Progress on low susceptibility mechanisms of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies （TSEs）, also known as prion diseases, are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases detected in a wide range of mammalian species. The ＂protein-only＂ hypothesis of TSE suggests that prions are transmissible particles devoid of nucleic acid and the primary pathogenic event is thought to be the conversion of cellular prion protein （PrPc） into the disease-associated isoform （prpSc）. According to susceptibility to TSEs, animals can be classified into susceptible species and low susceptibility species. In this review we focus on several species with low susceptibility to TSEs： dogs, rabbits, horses and buffaloes. We summarize recent studies into the characteristics of low susceptibility regarding protein structure, and biochemical and genetic properties.

Inducing prion protein shedding as a neuroprotective and regenerative approach in pathological conditions of the brain:from theory to facts

In the last decades,the role of the prion protein(PrP) in neurodegenerative diseases has been intensively investigated,initially in prion diseases of humans(e.g., Creutzfeldt-J akob disease) and animals(e.g.,scrapie in sheep,chronic wasting disease in deer and elk,or "mad cow disease" in cattle).Templated misfolding of physiological cellular prion protein(PrPC) into an aggregation-prone isoform(termed PrP "Scrapie"(PrPSc)),self-re plication and spreading of the latter inside the brain and to peripheral tissues,and the associated formation of infectious proteopathic seeds(termed "prions")are among the essential pathogenic mechanisms underlying this group of fatal and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.Late r,key roles of the correctly folded PrPCwere identified in more common human brain diseases(such as Alzheimer s disease or Parkinson’s disease) associated with the misfolding and/or accumulation of other proteins(such as amyloid-β,tau or α-synuclein,respectively).PrPChas also been linked with n euro protective and regenerative functions,for instance in hypoxic/ischemic conditions such as stroke.However,despite a mixed "bouquet" of suggested functions,our understanding of pathological and,especially,physiological roles played by PrPCin the brain and beyond is ce rtainly incomplete.Interactions with various other proteins at the cell surfa ce or within intracellular compartments may account for the functional diversity linked with PrPC.Moreover,conserved endogenous proteolytic processing of PrPCgenerates seve ral defined PrPCfragments,possibly holding intrinsic functions in physiological and pathological conditions,thus making the "true and complete biology" of this protein more complicated to be elucidated.Here,we focus on one of those released PrPCfragments,namely shed PrP(sPrP),generated by a membrane-proximate ADAM10-mediated cleavage event at the cell surfa ce.Similar to other soluble PrP fragments(such as the N1 fragment representing PrP’s released N-terminal tail upon the major α-cleavage event)or expe rimentally employed recombinant PrP,sPrP is being suggested to act n euro protective in Alzheimer’s disease and other protein misfolding diseases.Seve ral lines of evidence on extracellular PrPC(fragments) suggest that induction of PrPCrelease co uld be a future therapeutic option in various brain disorders.Our recent identification of a substrate-specific approach to stimulate the shedding by ADAM 10,based on ligands binding to cell surface PrPC,may further set the stage for research into this direction.

Dynamic Analyses of PrP and PrP^(Sc) in Brain Tissues of Golden Hamsters Infected With Scrapie Strain 263K Revealed Various PrP Forms

Objective To expatiate dynamic changes in hamsters infected with scrapie strain 263K, to observe the presence and aggravation of various forms of PrP and PrPSc during incubation period, and to probe primarily the relationship between the onset of clinic manifestations and the presence of different PrPSc forms. Methods Hamster-adapted scrapie strain 263K was intracerebrally inoculated into hamsters. Different forms of PrP and PrPSc were monitored dynamically by Western blot and immuno-histochemical assays. The presence of scrapie-associated fibril (SAF) was assayed by electron microscopy analysis (EM) and immune-golden EM. Results PrPSc was initially detected in the brain tissues of the animals in 20 days post-inoculation by immunohistochemistry and 40 days with Western blot. Quantitative evaluations revealed that the amounts of PrP and PrPSc in brain tissues increased along with the incubation. Several high and low molecular masses of PrP were seen in the brains of the long-life span infected animals. Deglycosylation assays identified that the truncated PrP in the infected brains showed similar glycosylation patterns as the full-length PrP. The presence of short fragments was seemed to relate with the onset of clinical conditions. Conclusion These results indicate that infectious agents exist and accumulate in central nerve system prior to the onset of the illness. Various molecular patterns of PrPSc may indwell in brain tissues during the infection.