Spoken language is marked by para-verbal and non-verbal dimensions,such as silent pause,hesitation,and intonation.Fluency is considered as an essential parameter for evaluating the quality of oral output.Sight transla...Spoken language is marked by para-verbal and non-verbal dimensions,such as silent pause,hesitation,and intonation.Fluency is considered as an essential parameter for evaluating the quality of oral output.Sight translation is a hybrid form of written translation and oral interpreting;however,fluency in sight translation is an underresearched topic.This paper examines the disfluencies in the sight translation of professional and novice translators working from English to Chinese.It adopted a statistical approach to compare the silent pauses and hesitation fillers in the delivery of professional and student participants.According to the independent samples t-test results,the differences were significant in the occurrence and ratio of hesitation between professional and student participants.It can be inferred that professional translators are more apt at coping tactics,such as pausing for several seconds,rather than inserting hesitation fillers unconsciously.Furthermore,the corpus-assisted analysis suggested a higher lexical density among professional participants,followed by the think-aloud approach,which revealed the causes for disfluencies.By drawing upon the Speech Production Theory,the paper found six most influential factors:vocabulary,emotion,syntactic category,speaking habit,lexical ambiguity,and topical difficulty.It is hoped that translation and interpreting studies will not be confined to linguistic dimensions.Paralinguistic signs should have their places in the domain of translatology.Semiotics of translation,which views translation as a pure semiotic act,thereby provides a valued perspective for translation and interpreting studies.展开更多
As a class of novel biomaterials manufactured by synthetic biology technologies,recombinant collagens are candidates for a variety of medical applications.In this article,a regulatory scientific perspective on recombi...As a class of novel biomaterials manufactured by synthetic biology technologies,recombinant collagens are candidates for a variety of medical applications.In this article,a regulatory scientific perspective on recombinant collagens and their medical devices is presented with a focus on the definition,translation,classification and technical review.Recombinant collagens are categorized as recombinant human collagen,recombinant humanized collagen and recombinant collagen-like protein,as differentiated by specific compositions and structures.Based on their intended uses and associated risks,recombinant collagen-based medical devices are generally classified as Class Ⅱ or Ⅲ in China.The regulatory review of recombinant collagen-based medical devices aims to assess their safety and efficacy demonstrated by scientific evidences generated from preclinical and clinical evaluations.Taken together,opportunities as well as challenges for their future clinical translation of recombinant collagen-based medical devices abound,which highlights the essential role of regulatory science to provide new tools,standards,guidelines and methods to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical products.展开更多
基金This paper is part of the research project“A TAPs-Based Cognitive Approach to Interpreting Studies”(2016SJB740029)funded by Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education.The author would like to acknowledge with gratitude the comments on this paper from the anonymous reviewers.
文摘Spoken language is marked by para-verbal and non-verbal dimensions,such as silent pause,hesitation,and intonation.Fluency is considered as an essential parameter for evaluating the quality of oral output.Sight translation is a hybrid form of written translation and oral interpreting;however,fluency in sight translation is an underresearched topic.This paper examines the disfluencies in the sight translation of professional and novice translators working from English to Chinese.It adopted a statistical approach to compare the silent pauses and hesitation fillers in the delivery of professional and student participants.According to the independent samples t-test results,the differences were significant in the occurrence and ratio of hesitation between professional and student participants.It can be inferred that professional translators are more apt at coping tactics,such as pausing for several seconds,rather than inserting hesitation fillers unconsciously.Furthermore,the corpus-assisted analysis suggested a higher lexical density among professional participants,followed by the think-aloud approach,which revealed the causes for disfluencies.By drawing upon the Speech Production Theory,the paper found six most influential factors:vocabulary,emotion,syntactic category,speaking habit,lexical ambiguity,and topical difficulty.It is hoped that translation and interpreting studies will not be confined to linguistic dimensions.Paralinguistic signs should have their places in the domain of translatology.Semiotics of translation,which views translation as a pure semiotic act,thereby provides a valued perspective for translation and interpreting studies.
基金This study was supported by the first batch of Chinese Drug Regulatory Science Action Plan(Regulatory science research on new materials for medical device)and the second batch of Chinese Drug Regulatory Science Action Plan(Research on safety and effectiveness evaluation of novel biomaterials).
文摘As a class of novel biomaterials manufactured by synthetic biology technologies,recombinant collagens are candidates for a variety of medical applications.In this article,a regulatory scientific perspective on recombinant collagens and their medical devices is presented with a focus on the definition,translation,classification and technical review.Recombinant collagens are categorized as recombinant human collagen,recombinant humanized collagen and recombinant collagen-like protein,as differentiated by specific compositions and structures.Based on their intended uses and associated risks,recombinant collagen-based medical devices are generally classified as Class Ⅱ or Ⅲ in China.The regulatory review of recombinant collagen-based medical devices aims to assess their safety and efficacy demonstrated by scientific evidences generated from preclinical and clinical evaluations.Taken together,opportunities as well as challenges for their future clinical translation of recombinant collagen-based medical devices abound,which highlights the essential role of regulatory science to provide new tools,standards,guidelines and methods to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical products.
