Evaluation of Methods for Control of Ammonia Volatilization from Surface-Applied Nitrogen Fertilizers to Sugarcane Trash in North Queensland

Micrometeorological and microplot experiments were conducted in the field of freshly harvested green cane in Queensland, Australia. Results showed that high ammonia loss of fertilizer N could occur under relatively dry conditions when urea or commercial product of mixture of urea and muriate of potash were applied to the surface of sugarcane trash. The moisture content in the trash and the pH of fertilizer were two important factors controlling the processes of urea hydrolysis and ammonia volatilization. Most of the N in the soil was transformed to the nitrate+ nitrite from after 70 days of fertilizer application. No significant leaching was found. Urea-free N fertilizers had higher N recoveries compared to urea-containing fertilizers. .

Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Alkali-Acid Pretreated Sugarcane Trash to Ethanol

The Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation （SSF） of alkali-acid pretreated sugarcane trash to ethanol was optimized using commercial cellulase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5596 cells. Substrate concentration （12.5% w/v, 15% w/v, 17.5% w/v and 20% w/v）, enzyme loading （25 FPU/g Dry Substrate （DS）, 50 FPU/g DS and 75 FPU/g DS）, and temperature （30 ~C, 35 ~C and 40 ~C） were evaluated. The SSF optimal conditions for alkali-acid pretreated sugarcane trash were 20% w/v of substrate concentration, enzyme loading 50 FPU/g DS, temperature 35 ~C, initial pH 5.0 and yeast inoculum 107 cells/mL. Under the above optimal conditions, ethanol concentration was possible to reach in the range between 50.14 g/L and 55.08 g/L at 96 hrs and 144 hrs, respectively. This study could establish the effective utilization of sugarcane trash for bioethanol production using optimized fermentation parameters.

Optimization on Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sugarcane Trash for Ethanol Production

The present study was conducted for the optimization of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass （sugarcane trash）, which is a renewable resource for the production of bioethanol. The pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis conditions including alkali （NaOH）/dilute acid （H2SO4）, substrate and chemical concentration for pretreatment, enzyme dosage, pH, temperature and substrate concentration for hydrolysis were varied and evaluated for sugar and ethanol production at the end. The optimum condition was accomplished using 15% w/v DS of 0-2 mm sugarcane trash in size of particle. It was pretreated with two steps of 2% w/v NaOH autoclaving followed by 2% w/v H2SO4 autoclaving with washing step after pretreatment. An enzymatic hydrolysis was then performed using 15% w/v DS pretreated substrate, hydrolyzed with cellulase 50 filter paper unit （FPU）/g DS at 50 ℃ and pH 5. After incubating at 160 r for 48 h, 117.16 g/L reducing sugar was obtained. The achieved sugar after enzymatic hydrolysis was finally fermented to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5596, with concentration of 48.17 g/L ethanol or yield 0.509 g/g reducing sugars which was equal to 99.81% of theoretical yield.

Movement of the Trash Inside of Fiber Material When Available Elastic Force of Clutch

In the article, the motions of the magpies inside the fibrous material are studied in the presence of an elastic bonding force and the force of dry friction. It is assumed that the volatility of raw cotton in the form of a ball hits the initial velocity about the grate, and after the impact the velocity of the center of mass of the volatility is zero. Until the moment of impact, the mote is located along the beam, which tilts to the horizon and has the same velocity with the center of the fly, and after the impact it moves along this ray. The case is considered when the coefficients of dynamic rigidity, adhesion strength and coefficient of friction depend on the temperature difference between the initial and the current, and it is assumed that these parameters decrease with increasing temperature difference. Accordingly, in the equation of motion of the mote, the sign of the speed of movement of the magpies is taken into account in the direction of the force of contact between it and the fibrous mass. Different stages of the motion of the speck along the ray are considered. On the basis of the equations obtained, the trajectories and the geometric locations of the points of location of the magpies located along the ray are established.

Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Flow through Rectangular and Biconvex Shaped Trash Racks

Turbulent flow through a trash rack of bars of rectangular and biconvex shapes is considered. A trash rack is composed of an array of bars fitted into a hydro-electric power station to prevent debris and fish to enter the waterway towards the turbine. The work is directed towards modeling a large number of bars for which the flow turn out to have a periodic structure. It is here shown that this case can be simplified with the flow past a single bar together with periodic boundary conditions. Using this approach the head loss is derived for different angles of attack α and blockages P for two shapes of the rack, a rectangular bar and an aerodynamically shaped biconvex bar. It is found that overall loss of the biconvex bars is in general about 15% of the loss for the rectangular case for small angles of attack. For large angle of attack this difference diminishes. Of interest for the biconvex bars is also a local minimum in the head loss for angles approximately greater than 20°and for a blockage P around 0.35. This combination of parameters gives a low loss together with an efficient barrier for debris and fishes.

A Deep Trash Classification Model on Raspberry Pi 4

Environmental pollution has had substantial impacts on human life,and trash is one of the main sources of such pollution in most countries.Trash classi-fication from a collection of trash images can limit the overloading of garbage dis-posal systems and efficiently promote recycling activities;thus,development of such a classification system is topical and urgent.This paper proposed an effective trash classification system that relies on a classification module embedded in a hard-ware setup to classify trash in real time.An image dataset isfirst augmented to enhance the images before classifying them as either inorganic or organic trash.The deep learning–based ResNet-50 model,an improved version of the ResNet model,is used to classify trash from the dataset of trash images.The experimental results,which are tested both on the dataset and in real time,show that ResNet-50 had an average accuracy of 96%,higher than that of related models.Moreover,integrating the classification module into a Raspberry Pi computer,which con-trolled the trash bin slide so that garbage fell into the appropriate bin for inorganic or organic waste,created a complete trash classification system.This proves the efficiency and high applicability of the proposed system.

China’s War on Trash Creates Market for European Green Enterprises

TRASH separation has become the talk of the town in China these days as the government unveils a list of 46 “pilot cities” which have been selected to build up a garbage sorting and processing system by 2020. Mandatory schemes on household garbage sorting have already emerged in metropolises like Shanghai in order to improve its recycling rates.

Separating trash and solid materials from the wastewater ammonia stripping tower UASB biological oxidation pond processes for the treatment of the swine factory＇s wastewater

By making the use of the processes which includes separating trash and solid materials from the wastewater-ammonia stripping tower-UASB-biological oxidation pond, we have treated the wastewater which comes from the swine factory. The treated wastewater can meet the primary standard of The People＇s Republic of China based on sewage discharge standards and the wastewater treatment project design contract （GBl8596-2001）, and the effluent will be used as irrigation-water. We introduce this project including the quality of influent and effluent and the flow scheme, the statement of every part, the investment and the effect, etc. The operation indicated that this process has many merits such as the stability in operation-effect and the convenience in management. So it will provide some help for the similar wastewater treatment.

Modelling on source-based trash management oriented towards oceans governance

Oriented towards oceans governance,this article delves into the management of land-based pollutants such as plastics.Waste such as plastics is having a grave impact on environment.The micro-plastic accretion in the oceans endangers sustainable development.However,the land-based waste disposal,both on the land and on the sea,has been a typical “tragedy of the commons” problems for the communities of the whole world.To save the oceans and to safeguard the sustainable development,we need more than ever to develop a better awareness of shared future for oceans.This article makes an assessment of the Shanghai practice in trash sorting.Through reviewing the trash segregation management procedures,it explores for an optimum solution through innovating a source-based trash management model.To jointly cope with the challenges for sustainable development,the article also intends to create a consensus on building a Trash Management Organization for Coastal Cities in response to the principle of building a community of shared future for mankind.

Trash to Textiles

IF you thought empty plastic bottles were no more than an environmental hazard, think again. A South African factory is getting ready to transform these polluting irritants into glossy blankets and stuffing for pillows, duvet, and other products. The Chinese-invested eco-friendly factory will also provide much-needed jobs in a country struggling with growing unemployment. On a chilly autumn day in Boksburg, a city some 30 km southeast of downtown Johannesburg, the blanket factory, located in the local industrial park, is warm and buzzing with the vibrations of indus- trial looms and knitting machines.

一种医疗垃圾桶装消毒装置的设计

为减少医疗废物特别是感染性医疗废物在收集处理过程中其所含病菌对人群和周围环境造成的交叉感染危害等问题,利用机械传动、简易电路等知识方法综合设计一种医疗垃圾桶装消毒装置。具体包括脚踏式喷洒消毒装置和紫外线消毒装置,可以对桶内医疗废物、垃圾桶盖、医疗垃圾桶内腔及桶盖开闭时挤压溢出的有菌空气进行多重消毒,以降低病菌对人群和周围环境造成的交叉感染等危害。该医疗垃圾桶装消毒装置具有显著的消毒杀菌效果,有一定的推广使用价值,可以为后疫情时代医疗废物的收集处理提供新技术和新方法。

基于单片机的智能垃圾桶设计

随着社会的发展,人们越来越注重环保,不断加强环保意识。同时,人们对于垃圾桶的要求也越来越高。垃圾桶是人们日常生活中必不可少的一部分,在公共场所必须配备大量的垃圾桶以满足人们的需求。但是,现有的垃圾桶存在的问题是,垃圾长时间存放会产生异味并且导致细菌滋生,从而会引发疾病。为了减少这些问题的出现,人们越来越注重垃圾桶的实用性和功能性。基于此,设计了一种以单片机为控制芯片的智能垃圾桶,这种垃圾桶能够实现自动检测功能、自动开盖功能、语音提示功能、物业反馈功能。此外,这种垃圾桶通过太阳能板实现供电并且通过活性炭隔绝异味。在未来,这种垃圾桶投放在居民区或者是写字楼,不仅可以提高垃圾清理效率,而且可以使环境变得更加美丽。

Toxicological and Life-Cycle Perspectives on Waste-Derived Nanoparticles

Many nanoparticles have been created over the last few decades using a variety of techniques and used to develop environmental technology, including water treatment, the detection of persistent contaminants, and soil and water remediation. The studies of alternative inputs for nanoparticle production as well as the use of green synthesis techniques are driven by the field of materials science and engineering’s growing interest in increasing the sustainability of the processes involved in their production. In this paper, we begin by providing an overview of the fundamental principles of producing nanoparticles from different sources, such as plastic, electronic, metal, and industrial waste. We elaborate on key facts of waste identification as a workable input for the treatment and recovery of metal and carbon-based nanoparticles. We next go over several controlling factors that play a role in creating nanoparticles, pointing out probable conclusions as we go. Then, we show some instances of waste-derived nanoparticles used in a proof-of-concept experiment of technology for applications in water quality and safety. Before scaling up production and implementing waste-derived nanoparticles, there are several present problems from the toxicological and life-cycle perspectives that must be taken into account.

多场景下的智能垃圾桶模块化设计

在垃圾分类的大背景下,基于垃圾特征对现有垃圾桶进行改良设计迫在眉睫。针对在投掷垃圾过程中的不同场景下需要解决的问题,进行模块化设计,以降低使用者与垃圾接触的时间,减少细菌传播,提高干湿垃圾的分离效率。同时,对干垃圾的体积进行压缩处理设计,可增大干垃圾桶的存储容量。针对商用垃圾桶的设计需求,在符合现代人生活习惯的同时,该设计可有助于减少消耗,利于环境保护。

一种多功能医用垃圾桶的设计

目的:设计一种可自动剪切、分类明确的多功能医用垃圾桶,以有效预防和控制职业暴露与医院感染。方法:该多功能医用垃圾桶主要由桶体、桶盖、内衬袋和剪切组件4个部分组成。桶体分为第一桶体和第二桶体,第一桶体的左侧壁与第二桶体的平面侧壁端连接,桶体上方分别安装相应桶盖。内衬袋采用束口袋,包括从内到外依次设置的聚酰胺层、金属滤网层和帆布层。剪切组件包括刀片、第二布盖和电动机。结果:该多功能医用垃圾桶能有效区分医疗垃圾与非医疗垃圾,且能防止自动剪切时医疗垃圾的飞溅,设置的内衬袋还可防止医疗垃圾穿透袋体,降低了医疗工作人员职业暴露的风险,预防和控制了医院感染。结论:该多功能医用垃圾桶设计合理、分类明确、操作简便,能有效预防和控制医院感染,具有较高的推广价值。

垃圾分类背景下城市公共垃圾桶视觉设计研究

目的对城市公共垃圾桶的造型、色彩、标识符号等进行视觉设计研究。方法在广泛调研的基础上对城市公共垃圾桶设计的现状进行对比研究。城市公共垃圾桶作为城市公共空间的重要组成部分,不只是一个藏污纳垢的容器,更能体现一个城市的形象和生活品位。在垃圾分类回收的影响下,垃圾桶的造型设计首先应遵循投放简便、省时、省心等功能性设计原则,并在其基础上充分考虑垃圾桶造型的美观设计,设计出富有人情味、具有趣味性的造型,真正实现功能性与艺术性的统一。结论城市公共垃圾桶色彩设计应该在遵循约定俗成的各类垃圾桶共性色彩的前提下在同一色系中体现色彩的变化。功能性与审美性和谐统一的垃圾桶设计不仅能有助于垃圾分类工作的开展,更能塑造城市形象和传递城市文化。

基于无线传感器网络的城市智能垃圾监管系统

针对目前城市垃圾清理效果不佳和城市环卫智能化程度低的问题,设计了一种基于无线传感器网络的城市区域智能垃圾监管系统,该系统主要有数据采集、数据传输及应用管理功能。搭载在垃圾桶上的无线传感器模块采集数据,通过ZigBee网络将数据传输至上位机监测软件,然后对数据进行处理与分析。通过测试,该系统工作稳定可靠,可实时监测网络内垃圾桶的状态信息,并自动对已满或故障垃圾桶发送报警短信,从而有效地提高垃圾清理效率和城市环卫的智能化监管水平,减少人力资源成本。

基于语音识别的智能分类垃圾桶设计

为科学处理大量的生活垃圾,实现垃圾分类,设计了一款基于语音识别的智能分类垃圾桶,利用STC11L08XE单片机,结合具有关键词语列表识别技术的LD3320芯片、舵机等,能够根据相应的语音口令来控制垃圾桶上的舵机,实现垃圾桶盖的自动开合,可不接触垃圾桶就准确分类投放垃圾,具有一定的先进性和实用性。

基于Arduino控制器的校园智能垃圾桶设计

针对校园生活需要,设计一种以Arduino开发板为控制器的智能垃圾桶。主要利用Arduino控制模块、超声波距离检测电路、电容式接近传感器、步进电机、红外传感器电路、控制板、LED点阵屏、语音电路、供电电路、GPS模块和GPRS模块,搭建垃圾桶的硬件电路,通过对单片机的开发以及各模块对比选用、程序调试,实现垃圾桶的功能。试验测试结果表明:该设计能实现垃圾的分类,还附带有语音鼓励、短距离自动跟随、垃圾装满自动提醒收集、箱外广告等多种功能,具有一定的应用价值。

多种识别方式组合的智能分类垃圾桶

设计了一款智能垃圾桶,采用高清摄像头、红外热成像仪、物相分析仪与数据处理设备,并利用机器视觉、热成像分析、物相分析等多种方式进行识别判断,与数据集对比得到垃圾分类结果。然后对多种识别方式的分类结果应用投票算法,利用控制矩阵控制各识别方式判断结果的可信度,从而计算比较得出最终判断结论。这种综合考虑多种识别方式的方法,能够有效提升垃圾分类判断的准确度。