Planning Order with Nature: The Transnational Experiments of Park System in Chinese Cities During Early 20^(th) Century

Park system planning has been regarded as a systematic, effi cient and rational approach that uses nature to organize and guide the social and spatial development of cities. As an important tool for city planning development, it became an international phenomenon fostering international communications, in the meantime promoted individual expressions of nature, and became one of the crucial planning strategies to reshape China's modern cityscape. This paper investigates the diffusion and development of park system planning in Chinese cities during early 20^(th) century. It elucidates the theoretical origins and practical experiments, identifi es the selective and diversifi ed transfer of Western models, and further reveals the insights of transnational urbanism and national identity. The research intends to provide some reference for the planning of park and green space system in contemporary Chinese cities under the background of globalization.

Variegated transnational partnerships:Multi-scalar actor networks in China’s overseas industrial parks

The development of overseas industrial parks is a key component of the Belt and Road Initiative and a practical way of promoting inclusive globalization by introducing new forms of cooperation between China and the host countries. In this paper, the Thai-Chinese Rayong Industrial Zone(TCRIZ), and the China-Indonesia Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone(KITIC) are discussed in the context of the evolving development strategies and trajectories through three interrelated conceptual lenses – policy mobility, actor networks, and partnerships. The actor-network theory provides a lens to analyze how policy mobility and partnerships develop for two industrial zone case studies. The development, which involves a multi-scalar process, is shaped by the interactions among the national states, the regional governments and corporations against a background of globalization. Three types of transnational actor partnership networks have been identified, namely, hierarchical partnership, spontaneous partnership, and hybrid partnership. A highlight of the study is the role that the partnerships play in the process of policy mobility when it comes to the overseas industrial zones. It is argued that the partnerships are the key to achieving technology transfer on a cross-national basis, and the effectiveness of the technology transfer is dependent on partner selection and the roles of the actors in policy mobility.