Oscillation quenching and physical explanation on freeplay-based aeroelastic airfoil in transonic viscous flow

Limit Cycle Oscillation(LCO)quenching of a supercritical airfoil(NLR 7301)considering freeplay is investigated in transonic viscous flow.Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)based on Navier-Stokes equations is implemented to calculate transonic aerodynamic forces.A loosely coupled scheme with steady CFD and an efficient graphic method are developed to obtain the aerodynamic preload.LCO quenching phenomenon is observed from the nonlinear dynamic aeroelastic response obtained by using time marching approach.As the airspeed increases,LCO appears then quenches,forming the first LCO branch.Following the quenching region,LCO occurs again and sustains until the divergence of the response,forming the second LCO branch.The quenching of LCOs was addressed physically based on the aerodynamic preload and the linear flutter characteristic.An“island”of stable region is observed in the flutter boundary,i.e.the flutter speed versus the mean Angle of Attack(AoA).The LCO quenches when the aerodynamic preload crosses this stable region with the increasing of airspeed.The LCO quenching of this model in transonic flow is essentially induced by destabilizing effect from aerodynamic preload,since the flutter speed is sensitive to AoA due to aerodynamic nonlinearity.

Coupled Fluid-structure Flutter Analysis of a Transonic Fan

A coupled fluid-structure method is developed for flutter analysis of blade vibrations in turbomachinery. The approach is based on the time domain solution of the fluid-structure interaction in which the aerodynamic and structural equations are marched simultaneously in time. The three-dimensional （3D） unsteady Reynolds average Navier-Stokes （RANS） equations are solved with a multiblock finite volume scheme on dynamic deforming grids to evaluate the aerodynamic force. Dual time-stepping technique and an efficient implicit scheme with multigrid are employed to march the solution in time. The blade vibration is modeled with an aeroelasticity model in which blade motion is computed by linear combination of responses of each mode under unsteady loads. The code is validated in prediction of the unsteady flow flutter behavior of an oscillating cascade and is applied to flutter analysis of a transonic fan at the design speed.

Numerical study on the correlation of transonic single-degree-of-freedom flutter and buffet

Transonic single-degree-of-freedom(SDOF) flutter and transonic buffet are the typical and complex aeroelastic phenomena in the transonic flow. In this study, transonic aeroelastic issues of an elastic airfoil are investigated using Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) equations. The airfoil is free to vibrate in SDOF of pitching. It is found that, the coupling system may be unstable and SDOF self-excited pitching oscillations occur in pre-buffet flow condition, where the free-stream angle of attack(AOA) is lower than the buffet onset of a stationary airfoil. In the theory of classical aeroelasticity, this unstable phenomenon is defined as flutter. However, this transonic SDOF flutter is closely related to transonic buffet(unstable aerodynamic models) due to the following reasons. Firstly, the SDOF flutter occurs only when the free-stream AOA of the spring suspended airfoil is slightly lower than that of buffet onset, and the ratio of the structural characteristic frequency to the buffet frequency is within a limited range. Secondly, the response characteristics show a high correlation between the SDOF flutter and buffet. A similar "lock-in" phenomenon exists, when the coupling frequency follows the structural characteristic frequency. Finally, there is no sudden change of the response characteristics in the vicinity of buffet onset, that is, the curve of response amplitude with the free-stream AOA is nearly smooth. Therefore, transonic SDOF flutter is often interwoven with transonic buffet and shows some complex characteristics of response, which is different from the traditional flutter.

颤振边界高效精确预测分析

高效精确地确定多种飞机构型的颤振边界在飞机设计过程中具有重要意义。为了提高计算效率和计算结果的准确性,针对亚声速和跨声速两种马赫数区域,提出分别采用线性和非线性方法进行非定常气动力分析。非线性分析在引入精确的定常气动力的基础上,采用高效率跨声速小扰动方程进行求解;颤振求解统一采用g法。对大型飞机的梁架—减缩刚度组合模型的空机及3种典型燃油构型进行涵盖飞行包线的全马赫数变高度颤振分析,结果表明:4种构型的颤振边界与颤振试飞边界一致,与其他分析方法相比,效率明显提高,尤其是对于多种飞机构型能够高效地获得准确的颤振边界,即说明本文采用的颤振边界预测方法是目前适用于工程上的一种高效精确的预测大型飞机颤振边界的方法。

CFD/CSD-based flutter prediction method for experimental models in a transonic wind tunnel with porous wall

To predict the flutter dynamic pressure of a wind tunnel model before flutter test,an accurate Computational Fluid Dynamics/Computational Structural Dynamics(CFD/CSD)-based flutter prediction method is proposed under the conditions of a 2.4 m×2.4 m transonic wind tunnel with porous wall.From the CFD simulations of the flows through an inclined hole of this wind tunnel,the Nambu's linear porous wall model between the flow rate and the differential pressure is extended to the porous wall with inclined holes,so that the porous wall can be conveniently modeled as a boundary condition.According to the flutter testing approach for the current wind tunnel,the steady CFD calculation is conducted to achieve the required inlet Mach number.A timedomain CFD/CSD method is then employed to evaluate the structural response of the experimental model,and the critical flutter point is obtained by increasing the dynamic pressure step by step at a fixed Mach number.The present method is applied to the flutter calculations for a vertical tail model and an aircraft model tested in the current transonic wind tunnel.For both models,the computed flutter characteristics agree well with the experimental results.

A TVD Uncertainty Quantification Method with Bounded Error Applied to Transonic Airfoil Flutter

The Unsteady Adaptive Stochastic Finite Elements(UASFE)approach is a robust and efficient uncertainty quantification method for resolving the effect of random parameters in unsteady simulations.In this paper,it is shown that the underlying Adaptive Stochastic Finite Elements(ASFE)method for steady problems based on Newton-Cotes quadrature in simplex elements is extrema diminishing(ED).It is also shown that the method is total variation diminishing(TVD)for one random parameter and for multiple random parameters for first degree Newton-Cotes quadrature.It is proven that the interpolation of oscillatory samples at constant phase in the UASFE method for unsteady problems results in a bounded error as function of the phase for periodic responses and under certain conditions also in a bounded error in time.The two methods are applied to a steady transonic airfoil flow and a transonic airfoil flutter problem.

利用N-S方程模拟机翼气动弹性的一种计算方法

利用一种双时间方法求解三维非定常N S方程 ,得到与任意非定常运动对应的气动力 ,在求解非定常气动力的同时 ,在时间域内用二阶龙格 库塔方法求解机翼弹性运动方程 ,从而模拟粘性流动中的气动弹性全过程 .为保证网格生成效率 ,采用无限插值理论生成O H型代数网格 ,考虑了机翼变形时的网格生成问题 ,并得到计算结果 .

某全机跨声速颤振模型颤振特性仿真与试验验证

针对某全机结构相似跨声速颤振模型,进行了有限元(FEM)模型结构模态分析和偶极子网格法(DLM)法颤振计算以及CFD方法的跨声速颤振特性仿真。在FL-26风洞中完成了跨声速颤振风洞试验。通过试验结果与仿真结果的相关性分析,验证了一种全机复杂耦合的颤振形式。通过对基于N-S方程的跨声速颤振仿真程序进行评估与验证,证实在飞机非定常CFD仿真上取得了进展并且具有足够的精度。综合CFD仿真与跨声速颤振风洞试验,可以对全机复杂耦合的颤振特性进行工程颤振设计。

跨音速颤振计算方法研究

采用快捷的动态弹性变形技术生成三维块结构动态贴体网格。结构运动方程采用二级精度的龙格—库塔时间推进。气动力求解则用非定常欧拉方程的双时间有限体积推进,外时间为物理时间,与结构运动方程同步;对每个真实物理时间步采用五步Runge Kutta时间推进进行虚拟定常迭代。针对可压流颤振计算中存在的质量不相似问题,采用变质量、变刚度的方法计算出质量匹配点处的颤振速压值,并根据颤振速压随质量或刚度倍数的变化趋势,得出可用的飞机跨音速颤振速压。对一飞机简化外形的跨音速颤振特性计算得到了合理的计算结果。

基于Euler方程的B型和C型嗡鸣特性数值研究

运用非定常Eu ler方程求解气动力,耦合结构运动方程,采用改进的四步龙格-库塔推进方法,在时间域内研究了音速附近发生的单自由颤振问题。其中气动力模块采用非结构网格技术进行空间离散,运用线性弹簧方法实现非结构网格的运动。空间上采用Jam son中心格式的有限体积法,时间上采用双时间推进方法。从无量纲化的结构方程出发,把M数、音速、密度、舵面刚度、转动惯量、弦长等一系列气动、结构参数对嗡鸣特性的影响归结为三个无量纲参数的影响。通过研究发现,运用非定常Eu ler方程可以模拟B型和C型嗡鸣,但不能模拟因激波附面层干扰而产生的A型嗡鸣。C型嗡鸣比B型嗡鸣发展缓慢,提高系统阻尼对于排除C型嗡鸣更有效。

跨声速风洞全模颤振试验悬浮支撑系统

介绍了用于CARDC的2.4m跨声速风洞全模颤振试验的悬浮支撑系统的组成、试验装置的结构及其特点、控制算法等。给出了风洞调试试验结果,并进行了简要讨论。试验结果表明,研制的悬浮支撑系统具有强度高,对模型的浮沉和滚转控制能力强等特点。

基于风洞试验模型的跨声速颤振研究

飞行器跨声速工况下颤振边界快速下降,是结构设计和强度校核重点关注的状态之一。目前工程中采用基于偶极子格网法的线性分析手段无法准确预测跨声速颤振边界,风洞试验仍然是研究飞行器跨声速颤振特性的重要手段;以两套颤振试验标准模型为研究对象,在FL-3风洞中开展了风洞跨声速试验研究,采用PEAK-HOLD亚临界响应分析方法预测了模型的跨声速颤振边界,并利用ZAERO和CFD/CSD耦合两种数值计算方法预测了试验模型的颤振边界。结果表明:PEAK-HOLD亚临界响应分析方法预测颤振边界具有较好的趋势性,颤振边界合理可靠;ZAERO线性方法对跨声速颤振边界的预测精度较低,而基于CFD/CSD耦合的非线性方法得到的跨声速颤振边界与试验吻合较好,相互验证了风洞试验和数值计算的可靠性。

基于气动力降阶模型的跨音速气动弹性稳定性分析

基于离散型输入输出差分模型，运用非定常CFD方法训练信号，然后运用最小二乘方法进行参数辨识，得到降阶的非定常气动力模型，再将该离散差分模型转换为连续时间域内的状态方程。耦合气动状态方程和结构状态方程．得到耦合系统的气动弹性状态方程。求解不同动压下状态矩阵的特征值，根据根轨迹图分析系统的稳定性特性。分析结果与直接耦合CFD／CSD方法结果相吻合，可以计算跨音速非线性气动弹性问题。其计算效率比直接耦合CFD／CSD方法提高1～2个数量级。针对Isogaiwing在跨音速出现的S型颤振边界进行了较为细致的分析，阐述了该现象是由于系统诱发颤振的分支随着速度（来流动压）的提高而发生转移所导致的。

基于Volterra级数的跨音速非定常气动力建模

为了有效实现跨音速气动伺服弹性的分析与综合,应用Volterra级数理论建立了一种跨音速非定常气动力状态空间建模方法.小扰动假设下的跨音速非定常气动力可以近似地表示为一阶Volterra级数的形式.通过CFD(Computation Fluid Dynamics)技术计算得到由结构变形产生的非定常气动力阶跃响应可辨识出Volterra核,由此得到频域的广义非定常气动力影响系数.利用气动力有理函数拟合,得到气动弹性状态空间模型.为验证气动力建模的有效性,以后掠机翼为例进行颤振计算.结果表明,Volterra级数方法得到的非定常气动力模型能够反映一定的跨音速气动特性,颤振计算与CFD-CSD(CFD-Computation Structure Dynamics)的计算结果吻合很好.

两种跨声速气动弹性问题分析研究

在非结构运动网格基础上,采用中心有限体积法进行空间离散和双时间方法进行时间推进求解非定常欧拉方程。通过与气动力方程的联立求解,在时域内用四步龙格-库塔方法求解结构运动方程。分析和研究了二维嗡鸣和三维机翼颤振这两种跨声速非线性气动弹性问题。二维嗡鸣问题的研究考虑了翼面-舵面系统的缝隙间网格运动、缝隙对嗡鸣的影响和扰流片对嗡鸣的抑制。耦合多自由度Lagrange结构运动方程数值模拟了三维机翼的颤振问题。通过跨声速标模算例AGARD445.6机翼的颤振计算,计算的颤振临界速度与实验值有5%左右的误差,验证本方法的正确性。由于本方法是在对外形具有良好普适性的非结构动网格基础上完成的,具有良好的工程实践价值。

气动扰流对飞机T型尾翼跨音速颤振影响的试验研究

跨音速颤振试验通常在稳定的理想流场中进行,不考虑实际非稳定流场的气动扰流对颤振特性的影响。在飞机T型尾翼跨音速颤振试验中,通过设置一种气动扰流装置对风洞流场实施干扰以研究气动扰流对飞机T型尾翼跨音速颤振特性的影响。试验结果表明,气动扰流可以将飞机T型尾翼的颤振耦合模态从平尾弯扭耦合型改变为垂尾弯扭耦合型;可显著降低飞机T型尾翼的颤振动压,翼面外气动扰流较翼面内气动扰流对飞机T尾颤振特性的影响作用大。其原因在于施加的气动扰流所诱导产生的跨音速激波作用在垂尾翼面上改变了垂尾的非定常气动力,引起气动刚度和气动阻尼发生改变,由于平尾的气动阻尼相对较大,可以预计,一旦气动扰流引起垂尾的气动阻尼迅速减小到其临界颤振阻尼,则会引起垂尾弯扭耦合颤振型先于平尾弯扭耦合颤振型发生,从而表现出T尾颤振动压的降低。在颤振模型风洞试验中,当风洞试验结果与期望不一致时,需要研究气动扰流的影响。

跨音速颤振的主动抑制研究

运用基于非定常Eu ler方程的气动力辨识技术,得到跨音速非定常气动力的降阶模型。基于耦合结构方程、主翼和控制面的气动力状态方程,在状态空间内建立了跨音速伺服气动弹性分析模型。运用基于输出反馈的次优控制方法设计控制律。算例首先分析了跨音速伺服气动弹性标准算例(BACT W ing)的开环结果,基于ROM技术的分析结果与基于Eu ler方程的数值仿真结果及实验结果作了比较。而后将基于ROM技术的闭环分析结果与基于Eu ler方程的伺服气动弹性数值仿真结果也作了对比,以验证控制律的设计方法和伺服气动弹性分析方法的正确性。次优控制方法设计的控制律可将颤振速度提高15%左右。

带有结构非线性的跨音速翼型颤振特性研究

以非定常N S方程为主管方程 ,采用时间推进的方法 ,计算翼型振荡的瞬态非定常气动力 ,并与带有结构非线性的颤振方程耦合求解 ,计算了带有结构刚度非线性 (间隙型 ,三次型刚度非线性 )和结构阻尼非线性 (三次型阻尼非线性 )的结构响应特性和颤振特性 .计算研究表明 ,由于同时具有结构和气动非线性 。

跨音速风扇全环叶片颤振特性的流固耦合分析

发展了求解叶片颤振问题的流固耦合计算方法和全环叶片振动的气动弹性模型,在每一时间步同步求解流体运动方程和叶片振动方程并交换边界信息;流体域求解了非定常雷诺平均N-S方程,得到每一步由于叶片变形而引起的流场变化;叶片变形则由积分叶片表面受到的气动力并求解结构动力学方程得到.颤振分析是在全环叶片模型上进行的,并解除了预先设定叶片间相位角的限制.此方法的显著特征是在一次气动弹性计算过程中,可同时分析叶片多个固有模态、多个节径下的气动弹性稳定性,大大提高了使用时域法进行叶片排气弹分析的计算效率.考察了NASA rotor 67风扇全环模型在堵塞点、最高效率点和近喘点3个气动工况下,节径变化对叶片气动弹性稳定性的影响,给出了不同模态下气弹最不稳定状态对应的叶片振动节径形式.结果表明,振动形式对于叶片气动弹性稳定性的影响很大.

含间隙非线性机翼跨声速颤振时滞反馈控制

颤振主动控制会引入时滞,对气动弹性系统闭环稳定性具有显著影响。针对当前考虑时滞的机翼颤振主动控制多集中在亚、超声速域,采用线性气动力分析的研究现状,结合现代飞机大都以跨声速巡航、控制面偏转为作动器进行主动控制的应用特点,发展了考虑结构间隙非线性,基于气动力降阶模型的跨声速颤振时滞反馈主动控制方法。首先,以白噪声为激励信号,辨识得到跨声速下非定常气动力降阶模型,与间隙非线性结构模型耦合,构建被控对象状态空间模型;然后,通过一种含积分项的状态变换将输入信号存在时滞的被控系统转化为无时滞的系统;最后,采用最优控制理论设计最优时滞反馈控制。仿真结果表明:对于含时滞的系统,若施加不考虑时滞影响的控制方法,则无法抑制颤振,所提控制方法的有效性不受时滞大小的影响,可有效抑制颤振的发生。