Navigating the hydrogen prospect:A comprehensive review of sustainable source-based production technologies,transport solutions,advanced storage mechanisms,and CCUS integration

The review is a comprehensive discussion of current research advances,commercial scale developments,challenges,and techno-eco nomics for the entire H_(2) value chain,including production,mainly focusing on sustainable sources,storage,and transport.The challenges,advantages,and uses of H_(2) energy are included at length.Moreover,apart from the sustainable production approaches,the approaches and current developments for combating the carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions from existing H_(2) production facilities are highlighted in terms of ca rbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS).Concisely,the review discusses current material and recent technological adva ncements in developing pilot projects and large-scale establishments for viable and rapidly emerging sou rce-ba sed H_(2) productio n.Moreover,the review also aims to provide an in-depthdiscussion and explore current developments based on the advantages of H_(2) energy in terms of its utilization,based on its high energy density,and its ability to be used as a feedstock and fuel.On the other hand,the challenges of H_(2) are also elabo rated.Next,the role of CCUS in a carbon-neutral economy and value chain for minimization of emissions from existing facilities is thoroughly deliberated,and the recent commercial-scale implementation of CCUS technologies is highlighted.Extending the utilization and recycling of captured CO_(2) emissions along with H_(2) to produce e-fuels in terms of current advances is detailed in this review.Fu rthermore,the most applicable,efficient,a nd develo ping approaches are discussed for physical and chemical H_(2) storage,considering recent la rge-scale implementations of liquid carriers and liquid organic hydrogen carriers as storage options.Lastly,the review elaborates on recent insights into advances in H_(2) transport infrastructure,including compressed and liquid H_(2) delivery via roads,ships,pipelines,and flight cargo.The review gives precise insights into the recent scenario through an elaborated conclusion of each discussion topic separately and a discussion of future perspectives.The current review will help researchers to fully understand the ongoing research advancements and challenges in the H_(2) value chain for formulating new solutions for sustainable H_(2) production,alo ng with focusing on suitable approaches for its storage and tra nsport to make the production and utilization of H_(2) applicable on a large scale.

The Joule–Thomson effect of (CO_(2)+H_(2)) binary system relevant to gas switching reforming with carbon capture and storage(CCS)

The Joule-Thomson effect is one of the important thermodynamic properties in the system relevant to gas switching reforming with carbon capture and storage(CCS). In this work, a set of apparatus was set up to determine the Joule-Thomson effect of binary mixtures(CO_(2)+ H_(2)). The accuracy of the apparatus was verified by comparing with the experimental data of carbon dioxide. The Joule-Thomson coefficients(μ_(JT)) for(CO_(2)+ H_(2)) binary mixtures with mole fractions of carbon dioxide(x_(CO_(2))= 0.1, 0.26, 0.5,0.86, 0.94) along six isotherms at various pressures were measured. Five equations of state EOSs(PR,SRK, PR, BWR and GERG-2008 equation) were used to calculate the μ_(JT)for both pure systems and binary systems, among which the GERG-2008 predicted best with a wide range of pressure and temperature.Moreover, the Joule-Thomson inversion curves(JTIC) were calculated with five equations of state. A comparison was made between experimental data and predicted data for the inversion curve of CO_(2). The investigated EOSs show a similar prediction of the low-temperature branch of the JTIC for both pure and binary systems, except for the BWRS equation of state. Among all the equations, SRK has the most similar result to GERG-2008 for predicting JTIC.

西南油气田CCUS/CCS发展现状、优势与挑战

中国石油西南油气田公司(以下简称西南油气田)是中国西南地区首个天然气年产量超400×10^(8) m^(3)的油气生产企业,其天然气新建产能、产量的增量分别占到全国增量的1/4和1/3,预计2030年天然气开发的碳排放量将突破500×10^(4) t。为解决天然气高质量上产过程中碳排放量刚性增长的问题,西南油气田主动围绕“天然气+CCUS”的战略规划,积极部署CCUS/CCS工作,以期打造“绿色能源西南模式”,助力实现“双碳”目标。为此,系统阐述了西南油气田在CCUS/CCS业务规划、标准体系、技术系列等方面的发展现状,梳理了其CCUS/CCS业务在资源、技术方面的优势,并分析了面临的技术成熟度不高、经济效益缺乏、社会接受度不高等挑战,最后作出了展望并有针对性地提出了下一步建议:①攻关形成具有气田特色的CCUS/CCS技术体系,打造气田CCUS/CCS原创技术策源地;②建立气田CCUS/CCS标准体系,推广应用气田CO_(2)驱气提高采收率(CCUS-EGR)和CO_(2)埋存技术;③依托西南油气田自有碳捕集、输送、驱气、封存等技术,进一步延伸拓展传统油气主营业务产业链,建立西南片区CCUS/CCS产业集群和碳库,助力中国石油成为CCUS/CCS产业链链长;④探索页岩气注CO_(2)及混合气体提高采收率技术,支撑在页岩气领域开辟新的CCUS方向。

海上CCS工程项目全流程技术进展与展望

分析了海上典型场景CCS全流程的技术进展,提出面临的挑战和对未来发展趋势的展望。海上CCS项目主要有两个典型场景,包括海上平台CO_(2)捕集直接回注和陆地排放源CO_(2)捕集后运输到海上进行离岸封存。海上平台CO_(2)捕集工艺以膜分离为主,同时配合多种工艺组合;陆地排放源主要有天然气处理终端和炼化企业,根据气源浓度选择捕集工艺,以化学吸收法为主,重点研究低成本的工艺。海上CO_(2)运输主要有船舶运输和管道运输,目前管道运输处在中试阶段,大型CO_(2)运输船正在设计建造中。海上封存场地主要包括咸水层和枯竭油气藏,咸水层封存重点研究盖层封闭性、长期稳定性以及海上监测技术。综合考虑技术和成本因素,海上CCS项目未来向集群项目发展,联合排放企业和封存企业共同开展CO_(2)利用及封存,技术上需要重点攻关海上平台CO_(2)高效低成本捕集工艺、海上CO_(2)运输大型装备以及海上封存监测过程中的难题。

A hybrid physics-informed data-driven neural network for CO_(2) storage in depleted shale reservoirs

To reduce CO_(2) emissions in response to global climate change,shale reservoirs could be ideal candidates for long-term carbon geo-sequestration involving multi-scale transport processes.However,most current CO_(2) sequestration models do not adequately consider multiple transport mechanisms.Moreover,the evaluation of CO_(2) storage processes usually involves laborious and time-consuming numerical simulations unsuitable for practical prediction and decision-making.In this paper,an integrated model involving gas diffusion,adsorption,dissolution,slip flow,and Darcy flow is proposed to accurately characterize CO_(2) storage in depleted shale reservoirs,supporting the establishment of a training database.On this basis,a hybrid physics-informed data-driven neural network(HPDNN)is developed as a deep learning surrogate for prediction and inversion.By incorporating multiple sources of scientific knowledge,the HPDNN can be configured with limited simulation resources,significantly accelerating the forward and inversion processes.Furthermore,the HPDNN can more intelligently predict injection performance,precisely perform reservoir parameter inversion,and reasonably evaluate the CO_(2) storage capacity under complicated scenarios.The validation and test results demonstrate that the HPDNN can ensure high accuracy and strong robustness across an extensive applicability range when dealing with field data with multiple noise sources.This study has tremendous potential to replace traditional modeling tools for predicting and making decisions about CO_(2) storage projects in depleted shale reservoirs.

Criteria for Selecting Carbon Subsurface and Ocean Storage Site in Developing Countries: A Review

Important first phases in the process of implementing CO2 subsurface and ocean storage projects include selecting of best possible location(s) for CO2 storage, and site selection evaluation. Sites must fulfill a number of criteria that boil down to the following basics: they must be able to accept the desired volume of CO2 at the rate at which it is supplied from the CO2 source(s);they must as well be safe and reliable;and must comply with regulatory and other societal requirements. They also must have at least public acceptance and be based on sound financial analysis. Site geology;hydrogeological, pressure, and geothermal regimes;land features;location, climate, access, etc. can all be refined from these basic criteria. In addition to aiding in site selection, site characterization is essential for other purposes, such as foreseeing the fate and impacts of the injected CO2, and informing subsequent phases of site development, including design, permitting, operation, monitoring, and eventual abandonment. According to data from the IEA, in 2022, emissions from Africa and Asias emerging markets and developing economies, excluding Chinas, increased by 4.2%, which is equivalent to 206 million tonnes of CO2 and were higher than those from developed economies. Coal-fired power generation was responsible for more than half of the rise in emissions that were recorded in the region. The difficulty of achieving sustainable socio-economic progress in the developing countries is entwined with the work of reducing CO2 emissions, which is a demanding project for the economy. Organisations from developing countries, such as Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria, have formed partnerships with organisations in other countries for lessons learned and investment within the climate change arena. The basaltic rocks, coal seams, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, soils, deep saline aquifers, and sedimentary basins that developing countries (Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria etc.) possess all contribute to the individual countrys significant geological sequestration potential. There are limited or no carbon capture and storage or clean development mechanism projects running in these countries at this time. The site selection and characterization procedure are not complete without an estimate of the storage capacity of a storage location. Estimating storage capacity relies on volumetric estimates because a site must accept the planned volume of CO2 during the active injection period. As more and more applications make use of site characterization, so too does the body of written material on the topic. As the science of CO2 storage develops, regulatory requirements are implemented, field experience grows, and the economics of CO2 capture and storage improve, so too will site selection and characterisation change.

Classification and Integration of Storage and Transportation Engineering Technologies in Potato Producing Areas of China

Considering the development of potato （Solanum tuberosum） industry in China, the existing technologies of potato storage and transportation in the produc- ing area were analyzed through investigation on four main potato production areas. Unear classification was used to conduct the technology classification. According to the technical attributes and characteristics, the potato technologies of storage and transportation in producing area were classified with large classes, middle classes, small classes and subclasses, into the agricultural production area processing and storage engineering technology system, to reveal the structure and functions. Mean- while, the widely used technologies were integrated and summarized into 5 principal technology integration programs, which could be used for the technology integration of the new management subjects such as planting professional cooperatives, family farms, enterprises and so on.

全球海洋CCS技术进展及对广东的借鉴

在全球碳减排与气候变化议题日益凸显的今日,海洋CCS(碳捕集与封存)作为应对全球气候变化的重要技术之一,正引领着全球应对气候变化的科技浪潮。对世界主要国家海洋CCS发展趋势进行研究,分析广东目前海洋CCS发展情况,从开展海底碳封存潜力评估、建立行业规范和标准体系、发展碳封存技术、开展试点示范工程等方面提出针对性对策建议,以期培育广东绿色发展新引擎,助力广东碳中和目标的率先达成。

The European Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory Infrastructure(ECCSEL)

The transition to a non-emitting energy mix for power generation will take decades. This transition will need to be sustainable, e.g.economically affordable. Fossil fuels which are abundant have an important role to play in this respect, provided that Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS) is progressively implemented. CCS is the only way to reduce emissions from energy intensive industries.Thus, the need for upgraded and new CCS research facilities is widely recognised among stakeholders across Europe, as emphasised by the Zero Emissions Platform(ZEP) [1] and the European Energy Research Alliance on CCS(EERA-CCS) [2].The European Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory Infrastructure, ECCSEL, provides funders, operators and researchers with significant benefits by offering access to world-class research facilities that, in many cases, are unlikely for a single nation to support in isolation.This implies creation of synergy and the avoidance of duplication as well as streamlining of funding for research facilities.ECCSEL offers open access to its advanced laboratories for talented scientists and visiting researchers to conduct cutting-edge research.In the planning of ECCSEL, gap analyses were performed and CCS technologies have been reviewed to underpin and envisage the future experimental setup; 1) Making use of readily available facilities, 2) Modifying existing facilities, and 3) Planning and building entirely new advanced facilities.The investments required for the first ten years(2015-2025) are expected to be in the range of €80-120 miilion. These investments show the current level of ambition, as proposed during the preparatory phase(2011-2014).Entering the implementation phase in 2015, 9 European countries signed Letter of Intent(LoI) to join a ECCSEL legal entity: France, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Poland, Greece, Norway and Switzerland(active observer). As the EU ERIC-regulation [3] would offer the most suitable legal framework for ECCSEL, the host country, Norway, will apply for establishing ERIC as the ECCSEL Research Infrastructure(RI)legal entity in 2017. Until the ECCSEL ERIC is approved by the European Commission(probably by summer 2017), an interim MoU agreement for the implementation phase of ECCSEL RI has been signed by 13 research institutions and universities representing the 9 countries. A consortium of these partners were granted 3 million EURO from Horizon 2020 to boost implementation of ECCSEL from September 2015 and two years onwards.?2016, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Shaped Refractory Products-Packing, Marking,Transportation and Storage

1 Scope This standard specifies the technical requirement of the packing, marking, transportation and storage of shaped refractory products.

The Research about Storage and Transportation of Natural Gas Based on LNG Technology

Nowadays, we are in great lack of the technology theory for the storage and transportation of gas hydrate. Under this condition, after checking out related theory of these, we established the technology roadmap of the storage and transportation of gas hydrate by LNG technology. Study has shown that the technology of LNG is more saving than that of pipeline. Then we came out with the new idea of storage and transportation of hydrate by LNG technology.

The development status and the prospect of the pipeline robots in the oil and gas storage and transportation industry

In the process of the constant development of the oil and gas storage and transportation technology, the maintenance of the large pipelines is an important task. At present, China vigorously promotes the use of the pipeline robots, for the maintenance of the oil and gas pipelines by the unique characteristics of the robots. In this paper, the author carries out the detailed analysis on the current situation of the development of the pipeline robots in the oil and gas storage and transportation industry, and compares the different applications of the pipeline robots at home and abroad. Starting from the principles of the operation of the robots, the author analyzes the characteristics of the different types of the robots, and combined with the existing conditions of the oil and gas storage and transportation in our country, the author tries to find the most favorable way of the working of the pipeline robots, to continuously improve the development of the oil and gas storage and transportation industry using the robot technologies.

The challenges facing the oil and gas storage and transportation technology and its developing direction

In recent years, our country is increasingly dependent on the use of the oil resources, and the degree of the oil mining is also continuously upgrading. After the completion of the tasks related to the oil mining in the lands, the technologies for the development of the offshore oil mining are particularly important. Among these problems, after the exploitation, the storage and transportation of the offshore oil and gas is worthy of the discussion of the technical personnel. From the experience of the oil and gas storage and transportation in the long years, in some environmentally degraded areas, there are problems in the efficiency and safety in the long pipeline transportation and the oil and gas mixed transportation, and in the transportation, there are also big shortcomings. In this paper, the author carries on the analysis of the existing questions encountering in our country＇s oil and gas storage and transportation~ and proposes the direction of the researches in the future oil and gas storage and transportation, and the purpose is to better improve the security of Cbina＇s oil and gas storage and transportation and to enhance the efficiency of the use of the oil and gas.

Reform Exploration for Safety Course System of Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation Facilities

In recent years,the safety of oil and gas storage and transportation facilities has been paid more attention by the state and enterprises due to frequent accidents.The oil and gas storage and transportation facilities safety courses in China University of Petroleum(Beijing)includes“Engineering mechanics”,“Strength design of pipelines and tanks”and“Safety and integrity management of oil and gas storage and transportation facilities”.The three courses lack relevance and the teaching mode is too rigid,resulting in students losing their initiative in learning.If students can’t use the knowledge flexibly,it will affect the achievement of the objectives of the training program.Therefore,oil and gas storage and transportation facilities safety courses are reformed,training plans are adjusted and teaching methods are improved.The practice shows that the reform enriches the teaching content,improves the teaching quality,stimulates classroom activity and gets a good evaluation of students.The reform of safety courses has a certain significance for cultivating compound talents who have the ability to solve practical problems in engineering.

A STAMP-Game model for accident analysis in oil and gas industry

Accidents in engineered systems are usually generated by complex socio-technical factors.It is beneficial to investigate the increasing complexity and coupling of these factors from the perspective of system safety.Based on system and control theories,System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes(STAMP)is a widely recognized approach for accident analysis.In this paper,we propose a STAMP-Game model to analyze accidents in oil and gas storage and transportation systems.Stakeholders in accident analysis by STAMP can be regarded as players of a game.Game theory can,thus,be adopted in accident analysis to depict the competition and cooperation between stakeholders.Subsequently,we established a game model to study the strategies of both supervisory and supervised entities.The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed game model allows for identifying the effectiveness deficiency of the supervisory entity,and the safety and protection altitudes of the supervised entity.The STAMP-Game model can generate quantitative parameters for supporting the behavior and strategy selections of the supervisory and supervised entities.The quantitative data obtained can be used to guide the safety improvement,to reduce the costs of safety regulation violation and accident risk.

Effects of Transport,Storage Temperature and Time on Parthenogenetically Developmental Competence of Sheep Oocyte

This study was to investigate the effects of transport, storage temperature and time on parthenogenetical developmental competence of sheep oocyte. The ovaries were collected and randomly immersed in physiological saline at （ 10 - 15 ） ℃, （20 - 25 ） ℃ and （30 - 35 ） ℃ and transported to the laboratory for culture. They were divided into three groups randomly in an optimized transport temperature, kept in physiological saline at4 ℃, （14 -18） ℃ and （25 -30） ℃ respectively; 15 - 17 h later, the ovaries were cutured for the maturation and parthenogenetic activation of oocytes. The results showed that the optimal transport temperature of ovaries was 20 -25 ℃, when the maturation rate and blastocysts rate reached 67.44% and 35.93% respectively. Incubating sheep ovaries at （ 14 - 18 ） ℃ for （15 -17） h did not reduce the maturation rate （61.81%） and blastocysts rate （29.03%） of oocyte significantly. However, incubating sheep ovaries at 4 ℃ or （25 -30） ℃ significantly reduced the maturation rate （41.90%, 18.40% ） and cleavage rate （9.09%, 13.04% ）, and the ovaries could not develop into blastocysts at these two temperature ranges. It can be concluded that the optimal transport temperature of the sheep ovaries is 20 - 25 ℃, and incubation at 14 - 18 ℃ overnight in vivo does not affect the developmental competence of oocytes.

欧洲能源复兴计划CCS示范项目实施进展与启示

碳捕集与封存(Carbon Capture and Storage,CCS)作为最有前景可有效深度减排的低碳技术之一,在世界范围内受到广泛推行,特别是欧洲,其作为全球CCS技术的先行者,一直在积极推进该项技术工业化进程。2009年,欧盟委员会(European Commission,EC)启动欧洲能源复兴计划(European Energy Programme for Recovery,EEPR),正式批准资助6个全流程CCS示范项目。这6个CCS示范项目囊括了当前所有可行的CO2工业捕集技术,运输方式以及封存方法,本文将对其基本情况和最近进展进行介绍,并重点对欧盟层面的CCS法律法规与此6个项目所在欧盟成员国的CCS技术与政策环境的交互影响进行比对和分析,以进一步系统评述欧洲能源复兴计划CCS示范项目带来的积极成果,包括达成减排目标和气候政策,建立欧洲CCS示范项目网络共享平台,获得CCS技术研发突破等,同时也详细列举了这些项目目前所面临的阻碍与困境,如相关法律政策缺乏执行力,融资困难,公众接受度低,技术成本高等。最后,试探讨欧盟能源复兴计划CCS全流程示范项目实施发展现状对我国未来CCS商业化走向的思索与启示。

基于CCS的MEA脱碳技术全球专利发展态势

以单乙醇胺(MEA)吸收法为主的脱碳技术被认为是较具可行性的CO2捕集技术。本文主要针对MEA脱碳技术开展专利分析,建立MEA技术专利分析方法,研究认为基于二氧化碳捕集、运输和封存(CCS)应用的MEA脱碳技术在近十年得到大幅增长,其中增长较快的国家有美国、中国、日本、澳大利亚等,中国和韩国在近3年尤其增长较快;各国MEA脱碳技术专利的侧重点和优势各不同,美国、日本、俄罗斯等国专利较为倾向烟气脱碳、装置、材料等实际应用,中国则倾向于MEA基础方法研究,该研究结果有望为我国MEA脱碳技术研发创新、专利申请与保护提供参考借鉴。

地层倾角对CO_2地质封存的影响研究—以鄂尔多斯CCS工程为例

CO2地质储存是减少CO2向大气排放的有效手段。CO2在储层中的运移受地层的物理属性和空间展布形态的影响,本文以鄂尔多斯CO2地质封存示范场地石千峰组为研究对象,研究了地层产状倾斜对CO2地质储存的影响。结果表明,在定压注入时,地层倾角对CO2的空间分布、CO2的注入速率、CO2的空间运移距离、以及CO2的封存量等均呈现出规律性的影响;地层倾角越大,注入速率越小、横向运移距离越远,而其封存量小;地层倾角的增大不利于CO2地质封存。

国外CCS政策法规体系的形成及对我国的启示

碳捕集和封存(Carbon Capture and Storage,CCS)是一种新的二氧化碳减排技术,是中国未来实现温室气体深度减排的重要战略选择。但作为一项新兴的减排技术,中国的CCS政策法规体系建设尚处于起步阶段。本文系统整理分析了欧盟、英国、美国、澳大利亚等国家和地区CCS领域的法规、政策和标准,在总结发达国家CCS立法以及政策、标准建立方面成功经验的基础上,针对CCS不同环节提出了对我国相应的政策法规建议,以期为我国CCS相关政策、法规的建立提供参考。