On the Relationship between the Original and the Translated Version——The Interpretation of Benjamin's Three Metaphors

This paper explores the relationship between the original and its translation by interpreting Benjamin's three metaphors from his The Translator's Task. The exploration starts with the metaphor of"the tangent of a circle",where it is interpreted that although the translated version should be faithful to its original in terms of meaning,yet it is a deviation due to different internal and external factors. Then,in the metaphor of"afterlife",the discussion demonstrates that the translated version proceeds from the original,but the original depends on it for its survival and afterlife in different eras. Later,based on the metaphor of"fragments of a vessel",the author states that the original and its translation are equal and complementary,just like the fragments of a vessel,responsible for the development and renewal of each other through translation. Finally,it is concluded that a better understanding of their relationship can offer us a new perspective in translation studies and practice.

The Significance of Understanding Western Culture to Translation

Culture,which takes language as its carrier,has a close tie with translation,which,generally speaking,is the transfer of a text from one language into another.Therefore,a qualified translator is required not only to be bilingually competent,but a biculturally compe tent.Western culture is deeply rooted in Western philosophy and religion.In order to achieve a translation of high quality,a translator must learn about Western tradition of philosophy and religion.

The Mental Origins and the Evolution of Political Order

The paper proposes that the four-component structure of political order consists of state, imagination, rule, and accountability whose mental origins are the social brain, theory of mind, the rational brain, and the empirical brain, respectively. The rational brain and the empirical brain are from the thinking brain. This paper posits that in the evolution of political order, the main function of political order is to pacify changed social structure derived from technological revolution. Therefore, the four technological revolutions (the Upper Paleolithic, Agricultural-Bronze, Iron, and Industrial Revolutions) produce the four changed social structures (linked bands, tribe, mega empire, and modern nation, respectively) whose internal conflicts are pacified by the four political revolutions (the imaginative, hierarchical, thinking, bottom-up political revolutions, respectively) to form the four politics (the imaginative egalitarianism, decentralized hierarchical tribalism, centralized top-down thinking, and multilateral bottom-up thinking politics, respectively). In the competitive West originated from Greece and Middle East, the rule of law is the rational rule of competition among competitors, and the accountability of election is the empirical accountability of competition among competitors. In the cooperative East originated from India and China, the rule of relation is the rational rule of cooperation among kin-friends, and the accountability of professional qualification is the empirical accountability of cooperation among kin-friends. For political order, the two viable politics are competitive liberal democracy based on liberty and cooperative well-off democracy (well-off socialism) based on wellbeing. The direction of political order is middle democracy between liberal democracy and well-off democracy based on the multilateral bottom-up thinking politics.

Appreciating literary translations as afterlives of the original work

In literary translation, the original was rewritten and transformed, resulting in the rebirth of the original work--the afterlives. Afterlives are embodied in the re-creation of national literature in other countries. With the translation of western novels at the e, nd of 19th century and the beginning of 20^th century in China, the themes in original novels were re-interpreted and re-invented in Chinese context. Moreover, modern aesthetic mode and value became popular, and ancient Chinese language was renovated into modern style. Afterlives can also be seen in the re-translation that is conducted with different interpretation in the same historical period as well as the re-translation that is performed not from the original language in different historical periods. Literary translators play instrumental role as active agents in the delivery of afterlives, extending and growing the original.

The Origin of Four-Character Structures with er (而) in Literary Translation from English into Chinese: A Descriptive Study of A Passage

Four-character structures in Chinese are commonly discussed as tools of embodying the aesthetic properties of both oral and written literature works.The use of four-character structures in the Chinese translated texts could have the same function,and it is not hard to find in the Chinese translations of English literature works that four-character structures are largely adopted.Through collecting four-character structures with er(而)from a translated work of A Passage to India,and investigating on their origins in the source English text,this thesis uses statistic methods to induce some linguistic properties on the counterparts.From the perspective of analyzing those counterparts which correspond to the Chinese four-character structure translations,certain characteristics or properties are discovered,and inspirations on literary translation techniques are provided.Some discussions are also made concerning possible relations between the four-character structures with er(而)and their ST counterparts.

Criticism Thinking on Original and Translated Texts

This paper analyzes the application of critical thinking in the original text and translation by listing the cases. Make people realize the importance of using critical thinking in translation process and the importance of critical thinking. The word critical is derived from the Greek word "kritikos", which expresses awareness, insight, and judgment. The critical thinking, as we know it in the modern sense, comes from the reflective thinking that Dewey once proposed: bold questioning, cautious assertion. Whether it is the original or the translated text, the translator should be critical at the moment when he/she comes into contact with the article,so as to make a good translation.

Untranslatability and its Compensation Strategies——Taking The Original of Laura as an Example

As is known to all in the translation field,the problem of translatability and untranslatability has been a long-debated is sue in the field of translation.And the phenomenon of untranslatability is especially prominent in translation of literary works.This paper tries to discuss,from theory and practice,the phenomenon of untranslatability and its compensation strategies in trans lation between Chinese and English.It is roughly divided into two parts,wherein the first part deals with the phenomenon of un translatability,explaining its causes and giving some examples,and the second part deals with the compensation strategies,intro ducing several methods of compensation and taking The Original of Laura written by the deceased Russian-American writer Nabokov as an example.With the development of intercultural communication in the world and the great efforts of translators,the untranslatable words today can be translatable tomorrow.

Translation Criticism on English Versions of An Ascent to Youzhou Tableland from the Point of Xu Yuanzhong's Poetic Translation Theory

There are manifold requirements on the poetic translation,making poetic translation most difficult.The paper,taking An Ascent to Youzhou Tableland as an example,selects four most representative pieces at home and abroad,as the research objectives of translation criticism.The comparative analysis based on three aspects is utilized for appreciation with the guideline of Xu Yuanzhong’s poetic translation theory.

The Translation of Chinese Literature under the Theory of Translation Compensation

In order to promote the exchange of Chinese culture with foreign countries,translators bear an important mission in the process of cross-cultural communication.Although there are cultural differences,we can achieve cultural dissemination and exchange through continuous cultural dialogue.As an important way for foreign scholars to understand the history of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in China,the translation of historical texts is crucial.Multiple typical cases are selected under the guidance of the translation theory of compensation to use relevant methods or techniques from the three levels of language,culture,and aesthetics to compensate for the loss of Li Xueqin’s The Origin of Ancient Chinese Civilization in English translation proofreading.

There be句型在机器翻译软件中的对比研究

机器翻译虽已取得了很大进展,但仍主要停留在查词功能上,其译文可读性不强,准确性不够。以英语特殊句型Therebe为切入点,着重探讨英汉机器翻译中特殊句型的对应与不对应的调整问题,并以五种英汉全文机器翻译软件作为测试对象,就可以分析发现机器翻译软件在Therebe句型英汉翻译过程中的两点不足:一方面,将there译成地点状语“那里”;另一方面,翻译时不能对地点状语或时间状语进行位置调整,只能机械地逐词顺译。

三参数的Pareto分布顺序统计量的分布性质

设{Xk,1≤k≤n}独立同分布,X1:n,X2:n,…,Xn:n为其顺序统计量,当Xk服从三参数分别为μ,σ,r(μ∈R,σ>0,r>0)的Pareto分布时,得到了(X1:n,X2:n,…,Xn:n)的联合概率密度函数,以及Xk:n(1≤k≤n)的密度函数,从而进一步得到Xk:n的q(q<1r为正整数)阶原点矩E(Xqk:n)的精确表达式.证明了其顺序统计量的样本间隔X1:n,X2:n-X1:n,…,Xn:n-Xn-1:n不独立,且不同分布.此外还研究了其极端顺序统计量X1:n和Xn:n的渐近分布.

The Location Differences of Attributes in EST Translation

There are similarities and differences about the order of the attributes between English sentences and Chinese sentenc es. As a result, mistakes can often be observed; those mistakes are the results of unfamiliarity with the proper order of the attri butes. But here, special attention is paid to the EST(English for Science and Technology) translation in which their differences are much more distinct. Generally speaking, the attributes in English can be divided into pre-attributes and post-attributes in terms of their positions in a sentence. But in Chinese an attribute is usually put before a noun, and rarely put after it, so several simple comparisons are tried to find out some rules to translate English attributes into Chinese.

OEM-OBM混合ATO生产下自主品牌产品零件替代及定价决策

使用外包商授权的关键零件替代自主品牌产品零件,是代工企业从OEM(代工生产)顺利向OBM(自主品牌制造)转型升级的重要策略。在ATO按订单装配下,首先分析零件替代对消费者选择的影响,建立消费者离散选择模型,然后构建代工企业OEM-OBM混合ATO组装生产收益模型,获取最优的自主品牌产品零件替代率和定价。研究表明:自主品牌产品的需求实现率随着零件替代率的提高而增大,代工产品的需求实现率随着自主品牌产品零件替代率的提高而减小;在一定条件下,自主品牌产品的零件替代率越大,该产品的定价也越高。仿真结果说明了自主品牌产品售价与零件替代率的关系;当不约束零件替代率最大值时,自主品牌产品通过采用较多的零件替代,获取较大的市场份额。

Novel Translation is an Art of Literary Re-creation——A Distinguished Art Feature in Chinese Version Tess of the D'urbervilles

Literary translation is the re-creation of the language art.To translate an English novel into Chinese one,translators need the skill of literature re-creation.Taking Zhang Guruo's translated version Tess of the D'urbervilles as an example,we perceive that translators have subjectivity and they should break the boundary between writing and translating.When a translator translates a piece of works,he must get rid of the constraint of the surface structures of the original works,and reproduces the flavor of the original novel.But the translators should try to show the original scenes in the original English novel to target readers.

The Role of Intermedial Translation: Theories and Feasibility

Taking Jakobson’s terminology and classification of translation as its starting point,this paper probes into many classic literary works’interrelationship with their imagery adaptations,discusses a reconciliation of different genres without sacrificing the loss of their respective strength.This paper also draws support from other scholars’discussion of originality and intertextuality to land on a conclusion:it is fully possible to reconcile different artistic genres,and this reconciliation will,as Benjamin put it,lead to the"afterlife"of a literary work.

The Wording Techniques in Poetry Translation

All times, there have been translators who endeavored to convey the original meaning of the poet by their own understandings and ways of expression. Therefore, different translators might have different translation for the same poem. Some pay more attention to the form while others to the meaning.

Brief Introduction to ldiom and lt's translation

An idiom is a phrase or sentence,which means something differe nt from the meaning of separate words. Idioms come from long-time use. Connected with the background of economy、geographical conditions,customs,state of mind,etc,idioms reflect the real life. Different people have both similar and different idioms. Idioms have their own features. There are many methods in translating idioms. Literal translation,synonym translation and free translation are the main three.

The origin of biological information and programmed protein synthesis

Biological information is one of the most important characteristics of life, and it enables life to evolve to higher complexity and adapt to the environment by mutation and natural selection. However, the origin of this information recording and retrieval system remains a mystery. To understand the origin of biological information will lead us to one step closer to understand the origin of life on earth. Biological information is encoded in DNA and translated into protein by the ribosome in all free living organisms. The information has to be translated into proteins to carry out its biological functions, so the evolution of the ribosome must be integrated with the development of biological information. In this article, I propose that the small ribosomal subunit evolved from a ribozyme that acted as an RNA helicase in the ancient RNA world, and the involvement of tRNAs and the large ribosomal subunit evolved to enhance the helicase activity and to overcome the higher energy require-ment for high GC content RNA helices. This process could have developed as a primitive recording mechanism: since Watson-Crick base paring is a natural property of RNA, each time the proto-small ribosomal subunit came to a particular GC-rich helix, tRNA-like molecules and the proto-large ribosomal subunit would have to be engaged to generate the helicase activity, and consequently the same polypeptide would be synthesized as a by-product. Simple recorded messages then evolved into useful biological information through continuous mutation and natu-ral selection. This hypothesis provides logical and incremental steps for the development of programmed protein synthesis. I also argue that the helicase activity is preserved in the modern ribosome and that from our knowledge of the ribosome, and we can deduce the possible mechanisms of the helicase activity.

Unitariness in Ordered Semigroups

We introduce the concepts of unitary, almost unitary and strongly almost unitary subset of an ordered semigroup. For the notions of almost unitary and strongly almost unitary subset of an ordered semigroup, we use the notion of translational hull of an ordered semigroup. If (S,⋅,≤) is an ordered semigroup having an element e such that e ≤ e2 and U is a nonempty subset of S such that u ≤ eu, u ≤ ue for all u ∈ U, we show that U is almost unitary in S if and only if U is unitary in . Also if (S,⋅,≤) is an ordered semigroup, e ∉ S, U is a nonempty subset of S, Se:= S ∪ {e} and Ue:= U ∪ {e}, we give conditions that an (“extension” of S) ordered semigroup and the subset Ue of Se must satisfy in order for U to be almost unitary or strongly almost unitary in S (in case U is strongly almost unitary in S, then the given conditions are equivalent).

SUNSPOT'S MOTIONS AND COMPLEX MAGNETIC FIELDS WITHIN THE AR 5395 (Abstract)

The super-active region AR 5395 emerged from the high latitude zone, rarely. Thephotospheric spots was a big group with complex magnetic fields, i.e., δ-structure. OnMarch 13, 1989 the AR area came to its maximum; 3589 units (1unit=10-6 Hemisphere). The umbra with S polarity, which presented U-shape, sur-