Migratable Power System Transient Stability AssessmentMethod Based on Improved XGBoost

The data-driven transient stability assessment(TSA)of power systems can predict online real-time prediction by learning the temporal features before and after faults.However,the accuracy of the assessment is limited by the quality of the data and has weak transferability.Based on this,this paper proposes a method for TSA of power systems based on an improved extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)model.Firstly,the gradient detection method is employed to remove noise interference while maintaining the original time series trend.On this basis,a focal loss function is introduced to guide the training of theXGBoostmodel,enhancing the deep exploration of minority class samples to improve the accuracy of the model evaluation.Furthermore,to improve the generalization ability of the evaluation model,a transfer learning method based on model parameters and sample augmentation is proposed.The simulation analysis on the IEEE 39-bus system demonstrates that the proposed method,compared to the traditional machine learning-based transient stability assessment approach,achieves an average improvement of 2.16%in evaluation accuracy.Specifically,under scenarios involving changes in topology structure and operating conditions,the accuracy is enhanced by 3.65%and 3.11%,respectively.Moreover,the model updating efficiency is enhanced by 14–15 times,indicating the model’s transferable and adaptive capabilities across multiple scenarios.

Post-disturbance transient stability assessment of power systems towards optimal accuracy-speed tradeoff

The recent development of phasor measurement technique opens the way for real-time post-disturbance transient stability assessment(TSA).Following a disturbance,since the transient instability can occur very fast,there is an urgent need for fast TSA with sufficient accuracy.This paper first identifies the tradeoff relationship between the accuracy and speed in post-disturbance TSA,and then proposes an optimal self-adaptive TSA method to optimally balance such tradeoff.It uses ensemble learning and credible decision-making rule to progressively predict the post-disturbance transient stability status,and models a multi-objective optimization problem to search for the optimal balance between TSA accuracy and speed.With such optimally balanced TSA performance,the TSA decision can be made as fast as possible while maintaining an acceptable level of accuracy.The proposed method is tested on New England 10-machine 39-bus system,and the simulation results verify its high efficacy.

A Nonlinear Coordinated Approach to Enhance the Transient Stability of Wind Energy-Based Power Systems

This paper proposes a novel framework that enables the simultaneous coordination of the controllers of doubly fed induction generators(DFIGs) and synchronous generators(SGs).The proposed coordination approach is based on the zero dynamics method aims at enhancing the transient stability of multi-machine power systems under a wide range of operating conditions. The proposed approach was implemented to the IEEE39-bus power systems. Transient stability margin measured in terms of critical clearing time along with eigenvalue analysis and time domain simulations were considered in the performance assessment. The obtained results were also compared to those achieved using a conventional power system stabilizer/power oscillation(PSS/POD) technique and the interconnection and damping assignment passivity-based controller(IDA-PBC). The performance analysis confirmed the ability of the proposed approach to enhance damping and improve system’s transient stability margin under a wide range of operating conditions.

Transient Stability Analysis of Power System Based on an Improved Neural Network

A new type of ANN (Artificial Neural Network) structure is introduced, and a nonlinear transformation of the original features is proposed so as to improve the learning covergence of the neural network. This kind of improved ANN is then used to analyse the transient stability of two real power systems. The results show that this method possesses better effectiveness and high convergence speed.

Contribution to the Optimization of the Transient Stability of an Electric Power Transmission Network Using a Universal Power Flow Compensator Controlled by a Three-Stage Inverter

The use of an electrical network as close as possible to its limits can lead to its instability in the event of a high amplitude disturbance. The damping of system oscillations can be achieved by conventional means of voltage and speed regulation but also by FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) devices, which are increasingly used in power networks. In this work, optimal control coordination between a hybrid power flow controller and a three-level inverter was used to improve the transient stability of a transmission line. The UPFC is a combination of a serial compensator (SSSC) and a parallel compensator (STATCOM) both connected to a DC-LINK DC bus. The SSSC acts as a voltage source for the network and injects a voltage that can be adjusted in phase and amplitude in addition to the network voltage;the STATCOM acts as a current source. The approach used is tested in the Matlab Simulink environment on a single machine network. Optimal controller tuning gives a better transient stability improvement by reducing the transport angle oscillations from 248.17% to 9.85%.

Hybrid Analytical and Data-Driven Model Based Instance-Transfer Method for Power System Online Transient Stability Assessment

Data-driven methods are widely recognized and generate conducive results for online transient stability assessment.However,the tedious and time-consuming process of sample collection is often overlooked.The functioning of power systems involves repetitive sample collection due to the constant variations occurring in the operation mode,thereby highlighting the importance of collection efficiency.As a means to achieve high sample collection efficiency following the operation mode change,we propose a novel instance-transfer method based on compression and matching strategy,which facilitates the direct acquisition of useful previous samples,used for creating the new sample base.Additionally,we present a hybrid model to ensure rationality in the process of sample similarity comparison and selection,where features of analytical modeling with special significance are introduced into data-driven methods.At the same time,a data-driven method can also be integrated in the hybrid model to achieve rapid error correction of analytical models,enabling fast and accurate post-disturbance transient stability assessment.As a paradigm,we consider a scheme for online critical clearing time estimation,where integrated extended equal area criterion and extreme learning machine are employed as analytical model part and data-driven error correction model part,respectively.Derived results validate the credible efficacy of the proposed method.

Analysis on Sensitivity of Power System Stability to Generator Parameters

The sensitivity of power system stability (including transient and dynamic stabilities) to generator parameters (including parameters of generator model, excitation system and power system stabilizer) is analyzed in depth by simulations. From the tables and plots of the resultant simulated data, a number of useful rules are revealed. These rules can be directly applied to the engineering checking of generator parameters. Because the complex theoretical analyses are circumvented, the checking procedure is greatly simplified, remarkably promoting the working efficiency of electrical engineers on site.

Optimum line reclosing time for the enhancement of interconnected power system stability

Automatic line reclosing schemes used in an extra-high-voltage power system is an economical and effective means to maintain transient stability. A novel method is proposed in the paper to adaptively optimize the automatic line reclosing time after a transient fault for enhancement of interconnected power system transient stability. Both the study on the transient energy over network and the structure-preserving multi-machines power system model illustrate that the excessive convergence of potential energy on the lines with a certain cutset deteriorate power system stability, and therefore, an optimum line reclosing strategy can be established by minimizing the change in transient potential energy distribution across a cutset lines in the vicinity of the faulty line as an optimization target, and the optimal reclosure time is set to the time of minimum line phase angle difference. Without any pre-determined knowledge, the method is adaptive to various power system operation modes and fault conditions, and easy to implement because only a limited number of data measured at one location on a tie-line linking sub-networks are required. Simulations have been performed with the OMIB(One Machine and Infinite Bus System) and a real inter-connected power system to verify the applicability of the method proposed.

A Novel PSO Algorithm for Optimal Production Cost of the Power Producers with Transient Stability Constraints

The application of a novel Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method called Fitness Distance Ratio PSO (FDR PSO) algorithm is described in this paper to determine the optimal power dispatch of the Independent Power Producers (IPP) with linear ramp model and transient stability constraints of the power producers. Generally the power producers must respond quickly to the changes in load and wheeling transactions. Moreover, it becomes necessary for the power producers to reschedule their power generation beyond their power limits to meet vulnerable situations like credible contingency and increase in load conditions. During this process, the ramping cost is incurred if they violate their permissible elastic limits. In this paper, optimal production costs of the power producers are computed with stepwise and piecewise linear ramp rate limits. Transient stability limits of the power producers are also considered as addi-tional rotor angle inequality constraints while solving the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. The proposed algo-rithm is demonstrated on practical 10 bus and 26 bus systems and the results are compared with other optimization methods.

Improvement of Power System Stability by Static Var Compensator and Tuning Employing Genetic Algorithm

The use of power systems as close to their operating limits can cause instability if a disturbance is occurred. The damping of the system’s oscillations can be obtained by conventional means such as voltage and speed regulation but also by Flexible AC Transmission System devices (FACTS). These devices are increasingly used in power systems. This paper presents a systematic procedure for modelling and simulation of a single-machine infinite-bus power system installed with a Static VAR Compensator (SVC). So the impact of the SVC on power system stability can be reasonably evaluated. Genetic algorithm (GA) optimization technique is applied to design robust power system stabilizer and SVC-controllers for single-machine infinite-bus (SMIB) and is employed to search for optimal controller parameters.

Theory and Method of Power System Integrated Security Region Irrelevant to Operation States:An Introduction

How to comprehensively consider the power flow constraints and various stability constraints in a series of power system optimization problems without affecting the calculation speed is always a problem.The computational burden of probabilistic security assessment is even more unimaginable.In order to solve such problems,a security region(SR)methodology is proposed,which is a brand-new methodology developed on the basis of the classical point-wise method.Tianjin University has been studying the SR methodology since the 1980s,and has achieved a series of original breakthroughs that are described in this paper.The integrated SR introduced in this paper is mainly defined in the power injection space,and includes SRs to ensure steady-state security,transient stability,static voltage stability,and smalldisturbance stability.These SRs are uniquely determined for a given network topology(as well as location and clearing process for transient faults)and given system component parameters,and are irrelevant to operation states.This paper presents 11 facts and related remarks to introduce the basic concepts,composition,dynamics nature,and topological and geometric characteristics of SRs.It also provides a practical mathematical description of SR boundaries and fast calculation methods to determine them in a concise and systematic way.Thus,this article provides support for the systematic understanding,future research,and applications of SRs.The most critical finding on the topological and geometric characteristics of SRs is that,within the scope of engineering concern,the practical boundaries of SRs in the power injection space can be approximated by one or a few hyperplanes.Based on this finding,the calculation time for power system probabilistic security assessment(i.e.,risk analysis)and power system optimization with security constraints can be decreased by orders of magnitude.

An Advanced FMRL Controller for FACTS Devices to Enhance Dynamic Performance of Power Systems

The parameters of power system slowly change with time due to environmental effects or may change rapidly due to faults. It is preferable that the control technique in this system possesses robustness for various fault conditions and disturbances. The used flexible alternating current transmission system （FACTS） in this paper is an advanced super-conducting magnetic energy storage （ASMES）. Many control techniques that use ASMES to improve power system stability have been proposed. While fuzzy controller has proven its value in some applications, the researches applying fuzzy controller with ASMES have been actively reported. However, it is sometimes very difficult to specify the rule base for some plants, when the parameters change. To solve this problem, a fuzzy model reference learning controller （FMRLC） is proposed in this paper, which investigates multi-input multi-output FMRLC for time-variant nonlinear system. This control method provides the motivation for adaptive fuzzy control, where the focus is on the automatic online synthesis and tuning of fuzzy controller parameters （i.e., using online data to continually learn the fuzzy controller that will ensure that the performance objectives are met）. Simulation results show that the proposed robust controller is able to work with nonlinear and nonstationary power system （i.e., single machine-infinite bus （SMIB） system）, under various fault conditions and disturbances.

Transient Stability Analysis of Converter-based Islanded Microgrids Based on Iterative Equal Area Criterion Considering Reactive Power Loop Dynamics and Varying Damping

With the rapid increase in the installed capacity of renewable energy in modern power systems,the stable operation of power systems with considerable power electronic equipment requires further investigation.In converter-based islanded microgrid(CIM)systems equipped with grid-following(GFL)and grid-forming(GFM)voltage-source converters(VSCs),it is challenging to maintain stability due to the mutual coupling effects between different VSCs and the loss of voltage and frequency support from the power system.In previous studies,quantitative transient stability analysis was primarily used to assess the active power loop of GFM-VSCs.However,frequency and voltage dynamics are found to be strongly coupled,which strongly affects the estimation result of stability boundary.In addition,the vary-ing damping terms have not been fully captured.To bridge these gaps,this paper investigates the transient stability of CIM consid-ering reactive power loop dynamics and varying damping.First,an accuracy-enhanced nonlinear model of the CIM is derived based on the effects of reactive power loop and post-disturbance frequency jump phenomena.Considering these effects will eliminates the risk of misjudgment.The reactive power loop dynamics make the model coefficients be no longer constant and thus vary with the power angle.To evaluate quantitatively the effects of re-active power loop and varying damping on the transient stability of CIM,an iterative criterion based on the equal area criterion theory is proposed.In addition,the effects of parameters on the stable boundary of power system are analyzed,and the dynamic interaction mechanisms are revealed.Simulation and experiment results verify the merits of the proposed method.

Impact of Wind Integration on Transient Voltage Stability in Regional Grid

With the increasing development of wind power,the scale of wind farms and unit capacity of wind turbines are getting larger and larger,and the impact of wind integration on power systems cannot be ignored.However,in most cases,the areas with a plenty of wind resources do not have strong grid structures.Furthermore,the characteristics of wind power dictate that wind turbines need to absorb reactive power during operation.Because of the strong correlation between voltage stability and systems' reactive power,the impacts of wind integration on voltage stability has become an important issue.Based on the power system simulation software DIgSILENT and combined analysis of actual practice,this paper investigates the impacts of two types of wind farms on voltage stability:namely a type of wind farms which are constituted by constant speed wind turbines based on common induction generators(IG) and another type of wind farms which are constituted by VSCF wind turbines based on doubly-fed induction generators(DFIG).Through investigation the critical fault clearing time is presented for different outputs of wind farms.Moreover,the impacts of static var compensator(SVC) and static synchronous compensator(STATCOM) on transient voltage stability in IG-based wind farms are studied to improve the security and stability of the Jiangsu power grid after the integration of large scale wind power.

Transient Stability Analysis of Grid-connected Converters in Wind Turbine Systems Based on Linear Lyapunov Function and Reverse-time Trajectory

As the proportion of converter-interfaced renewable energy resources in the power system is increasing,the strength of the power grid at the connection point of wind turbine generators(WTGs)is gradually weakening.Existing research has shown that when connected with the weak grid,the stability of the traditional grid-following controlled converters will deteriorate,and they are prone to unstable phenomena such as oscillation.Due to the limitations of linear analysis that cannot sufficiently capture the stability phenomena,transient stability must be investigated.So far,standalone time-domain simulations or analytical Lyapunov stability criteria have been used to investigate transient stability.However,the time-domain simulations have proven to be computationally too heavy,while analytical methods are difficult to formulate for larger systems,require many modelling assumptions,and are often conservative in estimating the stability boundary.This paper proposes and demonstrates an innovative approach to estimating the transient stability boundary via combining the linear Lyapunov function and the reverse-time trajectory technique.The proposed methodology eliminates the need of time-consuming simulations and the conservative nature of Lyapunov functions.This study brings out the clear distinction between the stability boundaries with different post-fault active current ramp rate controls.At the same time,it provides a new perspective on critical clearing time for wind turbine systems.The stability boundary is verified using time-domain simulation studies.

Expanding Annular Domain Algorithm to Estimate Domains of Attraction for Power System Stability Analysis

This paper presents an Expanding Annular Domain(EAD)algorithm combined with Sum of Squares(SOS)programming to estimate and maximize the domain of attraction(DA)of power systems.The proposed algorithm can systematically construct polynomial Lyapunov functions for power systems with transfer conductance and reliably determine a less conservative approximated DA,which are quite difficult to achieve with traditional methods.With linear SOS programming,we begin from an initial estimated DA,then enlarge it by iteratively determining a series of so-called annular domains of attraction,each of which is characterized by level sets of two successively obtained Lyapunov functions.Moreover,the EAD algorithm is theoretically analyzed in detail and its validity and convergence are shown under certain conditions.In the end,our method is tested on two classical power system cases and is demonstrated to be superior to existing methods in terms of computational speed and conservativeness of results.

基于Powershap特征选择的电力系统暂态稳定评估

为进一步提高暂态稳定评估(transient stability assessment,TSA)的精准度和可靠性,提出一种基于统计学与Shapley值结合的特征选择方法(Powershap),并建立电力系统TSA模型。首先,根据电力系统运行时的稳态分量构建输入特征集,采用Powershap将数据集分为多个数据子集进行训练,筛选出关键特征集;其次,利用关键特征集训练多个CatBoost模型并进行TSA,生成TSA模型;最后,在新英格兰10机39节点系统和加入新能源发电的新英格兰54机118节点系统上进行仿真实验,并给出评估结果。实验得出:在新英格兰10机39节点系统中采用基于Powershap特征选择的方法进行分类,其准确率能够达到99.79%;在改进的新英格兰54机118节点系统上,其准确率能够达到99.49%,说明该方法能够有效进行电力系统暂态稳定评估,并且验证了所提TSA模型具有较好的鲁棒性与泛化能力。

Enhancement of Transient Stability of the Nigeria 330 kV Transmission Network Using Fault Current Limiter

The dynamic responses of generators when subjected to disturbances in an interconnected power system have become a major challenge to power utility companies due to increasing stress on the power network. Since the occurrence of a disturbance or fault cannot be completely avoided, hence, when it occurs, control measures need to be put in place to limit the fault current, which invariably limit the level of the disturbances. This paper explores the use of Superconductor Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) to improve the transient stability of the Nigeria 330 kV Transmission Network. During a large disturbance, the rotor angle of the generator is enhanced by connecting a Fault Current Limiter (FCL) which reduces the fault current and hence, increases transient stability of the power network. In this study, the most affected generator was taken into consideration in locating the SFCL. The result obtained reveals that the Swing Curve of the generator without FCL increases monotonically which indicates instability, while the Swing Curve of the System with FCL reaches steady state.

Power System Modelling and Fault Analysis of NamPower＇s 330 kV HVAC Transmission Line

Electric power systems usually cover large geographical areas and transmission facilities are continuously increasing. These power systems are exposed to different environmental conditions which may cause faults to occur on the system. Different types of studies are usually done on electric power systems to determine how the system behaves before, during and after a fault condition. The behaviour of variables of interest such as currents, voltage, rotor angle and active and reactive power under fault conditions are studied and observed to help determine possible causes of faults in a power system. The objective of this paper is to investigate a fault that occurred on the 330 kV transmission line between Ruacana power station and Omburu sub-station, the fault caused all the generators at Ruacana power station to trip and consequently caused a blackout at the power station that lasted for 6 h. Preliminary findings showed that the observed fault was an earth fault but the exact type of earth fault was however not known at the time. This research investigation sets out to determine the exact fault that occurred; the most probable cause of the fault, and propose possible solutions to prevent reoccurrence of such a fault. The section of the power network in which the fault occurred was modelled using DigSilent Power Factory software tool, and transient fault analysis was carried out on the model for different fault conditions. Results obtained were then compared with data obtained from NamPower records to ascertain the type of fault.

Transient Stability Analysis of Large-scale Power Systems:A Survey

Transient stability analysis is a key problem in power system operation and planning.This paper aims at giving a comprehensive review on the modeling ideas and analysis methods for transient stability of large-scale power systems.For model construction,the general modeling of traditional power systems and special modeling for renewable generations and high-voltage direct-current transmissions are introduced.For transient stability analysis,Lyapunov based methods and non-Lyapunov based methods are thoroughly reviewed.In Lya-punov based methods,we focus on the energy function method,the sum-of-squares based method and decentralized stability analysis methods.Meanwhile,in non-Lyapunov based methods,the time-domain simulation,extended equal-area criterion and data-driven based methods are considered.The basic working principles,features and recent research progresses of all the above-mentioned methods are described in detail.In particular,their performances on several aspects,such as computational speed,conservativeness of stability region estimation or stability margin calculation,and adaptability to various types of system models,are mentioned.Finally,a brief discussion of potential directions for future research on transient stability analysis of large-scale power systems is included.Index Terms-connective stability,large-scale system analysis,Lyapunov functions,power systems,transient stability analysis.