieved with a describing function approach using a state space equation formulation. This work presents a somewhat simplified set of equations to one previously given by one of the authors. To demonstrate application of the general formulation, the frequency responses of switched networks used as PWM DC-to-DC converters operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) under voltage mode control are derived. (The accompanying paper, Part II, will present results for converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM)). From the general sets of equations developed here, both the control to output and input source variation to output frequency responses are derived. The describing function approach enables exact frequency response determination, even at high frequencies where the accuracy using average models may be compromised. Confirmation of the accuracy of the derived models is provided by comparing the responses with those obtained using the commercial simulator PSIM on a PWM boost converter. The magnitude and phase responses are shown to match perfectly over the full range of frequencies up to close to half the switching frequency. Matlab code that implements the models is given such that the user can easily adapt for use with other PWM converter topologies.

Exact Dynamic Modeling of PWM DC-to-DC Power Converters—Part II: Discontinuous Conduction Mode

This paper follows on from the first paper, Part I, where a general formulation of a describing function approach to frequency response determination of switched linear networks, such as PWM converters, was simplified and updated. The models assume a piecewise linear state space equation description of the system and results in a closed form solution for the sought after frequency response. In Part I, model derivation was demonstrated for the case of PWM converters operating in the continuous conduction mode (CCM). This operating mode does not feature any state dependent switching times. In this paper, Part II, frequency response models for any transfer function for PWM converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) are derived based on the theory presented in Part I. This operating model features state dependent switching times. The describing function models developed are exact and therefore, in terms of accuracy, are to be preferred over averaged models which are widely used. The example of a boost dc-to-dc converter operating in DCM is simulated to obtain the control to output and input to output frequency responses and are compared with the models derived here. Excellent agreement between the simulated and model responses was found. Matlab code implementing the analytical models is also presented which the user can adapt for any other PWM converter topology. The models derived here may be used as a basis from which simplified models may be derived while still preserving required accuracy.

Modeling and Experimental Study of PEM Fuel Cell Transient Response for Automotive Applications

This paper presents an analysis of the dynamic response of a low pressure proton exchange membrane （PEM） fuel cell stack to step changes in load, which are charactedstic of automotive fuel cell system applications. The goal is a better understanding of the electrical and electrochemical processes when accounting for the characteristic cell voltage response during transients. The analysis and expedment are based on a low pressure 5 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell （PEMFC） stack, which is similar to those used in several of Tsinghua＇s fuel cell buses. The experimental results provide an effective improvement reference for the power train control scheme of the fuel cell buses in Olympic demonstration in Beijing 2008.

面向频率稳定性提升的VSG暂态稳定性增强方法

电网故障期间保持虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)型变流器的暂态稳定性对系统安全稳定运行至关重要,频率稳定性是保持暂态稳定性的前提和基础,应优先考虑,而现有暂态稳定方法却极少关注。为此,该文提出一种面向频率稳定性提升的VSG暂态稳定性增强方法,该方法可同时增强故障期间的暂态稳定性和频率稳定性。首先,全面分析2种故障类型下VSG的惯性和阻尼对暂态稳定性和频率稳定性的影响机理;然后,提出一种引入角频率偏差反馈的有功环控制,并基于小信号和大信号模型综合分析VSG的暂态响应;接着,给出一种考虑最优阻尼比的VSG参数设计方法;最后,通过实验验证理论分析和所提方法的正确性。

层状介质半航空瞬变电磁正反演研究及应用

半航空瞬变电磁具有信噪比高、探测深度大,可以实现高效和适应复杂地形条件下对目标体探测等优点。目前该方法的正反演研究和应用都得到较快的发展。该文以电性源半航空瞬变电磁为例,利用数值模拟方法得到层状介质中瞬变电磁响应。建立K型地电模型和H型地电模型分析地层参数对瞬变电磁响应的影响。分析结果表明,埋深较浅的低阻层不利于半航空瞬变电磁对异常体的探测,高阻层厚越大或埋深较浅越容易被探测,而且当中间层与围岩电阻率差异越大,对瞬变电磁响应影响越大。然后根据某井工矿水文地质资料,建立充水采空区模型和砂岩裂隙含水层模型,基于自适应正则化反演方法对理论模型进行试算,发现该反演方法能够反映出砂岩裂隙含水层,能够较为准确地反映出异常体的位置,但对目的层厚度较薄的积水采空区模型反演效果较差。最后,为了验证电性源半航空瞬变电磁系统实际应用效果,对某煤矿进行探测。结果表明,该系统可有效地揭示探测区域的视电阻率差异性分布。因此,电性源半航空瞬变电磁是一种高效、适应复杂探测环境、分辨率较高的探测方法。

Data-Driven Model Identification and Control of the Inertial Systems

In the synthesis of the control algorithm for complex systems, we are often faced with imprecise or unknown mathematical models of the dynamical systems, or even with problems in finding a mathematical model of the system in the open loop. To tackle these difficulties, an approach of data-driven model identification and control algorithm design based on the maximum stability degree criterion is proposed in this paper. The data-driven model identification procedure supposes the finding of the mathematical model of the system based on the undamped transient response of the closed-loop system. The system is approximated with the inertial model, where the coefficients are calculated based on the values of the critical transfer coefficient, oscillation amplitude and period of the underdamped response of the closed-loop system. The data driven control design supposes that the tuning parameters of the controller are calculated based on the parameters obtained from the previous step of system identification and there are presented the expressions for the calculation of the tuning parameters. The obtained results of data-driven model identification and algorithm for synthesis the controller were verified by computer simulation.

Computer Analysis of Electromagnetic Transients in Grounding Systems Considering Variation of Soil Parameters with Frequency

This paper presents a mathematical model to calculate transients in grounding systems. The derived equations arise from direct application of basic electromagnetic equations in frequency domain, whose solution is obtained by the application of the Moment Methods. A formulation based on experimental measurements is applied to quantify the soil parameters for each frequency. The unified approach is applied in the calculation of the grounding impedance of horizontal electrodes. Results show that the inclusion of frequency dependence of the soil parameters leads to a reduction of the values of grounding impedance, in comparison with results for soils with parameters independent of frequency.

汽车尾气温差发电系统瞬态回收性能分析

为了预测温差发电(thermoelectric generator, TEG)系统的动态特性,基于COMSOL Multiphy-sics建立了用于求解温差发电系统温度场分布的瞬态计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)模型和用于研究温差发电模块瞬态响应特性的分析模型,提出了混合瞬态CFD-分析模型,并经过瞬态试验验证.结果表明:由于热惯性的影响,TEG系统的转化效率会出现一个瞬时的较高值;相较于尾气温度和质量流量的瞬态波动,热电半导体的热端温度和冷端温度会存在时滞;在美国环保局的高速公路燃油经济性测试(highway fuel economy test, HWFET)模式循环工况下,瞬态模型求解得到整个温差发电系统的平均输出功率、平均转化效率分别为35.63 W和3.40%,瞬态模型的输出电压平均误差为6.41%;该模型能够以较高的精度及较短的计算时间预测温差发电系统在瞬态热源激励下的瞬态响应特性.

基于多变量样本卷积交互网络的电力系统频率安全性评估

现有电力系统暂态频率智能评估方法未充分考虑输入数据的时序特征。因此,文中提出一种基于暂态频率响应曲线智能预测的电力系统频率安全性评估方法。设计了一种多变量样本卷积交互网络,可充分挖掘电力系统量测数据的时序特征,从而提高电力系统暂态频率响应曲线的预测精度;基于所预测的频率响应曲线计算最大频率偏差、最大频率偏差发生时间和准稳态频率等关键指标,并综合评估系统的频率安全性。在频率稳定标准算例上进行仿真测试,结果表明,所提方法与深度学习等经典方法相比,频率响应曲线预测和系统频率安全性评估精度均得到有效提升。

氢燃料电池局部动态特征三维模型

车用燃料电池运行过程中,动态负载可能引起电池局部物理量剧烈变化,进而导致电池性能和使用寿命急剧下降。为了防止上述问题的发生,需要深入分析动态工况下电池局部动态特征。本研究考虑膜电极7层结构特征、气体组分扩散以及气液两相宏观对流带来的能量输运,同时考虑水在气-液-膜三相之间相变引起的局部能量变化,建立了燃料电池两相、非等温、三维动态物理模型,揭示动态载荷下燃料电池内部特征,特别是在流道方向和极板沟脊下催化层区域的热质输运以及电化学反应动态响应特征,并阐明了动态行为形成机理。研究结果显示,在电流负载阶跃过程中膜电极内部存在显著的热质时空响应不均现象,导致变载过程中电池输出电压下冲约20 mV,引发额外功率损失和产热,从而造成局部温度进一步上升。

汽车温差发电系统的多物理场建模与对比

为了获取实际行驶工况下汽车温差发电系统的瞬态响应特性,提出瞬态流-热-电多物理场耦合模型、混合瞬态CFD-TE数值模型和混合瞬态CFD-分析模型3种瞬态理论模型;以瞬态工况下的尾气温度和质量流量作为边界条件,使用COMSOL软件完成模型的瞬态仿真求解,并对比分析不同模型预测的输出响应特性;搭建系统瞬态试验台架,验证模型的准确性。结果表明:输出功率的响应特性与尾气温度的变化有关,且显示出较大的热惯性,而转换效率的响应特性主要与尾气质量流量的变化有关;瞬态流-热-电多物理场耦合模型、混合瞬态CFD-TE和CFD-分析模型与试验结果之间的输出电压平均误差分别为7.99%、25.96%和21.05%。

聚氨酯缓冲材料瞬态响应特性研究

为研究聚氨酯材料在动态载荷作用下的瞬态响应特性,开展了聚氨酯样件压缩实验,并利用实验数据分析校验了聚氨酯样件材料的Mooney-Rivlin应变能函数、Prony级数本构模型参数;然后采用有限元方法对聚氨酯缓冲材料的动态力学性能进行计算分析。研究结果表明:聚氨酯材料具有与超弹性相关的非线性出力特性和与粘弹性相关的迟滞效应,在不同速度的加载条件下,聚氨酯材料的力-位移响应曲线存在显著差异;在低速加载条件下,率相关的粘弹特性对曲线影响较小;提高加载速度,聚氨酯瞬时应变增大,率相关的粘弹特性对聚氨酯的响应影响更显著,使得响应曲线的斜率显著增加;在局部加载条件下,载荷与剪切力耦合作用,聚氨酯在压缩方向提供的支反力大小与受载区域的作用面积相关,面积越大,聚氨酯材料可提供的支反力就越大。

一种无回跳特性TVS的快速建模方法及验证

瞬态抑制二极管是一种常见的电磁防护器件,在静电防护、浪涌防护、强电磁脉冲防护中有着广泛应用,其瞬态行为对于指导电磁防护设计具有重要意义,但市面上一般没有现成可用的模型。文中基于ADS软件建立一种无回跳特性TVS的仿真模型,使用复杂度较低的TVS模型框架。在建模过程中,分析了模型参数对于精度的影响,并利用S参数测试方法和TLP测试方法获取实测数据,最终构建了两款TVS的完整仿真模型。模型验证结果表明,该模型仿真与实测数据在TVS未工作、即将工作和进入工作状态时都较为一致,仿真与实测误差最大不超过10%,说明其精度足够支撑TVS瞬态仿真。所建立的模型可直接用于TVS的瞬态仿真,该方法也可用于其他无回跳特性TVS的模型构建,为电磁防护设计提供支持。

计及火电锅炉蓄热的互联系统频率暂态模型及解析分析

高比例新能源接入电网挤占了火电机组的发电空间并带来了较强波动性,火电机组常处于深调状态且易受到扰动的侵扰,导致锅炉蓄热水平差,频率响应能力未达标称,威胁系统频率稳定性。文中针对火电机组蓄热动态变化的影响展开研究,基于直流潮流与经典锅炉模型,构建了计及锅炉蓄热动态的互联系统频率暂态分析模型;通过模型等值聚合、等效变换、解环与近似替代,降低了模型阶数;进一步,基于模型特点进行模态分解,推导两机等值模型的简单闭式解,并基于闭式解,分析了火电机组锅炉蓄热模型参数对互联系统频率暂态过程的影响。算例表明,所建模型与所提解析方法能够在频率暂态计算中准确计及锅炉蓄热对互联系统的影响,所得结果可为增强火电机组频率支撑能力提供参考。

基于故障穿越演化特性的SVG电磁暂态模型测辨方法

建立准确的静止无功发生器(static var generators,SVG)白盒电磁暂态仿真模型是分析电网电压稳定特性的前提。然而,由于SVG的控制器结构和参数保密,其建模大都基于典型控制结构和参数,模型的暂态输出特性与实际差异较大。针对上述问题,提出了基于SVG厂家封装黑盒模型故障穿越(fault ride-through,FRT)演化特性的电磁暂态模型测辨方法。首先,分析了厂家黑盒模型的拓扑特征,通过多工况故障穿越响应测试,厘清了其故障穿越演化特性。然后,通过分析不同控制环节暂态切换过程对SVG故障穿越响应特性的影响和作用途径,提出了基于SVG故障穿越响应演化形态的控制器结构辨识方法。通过分析SVG不同控制环节参数对其故障穿越响应特性的分阶段作用原理,提出了基于故障穿越响应幅值的控制器参数分步辨识方法,形成了SVG的白盒化电磁暂态模型测辨方法体系。最后,将建立的不同型号白盒仿真模型与对应厂家黑盒模型进行了故障穿越响应特性对比分析,发现其误差远小于现行标准的允许误差,证明了提出方法的有效性和通用性。

瞬变电磁法对存在山谷地形时的多个异常体的探测能力研究

以层状地层中的2个三维导电薄板为例,考虑了山谷地形存在时,瞬变电磁法(TEM)分辨地下多个三维异常体的能力。模型计算的结果表明,当有山谷地形存在时,总的异常场由薄板的异常和地形的异常叠加在一起,表明异常场在空间上具有可加性质。在地形平坦时,TEM方法对相同尺寸的近源异常体的分辨能力要优于远源,而且离源越远的异常体异常越小,最后直到无法分辨。但是当存在山谷地形并且把源放在其中时,它们的总异常场叠加后会“放大”远源异常体的异常场,在一定意义上说,这对于分辨远处的异常体更加有利。当异常体在接收器下方埋深不是太大时,不论山谷地形在源处还是接收器处,TEM法对这些异常体的探测能力都是比较好的。2个异常体相距太近时,其异常会叠加在一起,给TEM的分辨增加一些困难。总体表明,在有山谷地形存在时,TEM方法对多个异常体仍具有较好的探测能力。

数字闭环光纤电流互感器动态特性仿真与测试

基于Farady磁光感应原理及数字闭环信号处理技术的光纤电流互感器(FOCT),克服了电磁式电流互感器在暂态响应方面的弱点,满足现代电力系统对电流值实时精确测量的需求。针对数字闭环FOCT的动态特性,分析FOCT功能结构及信号传递过程,建立FOCT的数字闭环反馈模型,推导FOCT的传递函数,评估FOCT的幅频特性、相频特性、动态范围及频响特性;将故障瞬态电流的数学模型与FOCT的闭环反馈模型相结合,仿真FOCT对故障电流的暂态响应能力;构建电流实验平台,完成FOCT的动态性能测试。仿真与实验结果表明:FOCT的频带宽度大于7kHz,电流测量范围可达200kA,具有50次谐波的测量能力,并且FOCT的动态测量能力可根据具体应用需求调整。

瞬变电磁法油藏动态监测模拟

用基于张量格林函数的体积分方程法对层状地层中一个油藏的动态变化过程进行了瞬变电磁响应的正演模拟。首先在频率域内计算电磁场分量的频率域响应,然后和用快速数字滤波技术将计算结果转换到时间域。模型计算结果表明,当油层厚度逐渐变薄时,在电场和磁场二次场分量的图形上可以得到清晰的反映,这表明用瞬变电磁法对油藏进行动态监测是可行的。

基于CFD的液压滑阀多学科优化设计

为了降低滑阀开启和关闭过程中瞬态液动力的影响,提高液压滑阀换向稳定性和可靠性,以典型的三位四通换向滑阀为对象,利用计算流体动力学方法(CFD)对滑阀开启过程进行了动态模拟,可视化地解析了流道结构参数对瞬态液动力的影响.针对滑阀阀芯、阀座沉槽、阀芯间流道结构,建立了参数化模型,借助于CFD解析、试验设计、近似模型技术,对滑阀动态解析过程进行了一体化集成,并以二阶响应面函数的形式表达了开启瞬间瞬态液动力与流道结构参数之间的响应面模型.最后,对流道结构参数进行了优化设计,为提高滑阀性能提供了定量化再设计依据.