Development of a novel critical nitrogen concentration-cumulative transpiration curve for optimizing nitrogen management under varying irrigation conditions in winter wheat

Accurate nitrogen(N)nutrition diagnosis is essential for improving N use efficiency in crop production.The widely used critical N(Nc)dilution curve traditionally depends solely on agronomic variables,neglecting crop water status.With three-year field experiments with winter wheat,encompassing two irrigation levels(rainfed and irrigation at jointing and anthesis)and three N levels(0,180,and 270 kg ha1),this study aims to establish a novel approach for determining the Nc dilution curve based on crop cumulative transpiration(T),providing a comprehensive analysis of the interaction between N and water availability.The Nc curves derived from both crop dry matter(DM)and T demonstrated N concentration dilution under different conditions with different parameters.The equation Nc=6.43T0.24 established a consistent relationship across varying irrigation regimes.Independent test results indicated that the nitrogen nutrition index(NNI),calculated from this curve,effectively identifies and quantifies the two sources of N deficiency:insufficient N supply in the soil and insufficient soil water concentration leading to decreased N availability for root absorption.Additionally,the NNI calculated from the Nc-DM and Nc-T curves exhibited a strong negative correlation with accumulated N deficit(Nand)and a positive correlation with relative grain yield(RGY).The NNI derived from the Nc-T curve outperformed the NNI derived from the Nc-DM curve concerning its relationship with Nand and RGY,as indicated by larger R2 values and smaller AIC.The novel Nc curve based on T serves as an effective diagnostic tool for assessing winter wheat N status,predicting grain yield,and optimizing N fertilizer management across varying irrigation conditions.These findings would provide new insights and methods to improve the simulations of water-N interaction relationship in crop growth models.

设施生菜光合和蒸腾速率影响因素分析与预测模型构建

光合速率及蒸腾速率是植物的2个重要生理指标。在全人工环境下,选取意大利生菜作为对象,设计并开展多环境变量对生菜光合速率及蒸腾速率影响的嵌套实验,得到环境因子对生菜光合速率及蒸腾速率的影响规律,应用神经网络构建生菜幼苗期光合速率及蒸腾速率预测模型。针对幼苗期生菜,选择温度、相对湿度、光子通量密度(Photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD)及CO_(2)浓度共4个环境影响因素,采用随机森林方法对数据进行相关性分析。结果表明,与蒸腾速率相关性由大到小的因素依次为CO_(2)浓度、温度、相对湿度、PPFD,与光合速率相关性由大到小的因素依次为CO_(2)浓度、PPFD、温度、相对湿度;采用枚举法确定隐藏层节点数和训练函数,通过遗传算法优化BP神经网络的初始权值和阈值,构建GA-BP神经网络生理指标预测模型。应用测试数据对模型进行验证,光合速率及蒸腾速率预测值与实测值的决定系数分别为0.962 12、0.979 44,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为2.983 2μmol/(m^(2)·s)、0.001 435 8 mol/(m^(2)·s),表明GA-BP神经网络在模型精度和迭代次数方面性能显著提高。研究结果可为设施生菜生产环境调控提供有效依据。

西藏东南部云杉的蒸腾耗水规律研究

为了解不同胸径云杉的蒸腾耗水规律,在西藏东南波密县云杉森林设置3个100 m×100 m样地,采用SFM1流体流量传感器,通过热比率法对西藏东南部不同胸径云杉树干液流速率进行监测。同时,利用美国ClimaVUE 50气象站对云杉群落生境的气象因子进行监测。在日尺度和季节尺度上,分析不同胸径云杉的液流速率与气象因子的动态变化规律,以及每小时液流速率与气象因子的相关性。结果显示:(1)不同胸径云杉树干液流速率均表现出典型的昼高夜低的单峰型日变化特征,且不同月份的平均树干液流速率不同,云杉瞬间最大液流速率分别为207.34 cm·h^(-1)(胸径10~20 cm, 7月3日,184 d)、207.84 cm·h^(-1)(胸径20~30 cm, 5月29日,149 d)、286.18 cm·h^(-1)(胸径30~40 cm, 7月8日,189 d)。(2)影响云杉森林林分蒸腾的主要气象因子为VPD(饱和水汽压差)、太阳辐射、风速和降雨。(3)在生长季,不同胸径云杉蒸腾耗水量变化均呈“先增加后减少”的趋势。同时胸径10~20 cm的云杉月耗水量最小出现在2月份(约为0.17 m^(3)),最大出现在7月份(约为0.47 m^(3));胸径20~30 cm的云杉月耗水量最小出现在12月份(约为0.62 m^(3)),最大出现在5月份(约为1.61m^(3));胸径30~40 cm的云杉月耗水量最小出现在1月份(约为1.35 m^(3)),最大出现在7月份(约为3.87 m^(3))。

保水剂和蒸腾抑制剂对玉米生长和水肥耦合的影响

保水剂和蒸腾抑制剂的应用对玉米高效生产发挥着重要作用。为探究保水剂和蒸腾抑制剂对玉米生长和土壤水肥耦合的影响,在内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市乌审旗河南乡小石砭村进行田间试验。试验共设置4个处理,分别为灌水定额为30 mm并且施加保水剂(C1)、灌水定额为37.5 mm并且施加保水剂(C2)、灌水定额为45 mm并且施加蒸腾抑制剂(C3)和灌水定额为45 mm并且不施加试剂(CK)。结果表明:①保水剂和蒸腾抑制剂能有效提升土壤保水能力,与CK相比,C1、C2和C3处理下玉米生育期平均土壤含水率分别提升6.61%、11.94%和4.05%。②保水剂和蒸腾抑制剂能有效提升玉米株高,其中拔节期玉米株高提升率最高,C1、C2和C3较CK分别提升9.40%、17.45%和6.04%。③玉米的茎粗随着生育期的推进呈现出先快速增长后缓慢增长再略微减小的趋势,快速增长期为拔节期,拔节期相比于苗期茎粗平均增长率为60.21%。④保水剂的施加可以增加土壤肥力和土壤水肥之间的协同关系,C2相比于CK土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾、缓效钾和有机质含量分别增加37.57%、82.76%、88.66%、1.31%和37.83%;土壤水肥耦合度和耦合协调度分别增加77.74%和52.79%。综上所述,施加保水剂和蒸腾抑制剂可有效改善土壤水分状况,促进玉米生长发育,较不施加任何试剂的处理有明显优势。

单相发汗冷却对脉冲爆震燃烧传播的影响

作为一种先进推进系统,脉冲爆震发动机热端部件的热载荷随着工作频率和飞行马赫数的提高而大幅增加。发汗冷却具有很高的冷却效率和更低的冷却剂消耗,使其成为脉冲爆震发动机燃烧室壁面冷却的理想方案。开展发汗冷却与爆震燃烧耦合研究,是爆震发动机发汗冷却设计的理论基础。为了探索发汗冷却的固体和流体结构对爆震燃烧的影响规律,本文采用实验方法,研究了不同多孔介质结构和单相发汗冷却对充分发展爆震燃烧传播过程的影响。结果表明,爆震波在多孔介质壁面上传播时发生减速,但不会引起爆震波解耦。单相发汗冷却引发爆震燃烧失效的主要原因是冷却剂的稀释作用使得局部当量比低于燃料的可爆极限。当冷却剂注入率超过12.5%时,爆震燃烧解耦。

广东毛茶资源及其生理生态特征研究

为了解毛茶资源及其生理生态特征,采用样线法对广东67个自然保护地的毛茶资源进行了野外调查,测定了毛茶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率及环境因子的日变化、叶绿度、植物及生境的碳氮含量、稳定碳氮同位素组成。结果表明:在10个保护地的123个生境记录到280株毛茶,其中珠海担杆岛和二洲岛、斗门黄杨山和锅盖栋、台山上川岛为毛茶新增分布点,以深圳三洲田的62处148株为最多。毛茶植物体的碳、氮含量显著高于生境土壤和岩石;叶片δ^(13)C、δ^(15)N比率分别为-34.51‰和-0.94‰,显著低于或高于根、茎的相应值。正常绿色叶片叶绿度(SPAD值)为41.0,显著高于黄叶的17.6;测定日的净光合速率平均为5.55μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1);蒸腾速率平均为0.59 mmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1);水分利用效率平均为9.13,显示毛茶在冬季气温和大气相对湿度相对较低的情况下,以较低的净光合速率、蒸腾速率但较高的水分利用效率维持正常的生理活动。

Species- and Habitat-variability of Photosynthesis, Transpiration and Water Use Efficiency of Different Plant Species in Maowusu Sand Area

Photosynthesis ( P n ), transpiration ( E ) and water use efficiency ( WUE ) of more than 66 arid sand species from different environmental habitats, shifting sand dune, fixed sand dune, lowland and wetland in the Maowusu Sand Area were analyzed and the relation among these characteristics and the resource utilization efficiency, taxonomic categories and growth forms of the species were assessed. The results showed that species from Chenopodiaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae which possessed the C 4 photosynthesis pathway, or C 3 pathway and also with nitrogen_fixation capacities had higher or the highest P n values, i.e., 20～30 μmol CO 2·m -2 ·s -1 , while that of evergreen shrub of Pinaceae had the lowest P n values, i.e., 0～5 μmol CO 2·m -2 ·s -1 . Those species from Compositae, Scrophulariaceae, and Gramineae with C 3 pathway but no N_fixation capacity had the highest E rates, i.e., 20～30 mmol H 2O·m -2 ·s -1 and again the evergreen shrub together with some species from Salicaceae and Compositae had the lowest E rates, i.e., 0～5 mmol H 2O·m -2 ·s -1 . Species from Leguminosae, Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae with C 4 pathway or C 3 pathway with N_fixation capacity, both shrubs and grasses, generally had higher WUE . However, even the physiological traits of the same species were habitat_ and season_specific. The values of both P n and E in late summer were much higher than those in early summer, with average increases of 26%, 40% respectively in the four habitats. WUE in late summer was, however, 12% lower. Generally, when the environments became drier as a result of habitats changed, i.e., in the order of wetland, lowland, fixed sand dune and shifting sand dune, P n and E decreased but WUE increased.

不同通风方式日光温室微环境模拟与作物蒸腾研究

日光温室后墙蓄热降低了通风降温效率,高温会刺激植物水分蒸腾,降低水资源利用率。本文以北京市通州区日光温室为研究对象,在原有的上、下通风口基础上,增设后墙通风口。基于DO辐射模型、组分输运模型和多孔介质模型建立了日光温室的计算流体力学(CFD)模型,探究了不同通风方式下温室微环境状况,并结合作物蒸腾模型分析获得了作物蒸腾特征。结果表明,气温变化会直接影响作物蒸腾强度,两者空间分布特征一致。中午温室高温,开启后墙、下通风口,较原来开启上、下通风口,气流走向相似,因减少部分蓄热墙体,降温效率提高5.7%,蒸腾量下降0.020 mm/h,开启后墙、上、下通风口,蒸腾量较原来下降0.005 mm/h。开启后墙、上通风口,由于两通风口靠近一侧且距离作物较远,只能形成北侧局部降温,降温效率下降10.3%,除湿效率较原来提高5.7%,蒸腾量升高0.035 mm/h。此外,在通风口组合中,将靠下的通风口设置在迎风方向,可减少外界来风能量、动量损失,以提高通风降温效率。研究结果可为日光温室微环境调节提供参考。

SIMULATION OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF C 3 PLANT LEAVES TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS BY A MODEL WHICH COMBINES STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE, PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND TRANSPIRATION

Transpiration element is included in the integrated stomatal conductance photosynthesis model by considering gaseous transfer processes, so the present model is capable to simulate the influence of boundary layer conductance. Leuning in his revised Ball's model replaced relative humidity with VPD s (the vapor pressure deficit from stomatal pore to leaf surface) and thereby made the relation with transpiration more straightforward, and made it possible for the regulation of transpiration and the influence of boundary layer conductance to be integrated into the combined model. If the differences in water vapor and CO 2 concentration between leaf and ambient air are considered, VPD s , the evaporative demand, is influenced by stomatal and boundary layer conductance. The physiological responses of photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal function, and the changes of intercellular CO 2 and water use efficiency to environmental factors, such as wind speed, photon flux density, leaf temperature and ambient CO 2, are analyzed. It is shown that if the boundary layer conductance drops to a level comparable with stomatal conductance, the results of simulation by the model presented here differ significantly from those by the previous model, and, in some cases, are more realistic than the latter.

Yields,growth and water use under chemical topping in relations to row configuration and plant density in drip-irrigated cotton

Background Water deficit is an important problem in agricultural production in arid regions.With the advent of wholly mechanized technology for cotton planting in Xinjiang,it is important to determine which planting mode could achieve high yield,fiber quality and water use efficiency(WUE).This study aimed to explore if chemical topping affected cotton yield,quality and water use in relation to row configuration and plant densities.Results Experiments were carried out in Xinjiang China,in 2020 and 2021 with two topping method,manual topping and chemical topping,two plant densities,low and high,and two row configurations,i.e.,76 cm equal rows and 10+66 cm narrow-wide rows,which were commonly applied in matching harvest machine.Chemical topping increased seed cotton yield,but did not affect cotton fiber quality comparing to traditional manual topping.Under equal row spacing,the WUE in higher density was 62.4%higher than in the lower one.However,under narrow-wide row spacing,the WUE in lower density was 53.3%higher than in higher one(farmers’practice).For machine-harvest cotton in Xinjiang,the optimal row configuration and plant density for chemical topping was narrow-wide rows with 15 plants m-2 or equal rows with 18 plants m-2.Conclusion The plant density recommended in narrow-wide rows was less than farmers’practice and the density in equal rows was moderate with local practice.Our results provide new knowledge on optimizing agronomic managements of machine-harvested cotton for both high yield and water efficient.

双层多孔板结构相变发汗冷却的数值模拟研究

为了提高相变发汗冷却的冷却性能,提出不同孔隙率组合的双层多孔板结构设计代替传统的单层多孔板结构.以液态水作为冷却剂,使用修正后的局部热非平衡两相混合流模型,数值研究了不同孔隙率组合的多孔板内流-固耦合传热和冷却剂流动输运特性.数值模拟结果表明存在可以降低结构表面温度的双层多孔板设计,并且在冷却剂流量较大、液体水相变发生在上层多孔板内时,该新型结构相较于传统结构的表面温度降低更为明显.与此同时,冷却剂的注射压力被重点关注.由于水蒸气的运动黏度远高于液体水,研究中发现当冷却剂相变发生在多孔板内时,冷却剂的注射压力主要取决于水蒸气所集中的上层多孔板孔隙率.因此基于多孔介质内的渗流特性,采用孔隙率较大的上层多孔板有助于降低结构内的水蒸气压力,从而实现多孔板板底冷却剂注射压力的降低,在某一孔隙率组合中冷却剂注射压力的最大降幅可以达到65%.如果采用相反的孔隙率设计,即下层多孔板的孔隙率较大,虽然也可以在一定程度上降低表面温度,但是注射压力将会数倍增加,不利于相变发汗冷却的实际应用.

The Dynamic Study on Transpiration Consumption of Black Locust Forest

To know the annual water consumption of forest, it is necessary to acquire the annual transpiration value of stands. This paper is based on the data measured in the typical weather of the growth season, from 1998 to 2000, with the LI 1600 Steady Porometer and the general weather information. The daily variation of transpiration in black locust forest ( Robinia pesudoacacia L.) is modeled by Penman Monteith equation. As a result of the model, a continuous daily transpiration in the growth season was calculated. The net radiation, intercepted by black locust forest canopy, was acquired from a semi empirical equation of measuring net radiation R n with the extinction coefficient k and leaf area index LAI . The canopy integral stomatic resistance is a mimesis with an empirical equation of measuring data. Compared with measuring data, the relative error of the modeled ones is less than 12% averagely. At last, the total transpiration of black locust forest during the period of 1998 and 2000 in the growth season of May to October, as an average transpiration of the different density stands, were 192 46, 187 07 and 195 59?mm respectively.

阳光玫瑰葡萄需水量及耗水规律研究

为了明确阳光玫瑰葡萄生长期的需水量,为葡萄园节水灌溉提供理论依据,以阳光玫瑰葡萄为研究对象,通过调查生产上有效降雨量,计算水分盈亏量,在水分盈亏量的基础上设计3个灌水量处理(1 500、2 250、3 000 m^(3)/hm^(2)),研究不同灌水量对葡萄叶水势、树冠覆盖率、叶面积系数、果实品质和耗水特性的影响,确定葡萄需水量,并揭示其耗水规律。结果表明:在2 250、3 000 m^(3)/hm^(2)灌水量处理下,果实可溶性糖含量、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比均无显著性差异,但均显著高于1 500 m^(3)/hm^(2)灌水量处理;在2 250 m^(3)/hm^(2)灌水量下既不影响果实品质,又能节水;不同灌水量下葡萄耗水规律为果实膨大期>果实成熟期>新梢生长期>花期。综上,阳光玫瑰葡萄生长期总需水量为5 539 m^(3)/hm^(2)。

The Response of Transpiration Rate of Malus pumila cv.Goldspur to Illumination and Soil Moisture

We tested the transpiration rate ( Tr ) of seven\|year\|old field and two\|year\|old potted Malus pumila cv.Goldspur under different conditions of illumination and soil water. The results showed that the interrelationship between Tr of Malus pumila cv.Goldspur and illumination and soil water content ( SWC ) was quite remarkable. Tr increased with the increase of light intensity and SWC . However, when one of the environmental stresses of illumination and water existed, the improvement of the other condition couldn't make Tr rise greatly. Only when SWC was higher than 11%, which arrived at over 55% of the field content ( FC ), or the photosynthetic active radiation ( PAR ) higher than 400?μmol·s -1 m -2 , Tr could rise greatly with the increase of PAR or SWC . But when SWC was higher than 15%, which reached over 75% of FC or PAR higher than 1?000?μmol·s -1 ·m -2 , Tr would not change a lot with the change of PAR or SWC . That PAR and SWC influenced the magnitude of stomatic resistance( RS ) and leaf water potential ( Ψ l) was the basic reason for the Tr responded to them. Light stress reduced the open degree of stomas, so when severe light stress existed ( PAR <100?μmol·s -1 ·m -2 ), RS was larger ( RS >2 0?s·cm -1 ), which led to the decrease of Tr(Tr <5?μgH 2O·s -1 ·cm -2 ). When severe water stress existed( SWC <11% and<55% of FC and soil water potential Ψ ws <-1 15?MPa), RS was higher than 4 00?s·cm -1 and Ψ l lower than -2 10?MPa, which led to Tr lower than 11?μgH 2O·s -1 ·cm -2 . When soil water was adequate( SWC >15% amd over 75% of FC , and Ψ ws >-0 50?MPa), RS was lower than 2 00?s·cm -1 , Ψ l higher than -1 65?MPa and Tr would be higher than 15?μgH 2O·s -1 ·m -2 . The range of SWC , 11%～15%, which accounted for 55% to 75% of FC , and correspond RS (2 00～4 00?s·cm -1 ) were the turning area, where the variable curve of Tr transited from a variable trend to another variable one. It could be considered as the range to control soil water.

不同品种和种植密度对新疆棉花蒸腾速率的影响

2022年在新疆乌兰乌苏开展大田试验,设置3个棉花品种(‘中棉979’、‘中棉703’和‘国欣棉’)和2个种植密度(D1:22株·m^(-2);D2:11株·m^(-2))处理,利用热比率法茎流仪测定蒸腾,对比不同天气条件(晴天、雨天)和时间尺度下棉花日均蒸腾量、日蒸腾变化和累计蒸腾的差异,明确北疆地区不同品种、密度下棉花耗水规律。结果表明:(1)种植密度对群体棉花累计蒸腾和日蒸腾速率影响显著,D1种植密度下棉花累计蒸腾和日蒸腾显著提高,3个品种D1种植密度处理下累计蒸腾、日蒸腾速率显著高于D2种植密度处理(平均高51.2%)。(2)棉花品种对单株和群体蒸腾有显著影响,‘中棉703’茎流速率、日蒸腾速率和累计蒸腾高于其他品种。(3)单株棉花蒸腾在日尺度上呈“几”字型变化规律,白天(9:00-21:00)日蒸腾较稳定,夜间由于根压作用仍存在少许茎流;(4)7-9月棉花蒸腾速率和蒸腾量逐月递减,9月棉花日蒸腾曲线逐步向单峰型转变,且白天蒸腾开始时间较晚(10:00),结束较早(20:00)。(5)累计蒸腾与籽棉产量和平均叶面积未呈现显著相关关系。

五个杨树品种生长、光合生理及根尖离子流速特性比较分析

通过比较不同品种杨树(Populus)的生长、光合生理及根尖离子流速特性差异,为速生适应性强品种的早期选育提供参考。以渤丰3号杨(P.×euramericana‘Bofeng 3’)、渤丰1号杨(P.×euramericana‘Bofeng 1’)、西雄1号杨(P.×euramericana‘Xixiong 1’)、中雄7号杨(P.×euramericana‘Zhongxiong 7’)和中雄4号杨(P.deltoides×P.suaveolens cl.‘Zhongxiong 4’)5个杨树品种1年生苗为研究对象,于正常培养条件下的试验开始和试验结束(30 d)时分别测定株高、地径等生长指标,并于10、20、30 d时分别测定幼苗的叶片数量、单叶面积、叶长、叶宽、瞬时净光合速率(P_(n))、胞间CO_(2)摩尔浓度(C_(i))、气孔导度(G_(s))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、叶绿素相对含量以及根尖K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、H^(+)流速等指标,经过30 d的正常管理,5个品种的株高生长量之间的差异达到显著水平,由高到低依次为中雄4号杨、西雄1号杨、渤丰3号杨、中雄7号杨、渤丰1号杨;其中光合特性指标和蒸腾速率渤丰1号杨均表现为最大,中雄4号杨均表现为最小,但是中雄4号杨的单叶面积((57.49±2.37)cm^(2))、总叶面积((1721.10±28.59)cm^(2))、单株净光合速率((17863.10±910.21)μmol·m-2·s-1)和水分利用率((3.15±0.06)μmol·mmol^(-1))均表现为最大,且K^(+)外排流速最慢,为(62.68±0.45)pmol·cm^(-2)·g^(-1),Ca^(2+)内流流速最快,为(-74.24±1.29)pmol·cm^(-2)·g^(-1),而渤丰1号的单株净光合速率((8539.70±164.64)μmol·m-2·s-1)和水分利用率((2.64±0.07)μmol·mmol^(-1))最小,且K^(+)外排流速((130.81±1.71)pmol·cm^(-2)·g^(-1))最快,Ca^(2+)内流流速((-34.43±0.84)pmol·cm^(-2)·g^(-1))最慢。综上所述,5个杨树品种中,中雄4号杨总叶面积、单株净光合速率、水分利用率最高,蒸腾速率最小,根尖K^(+)外排流速最慢,Ca^(2+)内流流速最快,植物体内K^(+)、Ca^(2+)离子含量最多,H^(+)最活跃,株高生长表现最好,可能具有潜在的较强环境适应能力,适宜种植的范围更广。

A polygalacturonase gene OsPG1 modulates water homeostasis in rice

A dynamic plant architecture is the basis of plant adaptation to changing environments.Although many genes regulating leaf rolling have been identified,genes directly associated with water homeostasis are largely unknown.Here,we isolated a rice mutant,dynamic leaf rolling 1(dlr1),characterized by‘leaf unfolding in the morning-leaf rolling at noon-leaf unfolding in the evening’during a sunny day.Water content was decreased in rolled leaves and water sprayed on leaves caused reopening,indicating that in vivo water deficiency induced the leaf rolling.Map-based cloning and expression tests demonstrated that an A1400G single base mutation in Oryza sativa Polygalacturonase 1(OsPG1)/PHOTO-SENSITIVE LEAF ROLLING 1(PSL1)was responsible for the dynamic leaf rolling phenotype in the dlr1 mutant.OsPG1 encodes a polygalacturonase,one of the main enzymes that degrade demethylesterified homogalacturonans in plant cell walls.OsPG1 was constitutively expressed in various tissues and was enriched in stomata.Mutants of the OsPG1 gene exhibited defects in stomatal closure and decreased stomatal density,leading to reduced transpiration and excessive water loss under specific conditions,but had normal root development.Further analysis revealed that mutation of OsPG1 led to reduced pectinase activity in the leaves and increased demethylesterified homogalacturonans in guard cells.Our findings reveal a mechanism by which OsPG1 modulates water homeostasis to control dynamic leaf rolling,providing insights for plants to adapt to environmental variation.

基于贝叶斯分析的干热河谷区橙子林冠层蒸腾耗水模拟

需耗水机制是进行农田/果园水分管理和调控的基础。本文聚焦蒸腾耗水机制,基于贝叶斯参数估计方法对比了不同Jarvis-Stewart模型配置对干热河谷区橙子林蒸腾耗水量的模拟效果,探索了Jarvis-Stewart模型在影响因子交互效应较强条件下蒸腾耗水模拟中的适用性。结果表明,考虑不同影响因子及其限制函数会对模拟效果产生较大影响,其中考虑土壤含水率和叶面积指数对模拟效果改善作用明显,而引入饱和水汽压差和气温则不同程度地降低模拟精度;考虑的影响因子越多,模型结构越复杂,模拟效果不一定越好;筛选出的最佳模型结构基本实现了橙子林蒸腾耗水的可靠模拟,但模拟效果仍有明显改进空间,因此,应综合考虑模型复杂程度、模拟精度及不确定性等,进一步探究适宜的模型结构。研究可为果园节水灌溉技术体系建立和水分管理优化提供科学依据,也能为耗水模型的进一步发展和完善提供理论支撑。

主动热防护技术及自发汗冷却材料的研究进展

热防护技术在航空航天等领域具有重要的应用,其中主动热防护技术通过在基体结构中外加冷却介质起到冷却效果,具有冷却效率高等优点。自发汗冷却技术是一种可实现“智能冷却”的新型主动热防护技术,本文对主动热防护技术及自发汗冷却材料进行简要介绍,对自发汗冷却材料的基体材料和冷却介质进行分类总结,并分析了自发汗冷却材料的发展趋势。

六盘山华北落叶松和白桦林日蒸腾对环境因子的响应差异

【目的】准确量化半干旱区典型人工林的蒸腾特征及其对气象因子和土壤水分的响应规律,探究其水分利用策略的差异,为该区域的林水综合管理提供理论依据。【方法】2022年5—10月,在六盘山半干旱区叠叠沟小流域选取当地主要的造林树种华北落叶松和白桦,各布设1个面积30 m×30 m的固定样地,每个样地选取12株不同胸径的样树,连续测定树干液流密度、气象因子和0~60 cm土层的土壤含水量,分析华北落叶松和白桦人工林蒸腾特征及其对潜在蒸散(PET)和土壤相对可利用水分(REW)的响应差异。【结果】1)7—10月华北落叶松和白桦人工林的日均蒸腾量分别为0.63和0.54 mm·d^(-1),前者比后者高0.09 mm·d^(-1);华北落叶松和白桦林分日蒸腾量随着月份变化均呈先增后减的变化趋势,在7月均达到最大值,分别为1.38和1.45 mm·d^(-1)。2)2种人工林的日蒸腾量对PET的响应均符合指数函数关系,即日蒸腾量随PET增大呈先增大后趋于稳定,但变化趋势在不同REW之间有差别;华北落叶松林分日蒸腾量随PET增长的速率在REW<0.3时较低,在REW>0.3后则迅速升高,且不同REW之间差距很小;而白桦林分日蒸腾量随PET增长的速率持续增大,且比较均匀。3)2种人工林的日蒸腾量对REW的响应也均符合指数函数关系,但变化趋势在不同PET之间有差别;华北落叶松林分蒸腾量随REW增长的速率在PET<2 mm·d^(-1)时较低,在PET>2 mm·d^(-1)后则迅速升高,且不同PET之间差距很小;相比之下,白桦人工林日蒸腾量随REW增大而升高的变化在整个PET变化范围内都比较均匀,且增长速率持续增大。【结论】华北落叶松林分日蒸腾量对PET和REW的响应明显比白桦林更敏感。华北落叶松林分日蒸腾量在PET<2 mm·d^(-1)或REW<0.3时明显高于白桦,但在PET>2 mm·d^(-1)或REW>0.3后迅速升高到其最大值附近并随PET或REW升高保持稳定,而白桦林分日蒸腾量表现为相对均匀地逐渐趋于其最大值。这说明在水分受限的半干旱区,华北落叶松林的蒸腾耗水量高于白桦林,且白桦林蒸腾受干旱期土壤水分的限制更明显。