CF3I gas mixtures have attracted considerable attention as potential environmentally-friendly alternatives to SF6 gas,owing to their excellent insulating performance.This paper attempts to study the CF3I ternary gas m...CF3I gas mixtures have attracted considerable attention as potential environmentally-friendly alternatives to SF6 gas,owing to their excellent insulating performance.This paper attempts to study the CF3I ternary gas mixtures with c-C4F8 and buffer gases N2 and CO2 by considering dielectric strength from electron transport parameters based on the Boltzmann method and synergistic effect analysis,compared with SF6 gas mixtures.The results confirm that the critical electric field strength of CF3I/c-C4F8/70%CO2 is greater than that of 30%SF6/70%CO2 when the CF3I content is greater than 17%.Moreover,a higher content of c-C4F8 decreases the sensitivity of gas mixtures to an electric field,and this phenomenon is more obvious in CF3I/c-C4F8/CO2 gas mixtures.The synergistic effects for CF3I/c-C4F8/70%N2 were most obvious when the c-C4F8 content was approximately 20%,and for CF3I/c-C4F8/70%CO2 when the c-C4F8 content was approximately 10%.On the basis of this research,CF3I/c-C4F8/70%N2 shows better insulation performance when the c-C4F8 content is in the15%–20%range.For CF3I/c-C4F8/70%CO2,when the c-C4F8 content is in the 10%–15%range,the gas mixtures have excellent performance.Hence,these gas systems might be used as alternative gas mixtures to SF6 in high-voltage equipment.展开更多
The medium-temperature T dependence of the jet transport coefficient̂q was studied via the nuclear modification factor RAA(p_(T))and elliptical flow parameter v_(2)(p_(T))for large transverse momentum p_(T) hadrons in...The medium-temperature T dependence of the jet transport coefficient̂q was studied via the nuclear modification factor RAA(p_(T))and elliptical flow parameter v_(2)(p_(T))for large transverse momentum p_(T) hadrons in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions.Within a next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD parton model for hard scatterings with modified fragmentation functions due to jet quenching controlled by q,we check the suppression and azimuthal anisotropy for large p_(T) hadrons,and extract q by global fits to RAA(pT)and v_(2)(pT)data in A+A collisions at RHIC and LHC,respectively.The numerical results from the best fits show that q∕T^(3) goes down with local medium-temperature T in the parton jet trajectory.Compared with the case of a constant q∕T^(3),the going-down T dependence of q∕T^(3) makes a hard parton jet to lose more energy near T_(c) and therefore strengthens the azimuthal anisotropy for large pT hadrons.As a result,v_(2)(p_(T))for large pT hadrons was enhanced by approximately 10%to better fit the data at RHIC/LHC.Considering the first-order phase transition from QGP to the hadron phase and the additional energy loss in the hadron phase,v_(2)(p_(T))is again enhanced by 5-10%at RHIC/LHC.展开更多
Leaching of boron （B） and zinc （Zn） can be significant in some pedomorphic conditions, which can cause contamination of shallow groundwater and economic losses. Boron and Zn adsorption and transport was studied us...Leaching of boron （B） and zinc （Zn） can be significant in some pedomorphic conditions, which can cause contamination of shallow groundwater and economic losses. Boron and Zn adsorption and transport was studied using 8.4 cm diameter × 28 cm long intact columns from two calcareous soil series with differing clay contents and vadose zone structures： Lyallpur soil series, clay loam （fine-silty, mixed, hyperthermic Ustalfic Haplargid）, and Sultanpur soil series, sandy loam （coarse-silty, mixed, hyperthermic Ustollic Camborthid）. The adsorption isotherms were developed by equilibrating soil with 0.01 tool L^-1 CaCl2 aqueous solution containing varying amounts of B and Zn and were fitted to the Langmuir equation. The B and Zn breakthrough curves were fitted to the two-domain convective-dispersive equation. At the end of the leaching experiment, 0.11 L 10 g L^-1 blue dye solution was also applied to each column to mark the flow paths. The Lyallpur soil columns had a slightly greater adsorption partition coefficient both for B and Zn than the Sultanpur soil columns. In the Lyallpur soil columns, B arrival was immediate but the peak concentration ratio （the concentration in solution at equilibrium/concentration applied） was lower than that in the Sultanpur soil columns. The breakthrough of B in the Sultanpur soil columns occurred after about 10 cm of cumulative drainage in both the columns; the rise in effluent concentration was fast and the peak concentration ratio was almost 1. Zinc leaching through the soil columns was very limited as only one column from the Lyallpur soil series showed Zn breakthrough in the effluent where the peak concentration ratio was only 0.05. This study demonstrates the effect of soil structure on B transport and has implications for the nutrient management in field soils.展开更多
The measuring of the depth profile and electrical activity of implantation impurity in the top nanometer range of silicon encounters various difficulties and limitations, though it is known to be critical in fabricati...The measuring of the depth profile and electrical activity of implantation impurity in the top nanometer range of silicon encounters various difficulties and limitations, though it is known to be critical in fabrication of silicon complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor(CMOS) devices. In the present work, SRIM program and photocarrier radiometry(PCR)are employed to monitor the boron implantation in industrial-grade silicon in an ultra-low implantation energy range from 0.5 keV to 5 keV. The differential PCR technique, which is improved by greatly shortening the measurement time through the simplification of reference sample, is used to investigate the effects of implantation energy on the frequency behavior of the PCR signal for ultra-shallow junction. The transport parameters and thickness of shallow junction, extracted via multi-parameter fitting the dependence of differential PCR signal on modulation frequency to the corresponding theoretical model, well explain the energy dependence of PCR signal and further quantitatively characterize the recovery degree of structure damage induced by ion implantation and the electrical activation degree of impurities. The monitoring of nmlevel thickness and electronic properties exhibits high sensitivity and apparent monotonicity over the industrially relevant implantation energy range. The depth profiles of implantation boron in silicon with the typical electrical damage threshold(YED) of 5.3×10^(15)cm^(-3) are evaluated by the SRIM program, and the determined thickness values are consistent well with those extracted by the differential PCR. It is demonstrated that the SRIM and the PCR are both effective tools to characterize ultra-low energy ion implantation in silicon.展开更多
The typical black storms or sand-dust storms in the northwestern China are generated and developed through an interaction between the specific large scale circulation pattern and mesoseale systems.The passing by/over ...The typical black storms or sand-dust storms in the northwestern China are generated and developed through an interaction between the specific large scale circulation pattern and mesoseale systems.The passing by/over a huge sand-abundant desert of a strong cold front with intensive frontal zone at mid and lower levels is a necessary condition for the formation and development of a black storm or a severe sand-dust storm.In order to investigate the mechanism of the sand-dust mobilization,transport and sedimentation during the black or sand-dust storms,a parameterization scheme of sand-dust source-sink terms and an equation of transport for the sand-dust were proposed and incorporated into the MM4 mesoscale model.The modified MM4 model was applied to the“May 1993”black storm case and succeeded in reproducing the evolution of the weather systems associated with the black-storm,the sand-dust concentration at surface layer and its vertical distribution,and the sand-dust sedimentation and transport.Our results show that the numerical simulating method by using a mesoscale model,with inclusion of an equation of the sand-dust transport and a parameterization scheme of the sand-dust source-sink terms,is a promising approach to study the mechanism for sand-dust mobilization,transport and sedimentation during a sand-dust storm event.展开更多
二次有机气溶胶(SOA)由于其在大气污染、气候变化与人体健康方面的影响,是我国大气环境中一种重要的污染物.确定中国SOA分布规律以及产生来源是大气污染防治的前提.利用全球化学传输模型(Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers,...二次有机气溶胶(SOA)由于其在大气污染、气候变化与人体健康方面的影响,是我国大气环境中一种重要的污染物.确定中国SOA分布规律以及产生来源是大气污染防治的前提.利用全球化学传输模型(Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers,Version 4,MOZART4)并集成多相SOA参数化方案,模拟了中国地区SOA的时空分布,并按前体物分区域进行了来源分析.结果表明,受SOA前体物排放分布的影响,中国地区的SOA主要分布在东部和南部地区,并且夏季SOA产量是冬季产量的2.5倍.中国地区分布的SOA由人为源排放产生占55%,高于自然源(45%);并且境内排放贡献了我国SOA产量的77%,主要影响东部近地面大气的浓度分布.境外排放主要影响我国西部地区,尤其是对高空SOA分布影响显著.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51337006)。
文摘CF3I gas mixtures have attracted considerable attention as potential environmentally-friendly alternatives to SF6 gas,owing to their excellent insulating performance.This paper attempts to study the CF3I ternary gas mixtures with c-C4F8 and buffer gases N2 and CO2 by considering dielectric strength from electron transport parameters based on the Boltzmann method and synergistic effect analysis,compared with SF6 gas mixtures.The results confirm that the critical electric field strength of CF3I/c-C4F8/70%CO2 is greater than that of 30%SF6/70%CO2 when the CF3I content is greater than 17%.Moreover,a higher content of c-C4F8 decreases the sensitivity of gas mixtures to an electric field,and this phenomenon is more obvious in CF3I/c-C4F8/CO2 gas mixtures.The synergistic effects for CF3I/c-C4F8/70%N2 were most obvious when the c-C4F8 content was approximately 20%,and for CF3I/c-C4F8/70%CO2 when the c-C4F8 content was approximately 10%.On the basis of this research,CF3I/c-C4F8/70%N2 shows better insulation performance when the c-C4F8 content is in the15%–20%range.For CF3I/c-C4F8/70%CO2,when the c-C4F8 content is in the 10%–15%range,the gas mixtures have excellent performance.Hence,these gas systems might be used as alternative gas mixtures to SF6 in high-voltage equipment.
基金Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(No.2020B0301030008)Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(No.2019050001)National Science Foundation of China(Nos.12347130 and 11935007).
文摘The medium-temperature T dependence of the jet transport coefficient̂q was studied via the nuclear modification factor RAA(p_(T))and elliptical flow parameter v_(2)(p_(T))for large transverse momentum p_(T) hadrons in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions.Within a next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD parton model for hard scatterings with modified fragmentation functions due to jet quenching controlled by q,we check the suppression and azimuthal anisotropy for large p_(T) hadrons,and extract q by global fits to RAA(pT)and v_(2)(pT)data in A+A collisions at RHIC and LHC,respectively.The numerical results from the best fits show that q∕T^(3) goes down with local medium-temperature T in the parton jet trajectory.Compared with the case of a constant q∕T^(3),the going-down T dependence of q∕T^(3) makes a hard parton jet to lose more energy near T_(c) and therefore strengthens the azimuthal anisotropy for large pT hadrons.As a result,v_(2)(p_(T))for large pT hadrons was enhanced by approximately 10%to better fit the data at RHIC/LHC.Considering the first-order phase transition from QGP to the hadron phase and the additional energy loss in the hadron phase,v_(2)(p_(T))is again enhanced by 5-10%at RHIC/LHC.
文摘Leaching of boron （B） and zinc （Zn） can be significant in some pedomorphic conditions, which can cause contamination of shallow groundwater and economic losses. Boron and Zn adsorption and transport was studied using 8.4 cm diameter × 28 cm long intact columns from two calcareous soil series with differing clay contents and vadose zone structures： Lyallpur soil series, clay loam （fine-silty, mixed, hyperthermic Ustalfic Haplargid）, and Sultanpur soil series, sandy loam （coarse-silty, mixed, hyperthermic Ustollic Camborthid）. The adsorption isotherms were developed by equilibrating soil with 0.01 tool L^-1 CaCl2 aqueous solution containing varying amounts of B and Zn and were fitted to the Langmuir equation. The B and Zn breakthrough curves were fitted to the two-domain convective-dispersive equation. At the end of the leaching experiment, 0.11 L 10 g L^-1 blue dye solution was also applied to each column to mark the flow paths. The Lyallpur soil columns had a slightly greater adsorption partition coefficient both for B and Zn than the Sultanpur soil columns. In the Lyallpur soil columns, B arrival was immediate but the peak concentration ratio （the concentration in solution at equilibrium/concentration applied） was lower than that in the Sultanpur soil columns. The breakthrough of B in the Sultanpur soil columns occurred after about 10 cm of cumulative drainage in both the columns; the rise in effluent concentration was fast and the peak concentration ratio was almost 1. Zinc leaching through the soil columns was very limited as only one column from the Lyallpur soil series showed Zn breakthrough in the effluent where the peak concentration ratio was only 0.05. This study demonstrates the effect of soil structure on B transport and has implications for the nutrient management in field soils.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61771103, 61704023, and 61601092)。
文摘The measuring of the depth profile and electrical activity of implantation impurity in the top nanometer range of silicon encounters various difficulties and limitations, though it is known to be critical in fabrication of silicon complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor(CMOS) devices. In the present work, SRIM program and photocarrier radiometry(PCR)are employed to monitor the boron implantation in industrial-grade silicon in an ultra-low implantation energy range from 0.5 keV to 5 keV. The differential PCR technique, which is improved by greatly shortening the measurement time through the simplification of reference sample, is used to investigate the effects of implantation energy on the frequency behavior of the PCR signal for ultra-shallow junction. The transport parameters and thickness of shallow junction, extracted via multi-parameter fitting the dependence of differential PCR signal on modulation frequency to the corresponding theoretical model, well explain the energy dependence of PCR signal and further quantitatively characterize the recovery degree of structure damage induced by ion implantation and the electrical activation degree of impurities. The monitoring of nmlevel thickness and electronic properties exhibits high sensitivity and apparent monotonicity over the industrially relevant implantation energy range. The depth profiles of implantation boron in silicon with the typical electrical damage threshold(YED) of 5.3×10^(15)cm^(-3) are evaluated by the SRIM program, and the determined thickness values are consistent well with those extracted by the differential PCR. It is demonstrated that the SRIM and the PCR are both effective tools to characterize ultra-low energy ion implantation in silicon.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 49475268
文摘The typical black storms or sand-dust storms in the northwestern China are generated and developed through an interaction between the specific large scale circulation pattern and mesoseale systems.The passing by/over a huge sand-abundant desert of a strong cold front with intensive frontal zone at mid and lower levels is a necessary condition for the formation and development of a black storm or a severe sand-dust storm.In order to investigate the mechanism of the sand-dust mobilization,transport and sedimentation during the black or sand-dust storms,a parameterization scheme of sand-dust source-sink terms and an equation of transport for the sand-dust were proposed and incorporated into the MM4 mesoscale model.The modified MM4 model was applied to the“May 1993”black storm case and succeeded in reproducing the evolution of the weather systems associated with the black-storm,the sand-dust concentration at surface layer and its vertical distribution,and the sand-dust sedimentation and transport.Our results show that the numerical simulating method by using a mesoscale model,with inclusion of an equation of the sand-dust transport and a parameterization scheme of the sand-dust source-sink terms,is a promising approach to study the mechanism for sand-dust mobilization,transport and sedimentation during a sand-dust storm event.
文摘二次有机气溶胶(SOA)由于其在大气污染、气候变化与人体健康方面的影响,是我国大气环境中一种重要的污染物.确定中国SOA分布规律以及产生来源是大气污染防治的前提.利用全球化学传输模型(Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers,Version 4,MOZART4)并集成多相SOA参数化方案,模拟了中国地区SOA的时空分布,并按前体物分区域进行了来源分析.结果表明,受SOA前体物排放分布的影响,中国地区的SOA主要分布在东部和南部地区,并且夏季SOA产量是冬季产量的2.5倍.中国地区分布的SOA由人为源排放产生占55%,高于自然源(45%);并且境内排放贡献了我国SOA产量的77%,主要影响东部近地面大气的浓度分布.境外排放主要影响我国西部地区,尤其是对高空SOA分布影响显著.
