Examining the model dependence of the determination of kinetic freeze-out temperature and transverse flow velocity in small collision system

The transverse momentum distributions of the identified particles produced in small collision systems at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider(RHIC) and Large Hadron Collider(LHC) have been analyzed by four models. The first two models utilize the blast-wave model with different statistics. The last two models employ certain linear correspondences based on different distributions.The four models describe the experimental data measured by the Pioneering High Energy Nuclear Interaction eXperiment, Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC, and A Large Ion Collider Experiment collaborations equally well. It is found that both the kinetic freeze-out temperature and transverse flow velocity in the central collisions are comparable with those in the peripheral collisions. With the increase of collision energy from that of the RHIC to that of the LHC,the considered quantities typically do not decrease. Comparing with the central collisions, the proton–proton collisions are closer to the peripheral collisions.

Effective(kinetic freeze-out) temperature, transverse flow velocity, and kinetic freeze-out volume in high energy collisions

The transverse momentum spectra of different types of particles produced in central and peripheral gold–gold(Au–Au)and inelastic proton–proton(pp)collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider,as well as in central and peripheral lead-lead(Pb–Pb)and pp collisions at the Large Hadron Collider,are analyzed by the multi-component standard(Boltzmann–Gibbs,Fermi–Dirac,and Bose–Einstein)distributions.The obtained results from the standard distribution give an approximate agreement with the measured experimental data by the STAR,PHENIX,and ALICE Collaborations.The behavior of the effective(kinetic freeze-out)temperature,transverse flow velocity,and kinetic freeze-out volume for particles with different masses is obtained,which observes the early kinetic freezeout of heavier particles as compared to the lighter particles.The parameters of emissions of different particles are observed to be different,which reveals a direct signature of the mass-dependent differential kinetic freeze-out.It is also observed that the peripheral nucleus–nucleus(AA)and pp collisions at the same center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair are in good agreement in terms of the extracted parameters.

Effects of Transverse Temperature Gradient on the Rotor Velocity in an Ultrasonic Motor

As a result of the nonlinear effect, acoustic streaming has been widely used for increasing the transport coefficient or driving a rotor, for example, in resonant cavities and non-contact ultrasonic motors. It has been demonstrated by experiments that a temperature gradient transverse to the wave propagating direction can significantly increase the velocity of the streaming flows in resonant cavities. To check whether the transverse temperature gradient can also increase the working velocity of acoustic streaming-driven motors, we investigate this issue by numerically solving the hydrodynamic equations. It is found that the velocity of the rotor only weakly depends on the transverse temperature gradient, e.g., even with a temperature difference of 40℃ between the rotor and the stator, the velocity increases only -8.8%.

Phase velocity in 2D TTI media

We derive an expression for phase velocity in 2D tilted transverse isotropy （TTI） media. Snapshots of phase velocity in TTI and transverse isotropy （TI） model media are simulated and analyzed using the derived expression. In addition, the x-component character differences between the modeled phase velocities of the two media models are compared and analyzed.

Propagation of Rayleigh waves on free surface of transversely isotropic generalized thermoelastic diffusion

The present paper is devoted to the study of Rayleigh wave propagation in a homogeneous, transversely isotropic, thermoelastic diffusive half-space, subject to stress free, thermally insulated/isothermal, and chemical potential boundary conditions in the context of the generalized thermoelastic diffusion theory. The Green-Lindsay（GL） theory is used in the study. In this theory, thermodiffusion and thermodiffusion mechanical relaxations are governed by four different time constants. Secular equations for surface wave propagation in the considered media are derived. Anisotropy and diffusion effects on the phase velocity, attenuation coefficient are graphically presented in order to present the analytical results and make comparison. Some special cases of frequency equations are derived from the present investigation.

Propagation of wave at the boundary surface of transversely isotropic thermoelastic material with voids and isotropic elastic half-space

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of voids on the surface wave propagation in a layer of a transversely isotropic thermoelastic material with voids lying over an isotropic elastic half-space. The frequency equation is derived after developing a mathematical model for welded and smooth contact boundary conditions. The dispersion curves giving the phase velocity and attenuation coefficient via wave number are plotted graphically to depict the effects of voids and anisotropy for welded contact boundary conditions. The specific loss and amplitudes of the volume fraction field, the normal stress, and the temperature change for welded contact are obtained and shown graphically for a particular model to depict the voids and anisotropy effects. Some special cases are also deduced from the present investigation.

Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Torsional Surface Waves in a Transverse Isotropic Elastic Solid Semi-Infinite Medium with Varying Rigidity and Density under a Rigid Layer

In this paper, mathematical modeling of the propagation of torsional surface waves in a transverse isotropic elastic medium with varying rigidity and density under a rigid layer has been considered. The equation of motion has been formulated in the elastic medium using suitable boundary conditions. The frequency equation containing Whittaker’s function for phase velocity due to torsional surface waves has been derived. The effect of rigid layer in the propagation of torsional surface waves in a transverse isotropic elastic medium with varying rigidity and density has been discussed. The numerical results have been shown graphically. It is observed that the influence of transverse and longitudinal rigidity and density of the medium have a remarkable effect on the propagation of the torsional surface waves. Frequency equations have also been derived for some particular cases, which are in perfect agreement with some standard results.

Against Phase Veloсities of Elastic Waves in Thin Transversely Isotropic Cylindrical Shell

This paper receives the characteristic equation for the determine of wave numbers of phase velocities of elastic waves, in the thin cylindrical shell with the help of the dynamic theory of the elasticity for the transversely isotropic medium and of the hypothesis of thin shells.

Theoretical dispersion curves for borehole real-valued wave modes in vertically transverse isotropic formations

The dispersion curves of real-valued modes in a fluid-filled borehole are widely used in acoustic well logging.The accurate dispersion curves are the precondition of theoretical analysis and inversion process.Generally,these curves can be obtained by solving the conventional dispersion equation for isotropic formations and most vertically transverse isotropy(VTI)formations.However,if the real-valued solutions exist when the radial wavenumbers for the formation quasi-P and quasi-S equals to each other,the existed methods based on the conventional dispersion equation could lead to incorrect results for some VTI formations.Few studies have focused on the influence of these real-valued solutions on dispersion curve extraction.To remove these real-valued solutions,we have proposed a modified dispersion equation and its corresponding solving process.When solving the dispersion equation,the Scholte wave velocity of VTI formation at high frequency is used as the initial guess.The two synthetic examples including fast and slow VTI formations validate that these real-valued solutions do not contribute to the wavefield,and the new dispersion curve extraction method is suitable for all kinds of VTI formations.Consequently,the method can provide reliable dispersion curves for both theoretical analysis and anisotropic parameters inversion in VTI formations.

Research on the Relationship between Shallow Shear Wave Velocity and Basement Structure in the Tianjin Coastal Area

Shear wave velocity is one of the important dynamic characteristics of soil layers and applied widely in aseismic engineering. In this paper, 500 drill logging data are used to make a linear interpolation based on 0. 01° x 0. 01°x lm grid. A shallow 3-D shear wave velocity structure of Tianjin coastal area is obtained. According to the data and geological background, we selected two typical velocity profiles to try to introduce and explain its relationship to basement structure. The results show that the shear wave velocity structure clearly presents the characteristic of stratification and lateral inhomogeneity. Furthermore, the difference of the shear wave structure between tectonic elements is clear and the velocity structure between the two sides of the local or border fault in the Quaternary is disturbed or affected significantly. It intuitively shows that the basement structure and fault activity of this region had good control of sedimentation development and strata formation in the Quaternary period which would have an important effect on engineering seismic and geological condition evaluation.

单轴压缩下不同饱和度红砂岩横波特征研究

为了研究饱和度对岩石超声波横波传播规律影响,以红砂岩为研究对象,开展不同饱和度下入射频率分别为50、100、200 kHz的超声波横波传播实验,分析饱和度及入射频率对横波声学参数变化规律。结果表明:干燥至饱和状态,横波波速随饱和度增大呈非线性下降趋势,幅值衰减系数随饱和度增大呈非线性递增趋势,均满足三次函数关系,属于高度相关;整体分析发现横波波速受饱和度变化影响大于幅值衰减系数,幅值衰减系数拟合参数能较好反映岩样物理量的变化;基于敏感性及决定系数的综合考虑,建议今后采用100 kHz作为含水砂岩超声波横波测试优势频率。研究成果可为不同饱和度下岩石超声波测试技术发展提供参考。

Anisotropy measurements and characterization of the Qingshankou shale

Qingshankou shale(Gulong area,China)exhibits strong acoustic anisotropy characteristics,posing significant challenges to its exploration and development.In this study,the five full elastic constants and multipole response law of the Qingshankou shale were studied using experimental measurements.Analyses show that the anisotropy parametersϵandγin the study region are greater than 0.4,whereas the anisotropy parameterδis smaller,generally 0.1.Numerical simulations show that the longitudinal and transverse wave velocities of these strong anisotropic rocks vary significantly with inclination angle,and significant differences in group velocity and phase velocity are also present.Acoustic logging measures the group velocity in dipped boreholes;this differs from the phase velocity to some extent.As the dip angle increases,the longitudinal and SH wave velocities increase accordingly,while the qSV-wave velocity initially increases and then decreases,reaching its maximum value at a dip of approximately 40°.These results provide an effective guide for the correction and modeling of acoustic logging time differences in the region.

考虑软矿物纵横比的页岩岩石物理建模及其应用

以往针对页岩储层的岩石物理建模常忽略孔隙类型与软矿物纵横比对弹性模量的影响。本文同时考虑孔隙类型、孔隙形状与软矿物纵横比,建立横向各向同性页岩岩石物理模型:将固体矿物分为硬矿物与软矿物两类,考虑软矿物的各向异性特征与形状变化;基于储层实际情况将孔隙分为粒内孔、有机孔与粒间孔三类,孔隙形状分为硬孔隙与软孔隙两种;最后,利用粒子群法反演输入参数,进一步计算纵横波速度、各向异性参数与岩石力学参数。结合实际资料应用,用已知测井横波速度与各向同性岩石力学计算结果进行对比,结果表明该模型的应用效果较好。

低应变同条件下桩型实测波速差异大研究探讨

在工程实践中,有时会出现在设计强度、成桩工艺、养护条件以及龄期相同的桩型,实测低应变波速差异大的情况。这一现象不符合同条件下的桩型,实测波速在某一范围内分布这个常规认知。甚至曾经有过相关专家以实测波速偏差过大为由,质疑检测数据的真实性。通过研究发现,这个波速差异大,并不是检测数据不真实导致的,也不是同条件下的桩型这一条件不满足,更不是同条件下的桩型实测波速在某一范围内这个常规认知不对,而是因为横向尺寸效应引起的。横向尺寸效应能够引起基桩实测波速产生差异,在桩径较大,桩长较短的时候,尤其明显。论本结合实例,对横向尺寸效应影响低应变实测波速进行了分析。

渤海油田旋转井壁取心质效提升技术

壁心对储层评价至关重要。渤海油田中生界、古生界及太古界地层,一般使用旋转井壁取心进行作业。在实际的旋转井壁取心作业过程中,因地层的岩性、均质性、抗压强度等不同,导致旋转取心的收获率及作业效率呈现出较大的差异。同一井眼内存在沉积岩、变质岩和火成岩的条件下,传统的按照壁心设计点的顺序逐一取心的方式往往收获率低下且极易“堵心”。通过对岩石岩性、抗压强度和均质性的评估,选取合适的旋转取心仪器,制定合理的取心作业方案,提高旋转井壁取心的收获率和作业效率,对后期的旋转井壁取心作业具有重要的指导和借鉴意义。

主动前轮转向控制特性研究

【目的】对主动前轮转向控制系统展开研究,改善汽车的转向性能及安全性能。【方法】使用Simulink建立车辆理想二自由度模型,基于滑模控制理论搭建主动前轮转向系统,并通过Simulink与Carsim的联合仿真环境进行车速分别为40 km/h、80 km/h、120 km/h,地面附着系数为0.8的控制器效果仿真实验。【结果】主动前轮转向控制器提供的附加前轮转角可使实际横摆角速度紧密跟随理想横摆角速度,且无明显抖振。【结论】主动前轮转向控制器对于提升车辆稳定性有重要意义,可为AFSS控制器的开发提供一定的理论指导。

原子团温度对原子干涉陀螺条纹对比度的影响

原子干涉陀螺是基于冷原子物质波Sagnac效应测量相对于惯性参考系的转动角速度的一种陀螺仪,其转动时会在2条干涉传播路径之间额外产生相移,该转动相移中包含了垂直于拉曼光方向的纵向速度分量。一般认为入射原子团的纵向速度分布是导致原子陀螺干涉信号强度减弱和条纹对比度下降的最主要因素,但这忽略了与拉曼光方向平行的横向速度分布的影响。通过建立原子干涉陀螺的简单数学模型,定量分析2种分布对相同转速的影响程度,发现横向速度分布对最终干涉条纹质量非常关键,其比纵向速度分布容忍度更低。这要求在设计原子干涉陀螺系统时,需要更重视原子团的横向冷却效率,而不是只关注和转动相移相关的纵向速度分布部分。

Transverse radius dependence for transverse velocity and elliptic flow in intermediate energy HIC

The mean transverse velocity and elliptic flow of light fragments （A≤2） as a function of transverse radius are studied for 25 MeV/nucleon 64Cu＋64Cu collisions with impact parameters 3–5 fm by the isospin- dependent quantum molecular dynamics model. By comparison between the in-plane and the out-of-plane transverse velocities, the elliptic flow dependence on the transverse radius can be understood qualitatively, and variation of the direction of the resultant force on the fragments can be investigated qualitatively.

横向双极静电除尘器空气动力增效

为明确横向双极静电除尘器的空气动力增效机理,基于电除尘器的经典效率公式研究了空气动力对横向双极静电除尘器除尘效率的影响。数值模拟结果表明:横向双极电除尘器内荷电粒子的驱进速度是电场驱进速度与空气动力驱进速度之和。极板迎风面的空气动力增效幅度强于背风面,而极板背风面的低速回流区是主要的收尘区。实验结果表明:空气动力驱进速度与电场风速呈二次曲线分布关系。电场风速小于1.5 m/s时,气流运动强化了空气动力增效幅度;而电场风速大于1.5 m/s后,二次扬尘作用减弱了空气动力增效幅度。横向双极电除尘器除尘效率修正公式表明:在横向双极电除尘器结构参数一定的情况下,除尘效率受静电力和空气动力的共同影响。

横向火源下纵向通风隧道火灾烟气蔓延特性的研究

目的:研究着火车辆停靠朝向对隧道火灾烟气蔓延的影响。方法:采用FDS数值模拟方法,分析在不同纵向风速和火源功率下,横向、纵向两种典型火源朝向的火灾烟气运动过程和临界风速变化规律。结果:针对火源功率为5 MW和30 MW的火灾,在不同纵向风速情况下,相比纵向火源,横向火源条件下烟气回流长度更短,火源功率越大,两种火源朝向下的回流长度差距越大。较纵向火源,横向火源临界风速同样更小,30 MW火源下临界风速减幅可达25%。结论:在相同火源功率及风速条件下,横向火源火灾下游烟气层热稳性能更差,烟气沉降更加明显,对火灾下游人员疏散和消防救援造成极大地危害。在横向火源下,应采用低风速来确保烟气层处于稳定状态。