The expression and clinical significance of relevant cytokines in otitis media (OM) are discussed, and the alterations to the pathological state of the otitis media mucosa are further understood through the study of c...The expression and clinical significance of relevant cytokines in otitis media (OM) are discussed, and the alterations to the pathological state of the otitis media mucosa are further understood through the study of cytokine transduction pathways. More and more studies have shown that relevant cell proliferation and inflammation progression pathways play a role in the development of otitis media, such as the Jun amino-terminal protein kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, the NF-κB signaling pathway, and the PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway, which are involved in the proliferation of the middle ear mucosa during otitis media, which affects the mucosal cilia, motor function, Eustachian tube function, and the mucosal ciliary function. These studies provide new ideas for the treatment of otitis media and further explore the feasibility of immunotherapy in the future treatment of otitis media. In this paper, we present a review of the latest research progress on the expression of various cytokines in otitis media.展开更多
In this paper, we discuss the development of MPEG media transport （MMT）, which is a next-generation media transport standard effort by ISQ/MPEG. The architecture and functional areas of MMT are described. The functi...In this paper, we discuss the development of MPEG media transport （MMT）, which is a next-generation media transport standard effort by ISQ/MPEG. The architecture and functional areas of MMT are described. The functionality of existing media transport is analyzed to determine whether there is a need for this new media standard. From this analysis, potential areas for standardization in MMT have been identified.展开更多
The hydrodynamic dispersion is an important factor influencing the reactive solute transport in the porous media, and many previous studies assumed that it linearly varied with the average velocity of the groundwater ...The hydrodynamic dispersion is an important factor influencing the reactive solute transport in the porous media, and many previous studies assumed that it linearly varied with the average velocity of the groundwater flow. Actually, such linear relationship has been challenged by more and more experimental observations, even in homogeneous media. In this study, we aim to investigate the relationship between hydrodynamics dispersion and the flow velocity in different types of porous media through a laboratory-controlled experiment. The results indicate that (1) the dispersion coefficient should not be a linear function of the flow velocity when the relationship between the flow velocity and the hydraulic gradient can be described by Darcy's law satisfactorily;(2) Power function works well in describing the dispersion coefficient changing with the flow velocity for different types of porous media, and the power value is between 1.0-2.0 for different particle sizes.展开更多
Clay minerals can hinder the transport of various contaminants in soil and aquifer, but how clay minerals affect the transport of nanoparticles in aquifers has not been investigated in depth. In this paper, the transp...Clay minerals can hinder the transport of various contaminants in soil and aquifer, but how clay minerals affect the transport of nanoparticles in aquifers has not been investigated in depth. In this paper, the transport of surfactants dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes（MWCNTs） in welldefined quartz sand and mixtures of quartz sand and clay minerals（kaolinite and montmorillonite） with varying ionic strengths was studied. Sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate（SDBS） and octyl-phenolethoxylate（TX100） MWCNT suspensions can migrate through quartz sand easily, but the presence of less than 2% w/w clay minerals in quartz sand can significantly hinder the transport of MWCNT suspensions, especially at high ion strength（0.6 m M CaCl2）. The inhibition mechanism of clay minerals for surfactant-dispersed MWCNTs in porous media is the interception of MWCNTs. Kaolinite has stronger inhibition effect for MWCNTs transport than montmorillonite because more kaolinite can be retained in the quartz sand. Adsorption of surfactants by clay minerals does not affect the transport of MWCNTs significantly. This finding is important for the environmental assessment of MWCNT transport risks in soils and aquifers.展开更多
The pressure evolution associated with the transient shock-induced infiltration of gas flow through granular media consisting of mobile particles is numerically investigated using a coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian approa...The pressure evolution associated with the transient shock-induced infiltration of gas flow through granular media consisting of mobile particles is numerically investigated using a coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian approach.The coupling between shock compaction and interstitial flow has been revealed.A distinctive two-stage diffusing pressure field with deflection occurring at the tail of the compaction front is found,with corresponding spikes in both gaseous velocity and temperature profiles emerging within the width of the compaction front.The compaction front,together with the deflection pressure,reaches a steady state during the later period.An analytical prediction of the steady deflection pressure that considers the contributions of porosity and the non-isothermal effect is proposed.The isothermal single-phase method we developed,combining the porosity jump condition across the compaction front,shows consistent pressure evolution with the non-isothermal CMP-PIC one under weak shock strength and low column permeability.Lastly,the microscale mechanism governing the formation of not only pressure deflection but also gaseous velocity and temperature spikes within the width of the compaction front has been described.These aforementioned evolutions of the flow field are shown to arise from the nozzling effects associated with the particle-scale variations in the volume fraction.展开更多
Fluid flow at nanoscale is closely related to many areas in nature and technology(e.g.,unconventional hydrocarbon recovery,carbon dioxide geo-storage,underground hydrocarbon storage,fuel cells,ocean desalination,and b...Fluid flow at nanoscale is closely related to many areas in nature and technology(e.g.,unconventional hydrocarbon recovery,carbon dioxide geo-storage,underground hydrocarbon storage,fuel cells,ocean desalination,and biomedicine).At nanoscale,interfacial forces dominate over bulk forces,and nonlinear effects are important,which significantly deviate from conventional theory.During the past decades,a series of experiments,theories,and simulations have been performed to investigate fluid flow at nanoscale,which has advanced our fundamental knowledge of this topic.However,a critical review is still lacking,which has seriously limited the basic understanding of this area.Therefore herein,we systematically review experimental,theoretical,and simulation works on single-and multi-phases fluid flow at nanoscale.We also clearly point out the current research gaps and future outlook.These insights will promote the significant development of nonlinear flow physics at nanoscale and will provide crucial guidance on the relevant areas.展开更多
Campylobacter continues to be a major cause of bacteriamediated diarrheal diseases, both for Thai citizens and travelers to Thailand. For field epidemiological studies, appropriate methods for storage, intralaboratory...Campylobacter continues to be a major cause of bacteriamediated diarrheal diseases, both for Thai citizens and travelers to Thailand. For field epidemiological studies, appropriate methods for storage, intralaboratory transport of patients specimens and use of enrichment culture to isolate this organism is critical. Study A, represents patient stool specimens collected in Bangkok and processed for Campylobacter culture within three hours after collection. Study B, represents stool specimens collected from patients in northeast and Southern regions of Thailand in modified CaryBlair transport medium. These specimens were transported and processed for Campylobacter in Bangkok at varying intervals ranging from 1 to 7 days. Of 900 diarrheal samples examined in study A, a total of 158 were Campylobacter positive through culture. Of these, 145 and 141 isolates were cultured by direct plating and enrichment plating respectively (P = 0.5839). From 1,168 diarrheal stool samples examined in study B, 184 were positive for Campylobacter. Direct and enrichment plating resulted in 139 and 168 culture isolates;respectively (P = 0.0003). Samples from study B delayed in processing for 1 to 3 days, resulted in 46 and 50 isolated by direct and enrichment plating;respectively (P = 0.4545). However, among samples delayed in processing for 4 to 7 days, a total of 128 Campylobacter isolates were cultured, having cultured 93 and 118 isolates through direct and enrichment plating;respectively (P = 0.0003). At present these studies demonstrate that enrichment culture has no benefit when stool specimen collection and immediate processing occur and when there is a processing delay period of 1 - 3 days. However, enrichment culture was beneficial in instances where transport and processing was delayed 4 - 7 days.展开更多
A comprehensive theoretical study of entropy generation during electroki-netically driven transport of a nanofluid is of prime concern in the paper. The flow is considered to take place on a wavy channel under the act...A comprehensive theoretical study of entropy generation during electroki-netically driven transport of a nanofluid is of prime concern in the paper. The flow is considered to take place on a wavy channel under the action of an external transverse magnetic field and an external pressure gradient. Navier slips at the walls of the channel and thermal radiation have been taken into account in the study. The theoretical study has been carried out by developing a mathematical model by taking into account the effects of Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and the transverse magnetic field on heat transfer during the electrokinetic transport of the fluid. The derived analytical expres-sions have been computed numerically by considering the nanofluid as a mixture of blood and ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Variations in velocity, streaming potential, temperature distribution, Nusselt number, and Bejan number associated with the electrokinetic flow in capillaries have been investigated by the parametric variation method. The results have been presented graphically. The present investigation reveals that streaming potential decreases due to the Hall effect, while for the cooling capacity of the microsystem, we find an opposite behavior due to the Hall effect. The study further reveals that the fluidic temperature is reduced due to increase in the Hall current, and thereby thermal irreversibility of the system is reduced significantly. The results presented here can be considered as the approximate estimates of blood flow dynamics in capillaries during chemotherapy in cancer treatment.展开更多
Determining parameters,such as interphase exchange rate and dispersivity,in multiphase solute transport problem has always been an interesting issue.These parameters are usually not available because they are too diff...Determining parameters,such as interphase exchange rate and dispersivity,in multiphase solute transport problem has always been an interesting issue.These parameters are usually not available because they are too difficult or too expensive to measure although they are necessary as input data or parameters for numerical modeling.To overcome this problem,inverse techniques have been developed.Recently,the subplex optimization approach,which considers reflection,expansion,contraction,and shrinkage as basic components in seeking the minimization point and which uses the subspace concept in search space,has been incorporated into our coupled multiphase fluid－ flow and solute－ transport simulator.In the application of the finite element model to multiphase infiltration and solute transport problem,physical variables,which are easy to observe(such as solute concentrations),are used as constraints in minimizing the differences between computed output and measured data.Therefore,modeling results provide optimized parameter estimates in addition to comparison with field data.Our numerical－ simulation example on interphase－ exchange coefficient as well as water and gas dispersivities shows optimized parameters approaching the same values specified in the forward simulation used to generate the synthetic constrained data.This provides an implication of possible application to the fields of earch sciences,including geotectonics and metallogeny.展开更多
文摘The expression and clinical significance of relevant cytokines in otitis media (OM) are discussed, and the alterations to the pathological state of the otitis media mucosa are further understood through the study of cytokine transduction pathways. More and more studies have shown that relevant cell proliferation and inflammation progression pathways play a role in the development of otitis media, such as the Jun amino-terminal protein kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, the NF-κB signaling pathway, and the PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway, which are involved in the proliferation of the middle ear mucosa during otitis media, which affects the mucosal cilia, motor function, Eustachian tube function, and the mucosal ciliary function. These studies provide new ideas for the treatment of otitis media and further explore the feasibility of immunotherapy in the future treatment of otitis media. In this paper, we present a review of the latest research progress on the expression of various cytokines in otitis media.
文摘In this paper, we discuss the development of MPEG media transport （MMT）, which is a next-generation media transport standard effort by ISQ/MPEG. The architecture and functional areas of MMT are described. The functionality of existing media transport is analyzed to determine whether there is a need for this new media standard. From this analysis, potential areas for standardization in MMT have been identified.
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41831289, 41877191, 41602256)
文摘The hydrodynamic dispersion is an important factor influencing the reactive solute transport in the porous media, and many previous studies assumed that it linearly varied with the average velocity of the groundwater flow. Actually, such linear relationship has been challenged by more and more experimental observations, even in homogeneous media. In this study, we aim to investigate the relationship between hydrodynamics dispersion and the flow velocity in different types of porous media through a laboratory-controlled experiment. The results indicate that (1) the dispersion coefficient should not be a linear function of the flow velocity when the relationship between the flow velocity and the hydraulic gradient can be described by Darcy's law satisfactorily;(2) Power function works well in describing the dispersion coefficient changing with the flow velocity for different types of porous media, and the power value is between 1.0-2.0 for different particle sizes.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (41002088)Fundamental Research Project (SK201002,SK201502) of the Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences
文摘Clay minerals can hinder the transport of various contaminants in soil and aquifer, but how clay minerals affect the transport of nanoparticles in aquifers has not been investigated in depth. In this paper, the transport of surfactants dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes（MWCNTs） in welldefined quartz sand and mixtures of quartz sand and clay minerals（kaolinite and montmorillonite） with varying ionic strengths was studied. Sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate（SDBS） and octyl-phenolethoxylate（TX100） MWCNT suspensions can migrate through quartz sand easily, but the presence of less than 2% w/w clay minerals in quartz sand can significantly hinder the transport of MWCNT suspensions, especially at high ion strength（0.6 m M CaCl2）. The inhibition mechanism of clay minerals for surfactant-dispersed MWCNTs in porous media is the interception of MWCNTs. Kaolinite has stronger inhibition effect for MWCNTs transport than montmorillonite because more kaolinite can be retained in the quartz sand. Adsorption of surfactants by clay minerals does not affect the transport of MWCNTs significantly. This finding is important for the environmental assessment of MWCNT transport risks in soils and aquifers.
基金Supported by ihe Major State Basic Research Development Program of China （973 Program） （2010CB428801, 2010CB428804） the National Science Foundation of China （40972166）+1 种基金 the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment （2009ZX07212-003） the Technology Development and Applications for Ecology System Reconstruction and Restoration of Yongding River （D08040903700000）
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.11972088,No.12122203).
文摘The pressure evolution associated with the transient shock-induced infiltration of gas flow through granular media consisting of mobile particles is numerically investigated using a coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian approach.The coupling between shock compaction and interstitial flow has been revealed.A distinctive two-stage diffusing pressure field with deflection occurring at the tail of the compaction front is found,with corresponding spikes in both gaseous velocity and temperature profiles emerging within the width of the compaction front.The compaction front,together with the deflection pressure,reaches a steady state during the later period.An analytical prediction of the steady deflection pressure that considers the contributions of porosity and the non-isothermal effect is proposed.The isothermal single-phase method we developed,combining the porosity jump condition across the compaction front,shows consistent pressure evolution with the non-isothermal CMP-PIC one under weak shock strength and low column permeability.Lastly,the microscale mechanism governing the formation of not only pressure deflection but also gaseous velocity and temperature spikes within the width of the compaction front has been described.These aforementioned evolutions of the flow field are shown to arise from the nozzling effects associated with the particle-scale variations in the volume fraction.
基金the funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51974013 and 11372033)the Open Research Foundation(NEPU-EOR-2019-003)the initiative funding from the University of Science and Technology Beijing.
文摘Fluid flow at nanoscale is closely related to many areas in nature and technology(e.g.,unconventional hydrocarbon recovery,carbon dioxide geo-storage,underground hydrocarbon storage,fuel cells,ocean desalination,and biomedicine).At nanoscale,interfacial forces dominate over bulk forces,and nonlinear effects are important,which significantly deviate from conventional theory.During the past decades,a series of experiments,theories,and simulations have been performed to investigate fluid flow at nanoscale,which has advanced our fundamental knowledge of this topic.However,a critical review is still lacking,which has seriously limited the basic understanding of this area.Therefore herein,we systematically review experimental,theoretical,and simulation works on single-and multi-phases fluid flow at nanoscale.We also clearly point out the current research gaps and future outlook.These insights will promote the significant development of nonlinear flow physics at nanoscale and will provide crucial guidance on the relevant areas.
文摘Campylobacter continues to be a major cause of bacteriamediated diarrheal diseases, both for Thai citizens and travelers to Thailand. For field epidemiological studies, appropriate methods for storage, intralaboratory transport of patients specimens and use of enrichment culture to isolate this organism is critical. Study A, represents patient stool specimens collected in Bangkok and processed for Campylobacter culture within three hours after collection. Study B, represents stool specimens collected from patients in northeast and Southern regions of Thailand in modified CaryBlair transport medium. These specimens were transported and processed for Campylobacter in Bangkok at varying intervals ranging from 1 to 7 days. Of 900 diarrheal samples examined in study A, a total of 158 were Campylobacter positive through culture. Of these, 145 and 141 isolates were cultured by direct plating and enrichment plating respectively (P = 0.5839). From 1,168 diarrheal stool samples examined in study B, 184 were positive for Campylobacter. Direct and enrichment plating resulted in 139 and 168 culture isolates;respectively (P = 0.0003). Samples from study B delayed in processing for 1 to 3 days, resulted in 46 and 50 isolated by direct and enrichment plating;respectively (P = 0.4545). However, among samples delayed in processing for 4 to 7 days, a total of 128 Campylobacter isolates were cultured, having cultured 93 and 118 isolates through direct and enrichment plating;respectively (P = 0.0003). At present these studies demonstrate that enrichment culture has no benefit when stool specimen collection and immediate processing occur and when there is a processing delay period of 1 - 3 days. However, enrichment culture was beneficial in instances where transport and processing was delayed 4 - 7 days.
基金Project supported by Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB)Department of Science and Technology,Government of India,New Delhi(No.CRG/2018/000153)
文摘A comprehensive theoretical study of entropy generation during electroki-netically driven transport of a nanofluid is of prime concern in the paper. The flow is considered to take place on a wavy channel under the action of an external transverse magnetic field and an external pressure gradient. Navier slips at the walls of the channel and thermal radiation have been taken into account in the study. The theoretical study has been carried out by developing a mathematical model by taking into account the effects of Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and the transverse magnetic field on heat transfer during the electrokinetic transport of the fluid. The derived analytical expres-sions have been computed numerically by considering the nanofluid as a mixture of blood and ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Variations in velocity, streaming potential, temperature distribution, Nusselt number, and Bejan number associated with the electrokinetic flow in capillaries have been investigated by the parametric variation method. The results have been presented graphically. The present investigation reveals that streaming potential decreases due to the Hall effect, while for the cooling capacity of the microsystem, we find an opposite behavior due to the Hall effect. The study further reveals that the fluidic temperature is reduced due to increase in the Hall current, and thereby thermal irreversibility of the system is reduced significantly. The results presented here can be considered as the approximate estimates of blood flow dynamics in capillaries during chemotherapy in cancer treatment.
文摘Determining parameters,such as interphase exchange rate and dispersivity,in multiphase solute transport problem has always been an interesting issue.These parameters are usually not available because they are too difficult or too expensive to measure although they are necessary as input data or parameters for numerical modeling.To overcome this problem,inverse techniques have been developed.Recently,the subplex optimization approach,which considers reflection,expansion,contraction,and shrinkage as basic components in seeking the minimization point and which uses the subspace concept in search space,has been incorporated into our coupled multiphase fluid－ flow and solute－ transport simulator.In the application of the finite element model to multiphase infiltration and solute transport problem,physical variables,which are easy to observe(such as solute concentrations),are used as constraints in minimizing the differences between computed output and measured data.Therefore,modeling results provide optimized parameter estimates in addition to comparison with field data.Our numerical－ simulation example on interphase－ exchange coefficient as well as water and gas dispersivities shows optimized parameters approaching the same values specified in the forward simulation used to generate the synthetic constrained data.This provides an implication of possible application to the fields of earch sciences,including geotectonics and metallogeny.
