Unsuccessful treatment of four patients with acute graft-vs-host disease after liver transplantation

AIM: To investigate appropriate therapeutic strategies for graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) following liver transplantation. METHODS: Four patients who developed GVHD after liver transplantation in West China Hospital were included in this study. Therapeutic strategies with augmentation or withdrawal of immunosuppressants combined with supportive therapy were investigated in these patients. In addition, a literature review of patients who developed GVHD after liver transplantation was performed. RESULTS: Although a transient response to initial treatment was detected, all four patients died of complications from GVHD: one from sepsis with multiple organ failure, one from gastrointestinal bleeding, and the other two from sepsis with gastrointestinal bleeding. Few consensuses for the treatment of GVHD after liver transplantation have been reached.CONCLUSION: New and effective treatments are re-quired for GVHD after liver transplantation to improve the prognosis of patients with this diagnosis.

Gut microbiome in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and specific changes associated with acute graft vs host disease

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(aHSCT)is a standard validated therapy for patients suffering from malignant and nonmalignant hematological diseases.However,aHSCT procedures are limited by potentially life-threatening complications,and one of the most serious complications is acute graft-versus-host disease(GVHD).During the last decades,DNA sequencing technologies were used to investigate relationship between composition or function of the gut microbiome and disease states.Even if it remains unclear whether these microbiome alterations are causative or secondary to the presence of the disease,they may be useful for diagnosis,prevention and therapy in aHSCT recipients.Here,we summarized the most recent findings of the association between human gut microbiome changes and acute GVHD in patients receiving aHSCT.

Ruxolitinib add-on in corticosteroid-refractory graft-vs-host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation:Results from a retrospective study on 38 Chinese patients

BACKGROUND Graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) is a major cause of mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Some patients have steroid-refractory(SR) GVHD.AIM To evaluate the effect and safety of ruxolitinib add-on in the treatment of patients with SR acute (a) and chronic (c) GVHD.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 38 patients administered ruxolitinib add-on to standard immunosuppressive therapy for SR-aGVHD or SR-cGVHD following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Ruxolitinib was administered5-10 mg/d depending on disease severity,patient status,and the use of antifungal drugs.Overall response rate,time to best response,malignancy relapse rate,infection rate,and treatment-related adverse events were assessed.RESULTS The analysis included 10 patients with SR-aGVHD (gradeⅢ/Ⅳ,n=9) and 28patients with SR-cGVHD (moderate/severe,n=24).For the SR-aGVHD and SRcGVHD groups,respectively:Median number of previous GVHD therapies was 2(range:1-3) and 2 (1-4);median follow-up was 2.5 (1.5-4) and 5 (1.5-10) mo;median time to best response was 1 (0.5-2.5) and 3 (1-9.5) mo;and overall response rate was 100%(complete response:80%) and 82.1%(complete response:10.7%) with a response observed in all GVHD-affected organs.The malignancy relapse rates for the SR-aGVHD and SR-cGVHD groups were 10.0%and 10.7%,respectively.Reactivation rates for cytomegalovirus,Epstein-Barr virus,and varicella-zoster virus,respectively,were 30.0%,10.0%,and 0%for the SR-aGVHD group and 0%,14.3%,and 7.1%for the SR-cGVHD group.CONCLUSION Ruxolitinib add-on was effective and safe as salvage therapy for SR-GVHD.

Oral graft vs host disease:An immune system disorder in hematopoietic cell transplantation

Graft vs host disease(GVHD) is a complication of patients who are treated by hematopoietic cell transplantation.National Institutes of Health in 2005 by Working Group on Diagnosis and Staging Consensus Development Project on Criteria for Clinical Trials in Chronic GVHD(cGVHD) established 2 principal categories of oral GVHD, acute and chronic. The oral mucosa may be the first site of manifestation of the disease. Clinical diagnosis needs to be confirmed by a biopsy of oral mucosa and minor salivary glands. Microscopic results have played a major role in the diagnosis and management of acute and chronic oral GVHD. Development of second malignancies is the greatest risk of oral cGVHD patients, mostly regarding squamous cell carcinoma. The focus of oral GVHD therapy is to improve symptoms and maintain oral function. The aim of this review article is to update the information on the oral GVHD in its clinical, microscopic features and their complications.

Advantageous tactics with certain probiotics for the treatment of graft-versus-host-disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(HSCT)becomes a standard form of cellular therapy for patients with malignant diseases.HSCT is the first-choice of immunotherapy,although HSCT can be associated with many complications such as graft-versus-host disease(GVHD)which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic HSCT.It has been shown that certain gut microbiota could exert protective and/or regenerative immunomodulatory effects by the production of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)such as butyrate in the experimental models of GVHD after allogeneic HSCT.Loss of gut commensal bacteria which can produce SCFAs may worsen dysbiosis,increasing the risk of GVHD.Expression of G-protein coupled receptors such as GPR41 seems to be upre-gulated in the presence of commensal bacteria,which might be associated with the biology of regulatory T cells(Tregs).Treg cells are a suppressive subset of CD4 positive T lymphocytes implicated in the prevention of GVHD after allogeneic HSCT.Here,we discuss the current findings of the relationship between the modification of gut microbiota and the GVHD-related immunity,which suggested that tactics with certain probiotics for the beneficial symbiosis in gut-immune axis might lead to the elevation of safety in the allogeneic HSCT.

Genetic barriers in transplantation medicine

The successful of transplantation is determined by the shared human leukocyte antigens(HLAs) and ABO blood group antigens between donor and recipient. In recent years, killer cell receptor [i.e., killer cell immunoglobulinlike receptor(KIR)] and major histocompatibility complex(MHC) class I chain-related gene molecule(i.e., MICA) were also reported as important determinants of transplant compatibility. At present, several different genotyping techniques(e.g., sequence specific primer and sequence based typing) can be used to characterize blood group, HLA, MICA and KIR and loci. These molecular techniques have several advantages because they do not depend on the availability of anti-sera, cellular expression and have greater specificity and accuracy compared with the antibody-antigen based typing. Nonetheless, these molecular techniques have limited capability to capture increasing number of markers which have been demonstrated to determine donor and recipient compatibility. It is now possible to genotype multiple markers and to the extent of a complete sequencing of the human genome using next generation sequencer(NGS). This high throughput genotyping platform has been tested for HLA, and it is expected that NGS will be used to simultaneously genotype a large number of clinically relevant transplantation genes in near future. This is not far from reality due to the bioinformatics support given by the immunogenetics community and the rigorous improvement in NGS methodology. In addition, new developments in immune tolerance based therapy, donor recruitment strategies and bioengineering are expected to provide significant advances in the field of transplantation medicine.

Ex vivo expansion of regulatory T cells for clinical applications against graft-versus-host disease in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Objective To review the characteristics of regulatory T cells （Tregs） and ex vivo expansion of Tregs for treatment of graftversus-host disease （GVHD）.Data sources The data used in this review were retrieved from PubMed （1970-2013）.The terms ＂ex vivo expansion＂,＂regulatory T cell＂,and ＂graft-versus-host disease＂ were used for literature search.Study selection The publications about the characteristics of Tregs,ex vivo expansion of Tregs and clinical applications of Tregs against GVHD were identified,retrieved and reviewed.Results Tregs can be classified as natural Tregs （nTregs） and induced Tregs （iTregs）.Both subsets share most Treg features.Given their immunosuppressive property,Tregs have been tested for their capability of preventing GVHD.The bottleneck of Treg therapy is the limited numbers of naturally existing Tregs.To solve this problem,ex vivo expansion of nTregs or iTregs has been executed.The initial data indicate Treg therapy is effective in reducing GVHD without compromising graft-versus-leukemia （GVL）.Conclusion Ex vivo expansion of Tregs is a reliable way to prepare sufficient number of Tregs for management of GVHD.

Nephrotic syndrome in syngeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients: A case report

BACKGROUND Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(HSCT)is widely used in the treatment of hematological diseases.However,complications after transplantation,such as acute and chronic graft-vs-host disease(GVHD),still seriously affect the quality of life and even threaten the lives of patients.There is evidence that glomerular diseases can manifest as GVHD.However,GVHD should not occur as a result of syngeneic HSCT.CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old male diagnosed with T lymphoblastic lymphoma(stage IIIA,aaIPI 1)in September 2013 was treated with six cycles of hyper-CVAD and achieved complete remission.He underwent syngeneic HSCT in June 2014,and had no kidney disease history before the transplant.However,nephrotic syndrome occurred 24 mo later in the patient after syngeneic HSCT.Renal biopsy was performed,which led to a diagnosis of atypical membranous nephropathy.After treatment with glucocorticoids combined with cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine,the nephrotic syndrome was completely relieved.CONCLUSION We report a case of delayed nephrotic syndrome after syngeneic HSCT.Antibodymediated autoimmune glomerular disease may be the underlying mechanism.After treatment with immunosuppressive agents,the nephrotic syndrome was completely relieved but further long-term follow-up is still needed.

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation in chronic myeloid leukemia patients: Single center experience

Chronic myeloid leukemia(CML) is a myeloproliferative disease which leads the unregulated growth of myeloid cells in the bone marrow. It is characterized by the presence of Philadelphia chromosome. Reciprocal translocation of the ABL gene from chromosome 9 to 22 t(9; 22)(q34; q11.2) generate a fusion gene(BCRABL). BCR-ABL protein had constitutive tyrosine kinase activity that is a primary cause of chronic phase of CML. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs) are now considered standard therapy for patients with CML. Even though, successful treatment with the TKIs, allogeneic stem cell transplantation(ASCT) is still an important option for the treatment of CML, especially for patients who are resistant or intolerant to at least one second generation TKI or for patients with blastic phase. Today, we know that there is no evidence for increased transplantrelated toxicity and negative impact of survival with pretransplant TKIs. However, there are some controversies about timing of ASCT, the optimal conditioning regimens and donor source. Another important issue is that BCRABL signaling is not necessary for survival of CML stem cell and TKIs were not effective on these cells. So, ASCT may play a role to eliminate CML stem cells. In this article, we review the diagnosis, management and treatment of CML. Later, we present our center's outcomes of ASCT for patients with CML and then, we discuss the place of ASCT in CML treatment in the TKIs era.

Age-related modifications of macrophages influenced by “inflammageing”in graft vs. host disease

Most studies focus on the adaptive immune cells in the GVHD pathogenesis,while little is known about innate immune cells in GVHD occurrence and development,especially macrophages.Meanwhile,a higher incidence of graft versus host disease(GVHD)is also found in the elderly patients.Though advances have been made in the modification of macrophages influenced by the inflamm-ageing,there is still no review on the role of macrophages in GVHD and the association between GVHD and the altered macrophages by inflamm-ageing.In this review,we focus on the potential age-related modifications of macrophage in GVHD,which contributes to the change of morbidity and mortality of GVHD.Via literature review,we found that the infiltration of macrophages is associated with GVHD and macrophages are modified in inflamm-ageing state,including the proliferation,migration,phagocytosis,antigen presentation,interaction with other immune cells,and pro-fibrosis.We suppose that altered macrophage functions in inflamm-ageing state contribute to GVHD in elderly patients.

Noninvasive tools based on immune biomarkers for the diagnosis of central nervous system graft-vs-host disease:Two case reports and a review of the literature

BACKGROUND Central nervous system graft-vs-host disease(CNS-GVHD)is a rare cause of CNS disorders after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Currently,establishing a diagnosis of CNS-GVHD is challenging because the diagnostic criteria and diagnostic methods are not well defined and many confounding factors need to be ruled out.CASE SUMMARY Here,we present two patients with CNS-GVHD.Both patients with a history of acute GVHD or chronic GVHD developed neurological symptoms that could not be explained by other causes,and had abnormal cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)studies as determined by CSF and blood immune biomarker examinations,suggestive of suspected CNS-GVHD.Due to the lack of specific magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities and the rapid clinical deterioration of the patients,we did not attempt to perform a brain biopsy,but prompted the initiation of empirical immunosuppressive therapy.In view of the rapid and favorable response to local and systematic immunosuppressive treatment and the aforementioned neurologic manifestations together with CSF abnormalities and other negative findings,a final diagnosis of CNS-GVHD was made.CONCLUSION CSF and blood immune biomarker examinations facilitated the diagnosis of CNSGVHD,which are particularly suitable for patients who are critically ill and require urgent treatment and for those who are unsuitable for invasive diagnostic procedures.

A novel approach to human leukocyte antigen-mismatched transplantation in patients with malignant hematological disease

Background Many patients requiring allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) do not have an human loukocyte antigen (HLA) matched donor Alternative donors, such as HLA mismatched family donors, are associated with higher rates of graft rejection and acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) if T cells are not first depleted We developed a new technique for HLA mismatched allogeneic HSCT using G CSF primed bone marrow plus G CSF mobilized peripheral blood stem cells without ex vivo T cell depletion Methods In this study, 58 patients, including 33 with high risk or advanced leukemia, were transplanted with cells from an HLA haploidentical family donor with 1-3 mismatched loci After conditioning, patients received G CSF primed bone marrow grafts that had not been depleted ex vivo of T cells, in combination with G CSF mobilized peripheral blood stem cells, as well as GVHD prophylaxis Result All patients achieved sustained, full donor type engraftment The incidence of grade Ⅱ Ⅳ aGVHD was 37 9%, including 3 patients with grade Ⅲ Ⅳ aGVHD The development of aGVHD was not associated with the extent of HLA disparity Chronic GVHD was observed in 30 of 51 evaluable patients (65 4%) Fourteen patients died among whom 7 died of recurrent disease and 7 of transplant related complications Forty four of the 58 patients survived, and 42 remained disease free at the time of a median follow up of 12 months (3 5 to 39 5 months) The 2 year probabilities of disease free survival were 74 8% and 69 3% for standard and high risk patients, respectively Conclusion We developed a new method to use bone marrow from haploidentical family donors without ex vivo T cell depletion, in combination with G PBSCs, as a source of stem cells even in cases of HLA mismatched transplantation

Clinical approach to diarrheal disorders in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients

Diarrhea is a common complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant(HSCT), with an average incidence of approximately 40%-50%. A wide variety of etiologies can contribute to diarrhea in HSCT patients, including medication-induced mucosal inflammation, infections, graft-vs-host disease and cord colitis syndrome in umbilical cord blood transplant. Clinical manifestations can vary from isolated diarrheal episodes, to other organ involvement including pneumonia or myocarditis, and rarely multiorgan failure. The approach for diagnosis of diarrheal disorders in HSCT patients depends on the most likely cause. Given the risk of life-threatening conditions, the development of clinically significant diarrhea requires prompt evaluation, supportive care and specific therapy, as indicated. Serious metabolic and nutritional disturbances can happen in HSCT patients, and may even lead to mortality. In this review, we aim to provide a practical approach to diagnosis and management of diarrhea in the post-transplant period.

allo-HSCT后淋巴细胞亚群重建与GVHD及感染的相关性

目的探讨血液病病人异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后外周血淋巴细胞各亚群的重建规律,以及淋巴细胞各亚群变化与移植后移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)及感染的关系。方法采用流式细胞术,检测32例allo-HSCT病人清髓处理前3 d和移植后14、30、90、180、365、730 d时的淋巴细胞亚群分布情况,并分析病人GVHD以及感染与淋巴细胞各亚群变化的关系。结果与移植前比较,血液病病人移植后总淋巴细胞、CD3^(+)T细胞、CD4^(+)T细胞、CD8^(+)T细胞、CD16^(+)CD56^(+)NK细胞、CD19^(+)B细胞重建的速度不同,其中NK细胞恢复最快,不到30 d就恢复至移植前水平;其次为CD8^(+)T细胞,约30 d恢复至移植前水平;CD3^(+)T细胞在移植后60 d基本可以达到移植前水平;而B细胞以及CD4^(+)T细胞恢复较慢,B细胞约360 d恢复至移植前水平,CD4^(+)T细胞在移植后730 d仍未恢复到移植前水平。移植后第90天,发生急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)病人5例,其CD3^(+)T细胞(t’=3.334,P<0.05)、CD4^(+)T细胞(t=3.836,P<0.05)和CD16^(+)CD56^(+)NK细胞(t=3.300,P<0.05)绝对计数均低于非急性移植物抗宿主病(non-aGVHD)组,差异有统计学意义。移植后第365天,发生慢性移植物抗宿主病(cGVHD)病人17例,其CD4^(+)T细胞计数低于非慢性移植物抗宿主病(non-cGVHD)组,差异有统计学意义(t=2.918,P<0.05)。与无感染组(n=5)比较,移植后第180天病毒感染组(n=6)淋巴细胞(t=2.441,P<0.05)、CD4^(+)T细胞(t=3.513,P<0.05)、NK细胞(t=3.728,P<0.05)、B细胞(t=2.937,P<0.05)降低;细菌感染组(n=8)淋巴细胞(t=2.535,P<0.05)、CD4^(+)T细胞(t’=6.726,P<0.05)降低,CD8^(+)T细胞升高(t’=-2.945,P<0.05);真菌感染组(n=4)CD4^(+)T细胞降低(t=2.579,P<0.05),CD8^(+)T细胞升高(t=2.423,P<0.05);混合感染组(n=9)淋巴细胞(t=2.195,P<0.05)、CD3^(+)T细胞(t=2.649,P<0.05)、CD4^(+)T细胞(t=3.728,P<0.05)、CD8^(+)T细胞(t=2.579,P<0.05)、B细胞(t=3.045,P<0.05)和NK细胞(t=2.207,P<0.05)绝对计数均降低。结论allo-HSCT后淋巴细胞各亚群的重建以及变化与病人预后相关,应该连续监测病人移植前后外周血淋巴细胞亚群的变化情况。

肠道移植物抗宿主病中医辨识与实践

[目的]总结钦丹萍教授运用中医药治疗肠道移植物抗宿主病的经验。[方法]通过跟师临证,收集、整理医案,从疾病认识、证候变迁、临证化裁方面总结钦丹萍教授临床治疗肠道移植物抗宿主病的学术特色,并附医案加以佐证。[结果]钦丹萍教授认为,接受移植的患者机体为本体,移植的异基因造血干细胞为客体,肠道移植物抗宿主病以脾虚为本,移植后客体入里化生湿、热、寒、瘀、毒而为标,正邪相争,作用于肠道而为病,病机为本虚标实。治疗方面强调标本兼治,针对本虚,以健脾益气为基本原则;针对标实,重在化解湿热寒瘀毒,以使正邪相容而疾病得安。所举医案分别为胃肠急性移植物抗宿主病和肠道慢性移植物抗宿主病,分别治以健脾清化、和中止泻与平调寒热、健脾止泻,收效甚佳。[结论]钦丹萍教授以本体客体相容为目标,以“扶正化邪”为核心治疗肠道移植物抗宿主病,在改善患者临床症状及缓解肠道黏膜炎症方面疗效显著,值得进一步探索学习。

HLA配型不合情况下造血干细胞移植的新方法

目的 :采用新方法进行非体外去除T细胞的人类白细胞抗原 (humanleukocyteantigen ,HLA)配型不合造血干细胞移植。方法 :5 8例血液恶性肿瘤患者 ,33例为高危或难治复发白血病 ,接受了至少一个HLA位点不合的家庭供者造血干细胞移植。移植物为经粒细胞集落刺激因子 (granulocyteclony stimulatingfactor ,G CSF)动员的骨髓以及外周血造血干细胞 ,而无需体外去除T细胞。移植物抗宿主病 (graft versus host disease,GVHD)预防采用环孢菌素A +霉酚酸酯 +短程甲氨喋呤方案。结果 :所有患者均获得持久、完全供者植入。 5 8例患者中发生Ⅱ度及以上急性GVHD 2 2例 (37.9% ) ,其中Ⅲ度和Ⅳ度急性GVHD分别为 2例和 1例 ,其严重程度与HLA不合程度无相关 ;4 2例可评估患者中 ,慢性GVHD为 2 6例 (6 1.9% ) ,广泛型和局限型分别为 11例和 15例。复发 9例 ,除 1例外均为复发、难治白血病患者。死亡 14例 ,其中 7例死于疾病复发 ,另 7例死于移植相关合并症 ,其中严重感染和间质性肺炎各 2例 ,巨细胞病毒性脑炎、病毒型肝炎和急性GVHD死亡各 1例。中位随访 10月 (2～ 37.5月 ) ,5 8例患者中 4 2例无病存活 (disease freesurvival,DFS) ,高危患者 2年DFS明显低于标危患者 ,分别为 6 3.2 %和 77.6 % (P =0 .0 4 )。DFS与供受?

异基因造血干细胞移植后肺炎的病因分析

目的:分析异基因造血干细胞移植后肺炎的临床特点和病因谱。方法:总结北京大学血液病研究所1998至 2001连续 4年中 255例异基因造血干细胞移植受者中发生移植后肺炎的资料。结果: 66例发生移植后肺炎的患者累计发病 72例次,总发病率 25. 9%; 50例患者的移植后肺炎被治愈,占 75%。病因分析显示,细 /真菌感染性移植后肺炎 12例次(16. 7% ),巨细胞病毒性肺炎 22例次(30. 6% ),特发性肺炎综合征 36例次(50. 0% )。总死亡率为 22. 7%。发生特发性肺炎综合征的患者较多伴发慢性移植物抗宿主病,免疫抑制剂治疗有效。结论:异基因造血干细胞移植后肺炎是移植后常见的合并症,其病因学包括感染和非感染因素,针对病因的治疗可以改善预后。

单倍型异基因造血干细胞移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血:回顾性分析

背景:随着国内独生子女家庭的普及,全相合造血干细胞移植受干细胞来源限制,临床应用受到局限,因此单倍型造血干细胞移植越来受到亲睐。目的:回顾性对比分析单倍型异基因造血干细胞移植和全相合异基因造血干细胞移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选取解放军北京军区总医院血液科2013年1月至2015年1月接受单倍型异基因造血干细胞移植治疗的15例重型再生障碍性贫血患者(治疗组)病例资料,预处理方案为环磷酰胺、氟达拉滨、白舒非联合抗人淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白,供者接受粒细胞集落刺激因子动员,移植方式应用骨髓联合外周血干细胞移植。采用联合免疫抑制剂包括环孢素A、甲氨蝶呤、他克莫司等预防移植物抗宿主病。同时选择同期行全相合异基因造血干细胞移植治疗的15例重型再生障碍性贫血患者病例资料作为对照组,统计两组患者移植相关并发症及存活情况。结果与结论:随访至2015年7月,治疗组中位随访时间20.7个月(6-30个月),全部患者均获造血重建,4例发生移植物抗宿主病、5例合并肺部感染、3例合并败血症,因肺部感染死亡1例、败血症死亡1例、移植物抗宿主病死亡2例;对照组中位随访时间19.7个月(5-28个月),全部患者均获造血重建,3例发生移植物抗宿主病、4例合并肺部感染,因移植物抗宿主病死亡2例、肺部感染死亡1例,两组患者总生存率分别为73%和80%,差异无显著性意义(P=0.67)。结果表明单倍型移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血安全有效,临床疗效与全相合造血干细胞移植相当。

异体肾移植^（99m）Tc－DTPA肾动态显像的实验研究及临床应用

通过狗异体肾移植动态肾显像的研究，为临床应用提供依据．方法：建立标准狗异体肾移植模型，以９９ｍＴｃ-ＤＴＰＡ为示踪剂，对１５条狗异体肾移植后进行肾动态显像监测．结果：稳定期（ｎ＝１０）肾显像清晰，移植肾高峰计数／主动脉高峰计数（Ｋ／Ａ）均值３．６５±１．１８．２０分钟膀胱／移植肾放射性计数（Ｂ／Ｋ））比值＞１（１００％）；排异早期（ｎ＝１０）肾显像清晰．Ｋ／Ａ均值１．９８±０．６７（Ｐ＜０．０１），肾清除核素速率明显降低，Ｂ／Ｋ比值＜１（１００％）；排异晚期（ｎ＝１０）肾显像差，膀胱不显像．临床检查８例肾移植病人，正常肾动态显像３例，包括１例自体肾移植和１例异体肾移植，两者肾功能均正常，１例急性排异早期，用大剂量糖皮质激素冲击疗法３天，肾恢复利尿但血Ｃｒ尚未恢复正常；异常肾动态显像５例，其中２例急性排异病情较轻和２例严重急性排异病人，肾动态显像表现分别与上述动物实验的排异早、晚期的异常显像相符，１例并发急性尿路梗阻病人移植肾血流灌注正常，排泄受阻，功能相呈梗阻型．结论：９９ｍＴｃ-ＤＴＰＡ肾动态显像的Ｂ／Ｋ比值能发现早期排异的肾功能异常，Ｋ／Ａ比值反映肾血流灌注情况．与排异的严重程度相关；该检查还能早期反映抗?

亲代间单倍体相合造血干细胞移植治疗血液病45例临床分析

目的观察亲代间单倍体相合造血干细胞移植治疗血液病的临床疗效。方法第三军医大学新桥医院血液科自2007年7月-2011年l月，对45例患者实施父母供子女的亲代间单倍体相合造血干细胞移植，观察其临床疗效及并发症。结果43例患者造血重建成功，2例患者植入失败。移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）发生率为62．2％，其中急性GVHD发生率为40．0％，慢性GVHD发生率为22．2％。与母亲作为供者相比，父亲作为供者时患者GVHD的发生率较低。GVHD的发生率与供者年龄、HLA配型相合位点数目有关。移植后并发的感染中以血源性巨细胞病毒感染和肺部感染为多。随访6个月～4年，移植成功的43例患者中共死亡6例，主要死因为感染和原始疾病复发，患者存活率86．7％。7例患者采用联合脐血移植，与单纯采用亲代间单倍体造血干细胞移植者相比，其造血重建时间提前，GVHD发生率占总发生率的7．14％。结论亲代间单倍体造血干细胞移植对治疗血液病有效，应选择HLA配型相合位点数目较多、男性、年轻供者。亲代间单倍体相合造血干细胞移植联合脐血移植，造血重建较快、GVHD发生率较低。