Transmigration and Agrarian Conflict: Agrarian Resources Conflict at Arongo, Southeast Celebes, Indonesia

Transmigration has negative impacts,namely,the resistance of the indigenous people against transmigrants and environmental damage.This study analyzes the resistance of indigenous people to defend their agricultural resources of transmigration project.Results show that the transmigration projects have failed because of the social tensions between the indigenous people and transmigrants related to agricultural resources.At the same time,emerging oil palm plantation companies occupied agricultural resources that become the dispute’s object.Each party(group),either indigenous people,transmigrants,or oil plantation company claims that agrarian resource becomes the object of their properties.

Lead Accumulation in Tidal Swamps:Case Study at Transmigration Area of South Sumatra Indonesia after 40 Years Cultivation

Lead(Pb)is a heavy metal that poses a major hazard to animals and humans when consumed.The content of this metal is significantly high in paddy soil due to the residual effect of phosphate fertilizer.Therefore,this study aims to determine the Pb content in the tidal swamp that has been used for agriculture for 40 years.It was carried out from October 2021 to January 2022 on tidal soils representing land typology of A,B,C,and D distributed in the Transmigration area of Mulia Sari,Tanjung Lago District,Banyuasin Regency of South Sumatra,Indonesia.A detailed survey was used and soil samples were taken from up to 12 soil sampling points.The variables observed were soil Pb,pH,CEC(Cation Exchange Capacity),pyrite,and C-organic.The results showed that the Pb content in tidal soils obtained was varied,namely 22.52 mg/kg,14.84 mg/kg,16.84 mg/kg,and 16.68 mg/kg for A,B,C,and D type of land typologies,respectively.Based on these values,the Pb accumulation has exceeded the threshold,which is 12.75 mg/kg.

Effect of human osteopontin on proliferation, transmigration and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in osteosarcoma cells

Background To explore the effect of human osteopontin (hOPN) on the proliferation, transmigration and expression of matrix metallproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metallproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in osteosarcoma (OS) cells in vitro.Methods The prokaryotic-expression vector of hOPN was produced. hOPN was then subcloned into E coli BL21 (DE3) cells and purified with ProBondTM Columns. The proliferation, cell cycle and the expression of cyclin A in OS cells were investigated by using MTT assay, flow cytometry and Western blot respectively. The transmigration of OS cells was checked by using transwell cell culture chamber. The micro-pore-filter-membrane system was used to study the chemiotaxis of hOPN to OS cells. The levels of total protein were examined according to Coomassie Brilliant Blue manuals. The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were evaluated by detecting the volume of degradation of gelatin on SDS-PAGE gel.Results The prokaryotic-expression vector of hOPN and purified hOPN protein were achieved hOPN promoted OS cells proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, and stimulated cyclin A expression in OS cells to accelerate cell division cycle. hOPN facilitated the trans-membrane migration of OS cells. hOPN also enhanced the secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in OS cells.Conclusion hOPN could stimulate cyclin A expression in OS cells. hOPN has chemiotaxis to OS cells and increases their transmigration. hOPN enhances the secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in OS cells.

The Role of Neutrophils in the Interaction with <i>Leishmania</i>: Far beyond a Simple Trojan Horse?

Neutrophils are the most numerous leukocyte in mammals and normally they are the first phagocyte observed in recently damaged or infected tissues. They play a key role in the innate immune responses to Leishmania and several other microorganisms, nonetheless an exacerbated neutrophils activity can generate a harmful response to the host, therefore its turnover rate is very important to maintain the homeostasis and averts the host tissue damage. Both apoptosis followed by phagocytosis by mononuclear phagocytes (eferocytosis) and reverse transmigration have been considered the main processes for the clearance of neutrophils from injured or infected tissues. However, the interaction with Leishmania and other microbes, as well as molecules produced by arthropod vectors such as sandflies saliva can modify the behavior of neutrophils, causing immediate lysis to prolong their life. In fact, as a result of a long course of coevolution, several microorganisms have developed skills to avoid neutrophil effector mechanisms and take advantage of neutrophil clearance pathways to promote their spread in the host’s body. Leishmania, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Yersinia pestis for example use the efferocytic Trojan horse process for their dissemination and immune protection, in a different way vaccinia Ankara virus and Toxoplasma gondii exploit the neutrophil reverse transmigration for the same reason. Here we present an overview of some characteristics of neutrophils and their different destinations after interaction with several microorganisms, with an emphasis on Leishmania species. It was also suggested the probable role of neutrophils reverse transmigration as another possible route for the spreading of Leishmania in the visceral leishmaniasis.

Research on the Adaptability of Rural Elderly People Moving to Urban Communities

In recent years, under the background that the country actively promotes population urbanization, a large number of young people migrate to cities and towns through employment or schooling and take root in the urban construction. However, the left-behind elderly people in rural areas are in a dilemma, and they will face many problems in their lives whether living in cities or staying behind, the quality of life is lowered generally. After going into the city, many elderly people in rural areas, due to their own physiological and psychological characteristics, do not adapt to living in urban areas, and the qualities of lives are not improved. By investigating the status quo of the elderly in rural areas migrating to urban areas, this paper analyses the reasons for and existing problems of migrating to urban areas and puts forward suggestions for improving community adaptability from the perspective of social work.