Ionic Liquid-Enhanced Assembly of Nanomaterials for Highly Stable Flexible Transparent Electrodes

The controlled assembly of nanomaterials has demon-strated significant potential in advancing technological devices.However,achieving highly efficient and low-loss assembly technique for nanomate-rials,enabling the creation of hierarchical structures with distinctive func-tionalities,remains a formidable challenge.Here,we present a method for nanomaterial assembly enhanced by ionic liquids,which enables the fabrication of highly stable,flexible,and transparent electrodes featuring an organized layered structure.The utilization of hydrophobic and non-volatile ionic liquids facilitates the production of stable interfaces with water,effectively preventing the sedimentation of 1D/2D nanomaterials assembled at the interface.Furthermore,the interfacially assembled nanomaterial monolayer exhibits an alternate self-climbing behavior,enabling layer-by-layer transfer and the formation of a well-ordered MXene-wrapped silver nanowire network film.The resulting composite film not only demonstrates exceptional photoelectric performance with a sheet resistance of 9.4Ωsq^(-1) and 93%transmittance,but also showcases remarkable environmental stability and mechanical flexibility.Particularly noteworthy is its application in transparent electromagnetic interference shielding materials and triboelectric nanogenerator devices.This research introduces an innovative approach to manufacture and tailor functional devices based on ordered nanomaterials.

Flexible, Transparent and Conductive Metal Mesh Films with Ultra‑High FoM for Stretchable Heating and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

Despite the growing demand for transparent conductive films in smart and wearable electronics for electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding,achieving a flexible EMI shielding film,while maintaining a high transmittance remains a significant challenge.Herein,a flexible,transparent,and conductive copper(Cu)metal mesh film for EMI shielding is fabricated by self-forming crackle template method and electroplating technique.The Cu mesh film shows an ultra-low sheet resistance(0.18Ω□^(-1)),high transmittance(85.8%@550 nm),and ultra-high figure of merit(>13,000).It also has satisfactory stretchability and mechanical stability,with a resistance increases of only 1.3%after 1,000 bending cycles.As a stretchable heater(ε>30%),the saturation temperature of the film can reach over 110°C within 60 s at 1.00 V applied voltage.Moreover,the metal mesh film exhibits outstanding average EMI shielding effectiveness of 40.4 dB in the X-band at the thickness of 2.5μm.As a demonstration,it is used as a transparent window for shielding the wireless communication electromagnetic waves.Therefore,the flexible and transparent conductive Cu mesh film proposed in this work provides a promising candidate for the next-generation EMI shielding applications.

Highly Porous Yet Transparent Mechanically Flexible Aerogels Realizing Solar-Thermal Regulatory Cooling

The demand for highly porous yet transparent aerogels with mechanical flexibility and solar-thermal dual-regulation for energy-saving windows is significant but challenging.Herein,a delaminated aerogel film(DAF)is fabricated through filtration-induced delaminated gelation and ambient drying.The delaminated gelation process involves the assembly of fluorinated cellulose nanofiber(FCNF)at the solid-liquid interface between the filter and the filtrate during filtration,resulting in the formation of lamellar FCNF hydrogels with strong intra-plane and weak interlayer hydrogen bonding.By exchanging the solvents from water to hexane,the hydrogen bonding in the FCNF hydrogel is further enhanced,enabling the formation of the DAF with intra-layer mesopores upon ambient drying.The resulting aerogel film is lightweight and ultra-flexible,which pos-sesses desirable properties of high visible-light transmittance(91.0%),low thermal conductivity(33 mW m^(-1) K^(-1)),and high atmospheric-window emissivity(90.1%).Furthermore,the DAF exhibits reduced surface energy and exceptional hydrophobicity due to the presence of fluorine-containing groups,enhancing its durability and UV resistance.Consequently,the DAF has demonstrated its potential as solar-thermal regulatory cooling window materials capable of simultaneously providing indoor lighting,thermal insulation,and daytime radiative cooling under direct sunlight.Significantly,the enclosed space protected by the DAF exhibits a temperature reduction of 2.6℃ compared to that shielded by conventional architectural glass.

Structural and Luminescent Properties of Mg_(0.25-x)Al_(2.57)O_(3.79)N_(0.21):xMn^(2+)Green-Emitting Transparent Ceramic Phosphor

A series of spinel-type Mg_(0.25-x)Al_(2.57)O_(3.79)N_(0.21):xMn^(2+)(MgAlON:xMn^(2+))phosphors were synthesized by the solid-state reaction route.The transparent ceramic phosphors were fabricated by pressureless sintering followed by hot-isostatic pressing(HIP).The crystal structure,luminescence and mechanical properties of the samples were systematically investigated.The transparent ceramic phosphors with tetrahedrally coordinated Mn^(2+)show strong green emission centered around 515 nm under blue light excitation.As the Mn^(2+)concentration increases,the crystal lattice expands slightly,resulting in a variation of crystal field and a slight red-shift of green emission peak.Six weak absorption peaks in the transmittance spectra originate from the spin-forbidden ^(4)T_(1)(^(4)G)→^(6)A_(1) transition of Mn^(2+).The decay time was found to decrease from 5.66 to 5.16 ms with the Mn^(2+)concentration.The present study contributes to the systematic understanding of crystal structure and properties of MgAlON:xMn^(2+)green-emitting transparent ceramic phosphor which has a potential application in high-power light-emitting diodes.

Diphylleia Grayi-Inspired Intelligent Temperature-Responsive Transparent Nanofiber Membranes

Nanofiber membranes(NFMs) have become attractive candidates for next-generation flexible transparent materials due to their exceptional flexibility and breathability. However, improving the transmittance of NFMs is a great challenge due to the enormous reflection and incredibly poor transmission generated by the nanofiber-air interface. In this research, we report a general strategy for the preparation of flexible temperature-responsive transparent(TRT) membranes,which achieves a rapid transformation of NFMs from opaque to highly transparent under a narrow temperature window. In this process, the phase change material eicosane is coated on the surface of the polyurethane nanofibers by electrospray technology. When the temperature rises to 37 ℃, eicosane rapidly completes the phase transition and establishes the light transmission path between the nanofibers, preventing light loss from reflection at the nanofiber-air interface. The resulting TRT membrane exhibits high transmittance(> 90%), and fast response(5 s). This study achieves the first TRT transition of NFMs, offering a general strategy for building highly transparent nanofiber materials, shaping the future of next-generation intelligent temperature monitoring, anti-counterfeiting measures, and other high-performance devices.

Transparent cap adjusted the stent placed for stenosis after endoscopic injection of esophageal varices:A case report

BACKGROUND The stent embedded in the esophageal mucosa is one of the complications after stenting for esophageal stricture.We present a case of stent adjustment with the aid of a transparent cap after endoscopic injection of an esophageal varices stent.CASE SUMMARY A 61-year-old male patient came to the hospital with discomfort of the chest after the stent implanted for the stenosis because of endoscopic injection of esophageal varices.The gastroscopy was performed,and the stent embedded into the esophageal mucosa.At first,we pulled the recycling line for shrinking the stent,however,the mucosa could not be removed from the stent.Then a forceps was performed to remove the mucosa in the stent,nevertheless,the bleeding form the mucosa was obvious.And then,we used a transparent cap to scrape the mucosa along the stent,and the mucosa were removed successfully without bleeding.CONCLUSION A transparent cap helps gastroscopy to remove the mucosa embedded in the stent after endoscopic injection of the esophageal varices stent.

Chromosome-level genome assembly of the glass catfish(Kryptopterus vitreolus)reveals molecular clues to its transparent phenotype

Glass catfish(Kryptopterus vitreolus)are notable in the aquarium trade for their highly transparent body pattern.This transparency is due to the loss of most reflective iridophores and light-absorbing melanophores in the main body,although certain black and silver pigments remain in the face and head.To date,however,the molecular mechanisms underlying this transparent phenotype remain largely unknown.To explore the genetic basis of this transparency,we constructed a chromosome-level haplotypic genome assembly for the glass catfish,encompassing 32 chromosomes and 23344 protein-coding genes,using PacBio and Hi-C sequencing technologies and standard assembly and annotation pipelines.Analysis revealed a premature stop codon in the putative albinism-related tyrp1b gene,encoding tyrosinase-related protein 1,rendering it a nonfunctional pseudogene.Notably,a synteny comparison with over 30 other fish species identified the loss of the endothelin-3(edn3b)gene in the glass catfish genome.To investigate the role of edn3b,we generated edn3b^(−/−)mutant zebrafish,which exhibited a remarkable reduction in black pigments in body surface stripes compared to wild-type zebrafish.These findings indicate that edn3b loss contributes to the transparent phenotype of the glass catfish.Our high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly and identification of key genes provide important molecular insights into the transparent phenotype of glass catfish.These findings not only enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying transparency in glass catfish,but also offer a valuable genetic resource for further research on pigmentation in various animal species.

Wideband low-scattering metasurface with an in-band reconfigurable transparent window

Active metasurfaces with dynamically reconfigurable functionalities are highly demanded in various practical applications.Here,we propose a wideband low-scattering metasurface that can realize an in-band reconfigurable transparent window by altering the operation states of the PIN diodes loaded on the structures.The metasurface is composed of a band-pass frequency selective surface(FSS)sandwiched between two polarization conversion metasurfaces(PCMs).PIN diodes are integrated into the FSS to switch the transparent window,while a checkerboard configuration is applied in PCMs for the diffusive-reflective function.A sample with 20×20 elements is designed,fabricated,and experimentally verified.Both simulated and measured results show that the in-band functions can be dynamically switched between beam-splitting scattering and high transmission by controlling the biasing states of the diodes,while low backscattering can be attained outside the passband.Furthermore,the resonant structures of FSS also play the role of feeding lines,thus significantly eliminating extra interference compared with conventional feeding networks.We envision that the proposed metasurface may provide new possibilities for the development of an intelligent stealth platform and its antenna applications.

Properties of Ultra-low Thermal Expansion LAS Transparent Glass-ceramics Prepared by Spodumene

The glass-ceramics were prepared with the spodumene mineral as the main raw material,and the effects of ZrO_(2)replacing TiO_(2)on the samples were systematically investigated.The results show that the substitution of ZrO_(2)for TiO_(2)is not conductive to precipitate𝛽β-quartz solid solution phase,but can improve the transparency and flexural strength of glass-ceramics.And the glass-ceramic with the highest visible light transmittance(87%)and flexural strength(231.80 MPa)exhibits an ultra-low thermal expansion of-0.028×10^(-7)K^(-1)in the region of 30-700℃.

Impact of transparent exopolymer particles on the dynamics of dissolved organic carbon in the Amundsen Sea,Antarctica

The Southern Ocean is an important carbon sink pool and plays a critical role in the global carbon cycling.The Amundsen Sea was reported to be highly productive in inshore area in the Southern Ocean.In order to investigate the influence of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)on the behavior of dissolved organic carbon(DOC)in this region,a comprehensive study was conducted,encompassing both open water areas and highly productive polynyas.It was found that microbial heterotrophic metabolism is the primary process responsible for the production of humic-like fluorescent components in the open ocean.The relationship between apparent oxygen utilization and the two humic-like components can be accurately described by a power-law function,with a conversion rate consistent with that observed globally.The presence of TEP was found to have little impact on this process.Additionally,the study revealed the accumulation of DOC at the sea surface in the Amundsen Sea Polynya,suggesting that TEP may play a critical role in this phenomenon.These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics and surface accumulation of DOC in the Amundsen Sea Polynya,and provide valuable insights into the carbon cycle in this region.

Recent advances in nanofiber-based flexible transparent electrodes

Flexible and stretchable transparent electrodes are widely used in smart display,energy,wearable devices and other fields.Due to the limitations of flexibility and stretchability of indium tin oxide electrodes,alternative electrodes have appeared,such as metal films,metal nanowires,and conductive meshes.However,few of the above electrodes can simultaneously have excellent flexibility,stretchability,and optoelectronic properties.Nanofiber(NF),a continuous ultra-long one-dimensional conductive material,is considered to be one of the ideal materials for high-performance transparent electrodes with excellent properties due to its unique structure.This paper summarizes the important research progress of NF flexible transparent electrodes(FTEs)in recent years from the aspects of NF electrode materials,preparation technology and application.First,the unique advantages and limitations of various NF materials are systematically discussed.Then,we summarize the preparation technology of various advanced NF FTEs,and point out the future development trend.We also discuss the application of NFs in solar cells,supercapacitors,electric heating equipments,sensors,etc,and analyze its development potential in flexible electronic equipment,as well as problems that need to be solved.Finally,the challenges and future development trends are proposed in the wide application of NF FTEs in the field of flexible optoelectronics.

Solution-processed CuIn(S,Se)_(2) solar cells on transparent electrode offering 9.4%efficiency

Chalcopyrite,copper indium gallium selenide(Cu(In,Ga)Se_(2),CIGS),as semiconductor materials,have been widely used as absorbers in thin-film solar cells,offering high power conversion efficiency(PCE)and good thermal stability[1−3].Recently,the development of non-traditional photovoltaic(PV)devices such as semitransparent.

Bifunctional flexible electrochromic energy storage devices based on silver nanowire flexible transparent electrodes

Flexible electrochromic energy storage devices(FECESDs)for powering flexible electronics have attracted considerable attention.Silver nanowires(AgNWs)are one kind of the most promising flexible transparent electrodes(FTEs)materials for the emerging flexible devices.Currently,fabricating FECESD based on AgNWs FTEs is still hindered by their intrinsic poor electrochemical stability.To address this issue,a hybrid AgNWs/Co(OH)_(2)/PEDOT:PSS electrode is proposed.The PEDOT:PSS could not only improve the resistance against electrochemical corrosion of AgNWs,but also work as functional layer to realize the color-changing and energy storage properties.Moreover,the Co(OH)_(2)interlayer further improved the color-changing and energy storage performance.Based on the improvement,we assembled the symmetrical FECESDs.Under the same condition,the areal capacitance(0.8 mF cm^(−2))and coloration efficiency(269.80 cm^(2)C−1)of AgNWs/Co(OH)_(2)/PEDOT:PSS FECESDs were obviously higher than AgNWs/PEDOT:PSS FECESDs.Furthermore,the obtained FECESDs exhibited excellent stability against the mechanical deformation.The areal capacitance remained stable during 1000 times cyclic bending with a 25 mm curvature radius.These results demonstrated the broad application potential of the AgNWs/Co(OH)_(2)/PEDOT:PSS FECESD for the emerging portable and multifunctional electronics.

Photoacoustic microscopy based on transparent piezoelectric ultrasound transducers

Photoacoustic microscopy(PAM),due to its deep penetration depth and high contrast,is playing an increasingly important role in biomedical imaging.PAM imaging systems equipped with conventional ultrasound transducers have demonstrated excellent imaging performance.However,these opaque ultrasonic transducers bring some constraints to the further development and application of PAM,such as complex optical path,bulky size,and difficult to integrate with other modalities.To overcome these problems,ultrasonic transducers with high optical transparency have appeared.At present,transparent ultrasonic transducers are divided into optical-based and acoustic-based sensors.In this paper,we mainly describe the acoustic-based piezoelectric transparent transducers in detail,of which the research advances in PAM applications are reviewed.In addition,the potential challenges and developments of transparent transducers in PAM are also demonstrated.

Efficient Semi‑Transparent Wide‑Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Pure‑Chloride 2D‑Perovskite Passivation

Wide-bandgap(WBG)perovskite solar cells suffer from severe non-radiative recombination and exhibit relatively large opencircuit voltage(V_(OC))deficits,limiting their photovoltaic performance.Here,we address these issues by in-situ forming a well-defined 2D perovskite(PMA)_(2)PbCl_(4)(phenmethylammonium is referred to as PMA)passivation layer on top of the WBG active layer.The 2D layer with highly pure dimensionality and halide components is realized by intentionally tailoring the side-chain substituent at the aryl ring of the post-treatment reagent.First-principle calculation and single-crystal X-ray diffraction results reveal that weak intermolecular interactions between bulky PMA cations and relatively low cation-halide hydrogen bonding strength are crucial in forming the well-defined 2D phase.The(PMA)_(2)PbCl_(4)forms improved type-I energy level alignment with the WBG perovskite,reducing the electron recombination at the perovskite/hole-transport-layer interface.Applying this strategy in fabricating semi-transparent WBG perovskite solar cells(indium tin oxide as the back electrode),the V_(OC)deficits can be reduced to 0.49 V,comparable with the reported state-of-the-art WBG perovskite solar cells using metal electrodes.Consequently,we obtain hysteresis-free 18.60%-efficient WBG perovskite solar cells with a high V_(OC)of 1.23 V.

Transparent Thermally Tunable Microwave Absorber Prototype Based on Patterned VO2 Film

Transparent microwave absorbers that exhibit high optical transmittance and microwave absorption capability are ideal,although having a fixed absorption performance limits their applicability.Here,a simple,transparent,and thermally tunable microwave absorber is proposed,based on a patterned vanadium dioxide(VO_(2))film.Numerical calculations and experiments demonstrate that the proposed VO_(2)absorber has a high optical transmittance of 84.9%at 620 nm;its reflection loss at 15.06 GHz can be thermally tuned from–4.257 to–60.179 dB,and near-unity absorption is achieved at 523.750 K.Adjusting only the patterned VO_(2)film duty cycle can change the temperature of near-unity absorption.Our VO_(2)absorber has a simple composition,a high optical transmittance,a thermally tunable microwave absorption performance,a large modulation depth,and an adjustable temperature tuning range,making it promising for application in tunable sensors,thermal emitters,modulators,thermal imaging,bolometers,and photovoltaic devices.

Periodic transparent nanowires in ITO film fabricated via femtosecond laser direct writing

This paper reports the fabrication of regular large-area laser-induced periodic surface structures(LIPSSs)in indium tin oxide(ITO)films via femtosecond laser direct writing focused by a cylindrical lens.The regular LIPSSs exhibited good properties as nanowires,with a resistivity almost equal to that of the initial ITO film.By changing the laser fluence,the nanowire resistances could be tuned from 15 to 73 kΩ/mm with a consistency of±10%.Furthermore,the average transmittance of the ITO films with regular LIPSSs in the range of 1200-2000 nm was improved from 21%to 60%.The regular LIPSS is promising for transparent electrodes of nano-optoelectronic devices-particularly in the near-infrared band.

The impacts of ambiguity in preparation of 80% sulfuric acid solution and shaking time control of calibration solution on the determination of transparent exopolymer particles

The quantification of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP) by colorimetric method is of large error and low repeatability,one major reason of which is related to the absence of clear definition and evaluation for part steps of the original method.It is obscure that the 80% sulfuric acid solution,acted as the extraction solution in the determination of TEP,is prepared based on a volume ratio or mass ratio.Furthermore,the change of solubility of recently available Gum Xanthan(GX) from the market means that the original protocol is no longer applicable,and the grinding of GX stock solution with a tissue grinder is replaced by shaking with a rotating shaker in the study to prevent the excessive dissolution of GX.We found that different preparation techniques could result in the varied concentrations of 80% H_(2)SO_(4).The duration of shaking during the preparation of standard solution significantly affected the slope of the calibration curve,which caused different correction results of TEP.The impacts of different extraction solution concentrations and shaking time of GX solution on the quantification of TEP were investigated based on the field sampling and laboratory analysis.The extraction capacities of H_(2)SO_(4) with different concentrations for Alcian Blue were distinct,but had limited effect on the final measuring result of TEP.The change of the standard curve slope came along with the variation of shaking time,which markedly altered the detection limit and calibration result,and the extended shaking time was in favor of the determination of low-concentration TEP.It was suggested that the extraction solution concentration,shaking time and filtration volume of standard solution are required to be well controlled and selected to obtain more accurate results for TEP with different concentrations.

Analysis of fluidized zone in transparent soil under jet induced by pipe leakage

Jets caused by burst tubes erode the surrounding soil, eventually leading to issues such as ground collapse. It is therefore highly important to study the mechanisms of soil erosion caused by jets after pipeline leakage. To investigate the water-soil interaction mechanisms of pipe leakage, this study used transparent soil and developed a three-dimensional experimental device to observe the fluidization process. Changes in the boundary of the fluidization transition area were investigated, and a formula for calculating the soil damage area was derived. The results showed three different shapes of the fluidized cavity appearing in the fluidization process. The particles initially moved upward and then gradually transitioned into a state of backflow. The effects of particle size, upper load, and porosity on fluidization were also analyzed. It was found that soil with a large particle size and a lower porosity under a heavy upper load can effectively restrain fluidization. Therefore, large-diameter and dense soil can be used as pipe-covering material.

Optical and Mechanical Properties of Ramie Fiber/Epoxy Resin Transparent Composites

The residual resources of ramie fiber-based textile products were used as raw materials.Ramie fiber felt(RF)was modified by NaClO_(2) aqueous solution and then impregnated with water-based epoxy resin(WER).RF/WER transparent composite materials were prepared by lamination hot pressing process.The composite materials’color difference,transmittance,haze,density,water absorption,and mechanical properties were determined to assess the effects of NaClO_(2) treatment and the number of ramie fiber layers on the properties of the prepared composites.The results showed significantly improved optical and mechanical properties of the RF/WER transparent composites after NaClO_(2) treatment.With the increase of ramie fiber layers,the composites’whiteness,transmittance,and water absorption decreased while the haze increased.For material with three layers,the optical transmittance in the visible light region was 82%,and the haze was 96%,indicating the material has both high transmittance and high haze characteristics.The tensile strength increases with the increase of the number of layers,and the tensile strength of the composite with six layers is 243 MPa.This study broadens the scope of application of ramie fiber as a new option for home decoration materials.