Cross-sectional study of the educational background and trauma knowledge of trainees in the “China trauma care training” program

Background:Since the trauma knowledge of trauma providers correlates with the outcomes of injured patients,this study aims to assess the socio-demographic characteristics and levels of trauma knowledge of trainees in the China trauma care training(CTCT)program in addition to their post-course test results to provide support for the development of trauma care training programs and trauma systems in China.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting demographic information,hospital-related information and trauma knowledge of the trainees from 19 regions in China.All participants were assessed by questionnaires collecting the socio-demographic data,the trauma care knowledge levels and the information of the hospitals.Results:There were 955 males(78.9%)and 256 females(21.1%)enrolled.Among them,854 were physicians(70.5%),357 were registered nurses(29.5%).In addition,64 of them also played an administrative role in the hospitals(5.3%).The score of the trainees who were members of the emergency department staff(72.59±14.13)was the highest among the scores of all the personnel surveyed,followed by those of the trainees from the intensive care unit(ICU)(71.17±12.72),trauma surgery department(67.26±13.81),orthopedics department(70.36±14.48),general surgery department(69.91±14.79)and other departments(69.93±16.91),P=0.031.The score of the professors(73.09±15.05)was higher than those of the associate professors(72.40±14.71),lecturers(70.07±14.25)and teaching assistants(67.58±15.16),P<0.0001.The score of the individuals who attended experts’trauma lectures(72.22±14.45)was higher than that of individuals who did not attend the lectures(69.33±15.17),P=0.001.The mean scores before and after the training were 71.02±14.82 and 84.24±13.77,respectively,P<0.001.The mean score of trauma knowledge after the training of trainees from different provinces and with different educational backgrounds was higher than that before the training,with a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).Conclusions:The level of trauma knowledge of trauma care providers was associated with their department,professional position and previous participation in related academic conferences.Trauma care experience and participation in academic lectures and training program including CTCT may effectively improve individuals’level of trauma knowledge.

Computer-based simulative training system--a new approach to teaching pre-hospital trauma care

Objective:A computer-based STS(simulative training system) in providing pre-hospital trauma care at a disaster site was applied to teaching nursing students in the Second Military Medical University,China.This article reports on the teaching effectiveness of this system.Methods:Among 92 participants,46 were in the study group and 46 were in the 'control' group. Each student completed a multiple-choice quiz after completing 18 hours(six three-hour sessions) of the study module,and a score was recorded.The simulative training module was completed only by the study group;the 'control' group was assigned in-class discussions for the same amount of time covering the same content as the study group.The final course scores,which included both comprehensive and group task-based tests were compared between these two groups.The study used a descriptive and comparative approach for quantitative data analysis.Tests of independency between the multiple choice scores and the simulation scores were also performed.Finally,anonymous surveys were conducted.Results:The study group performed better than the 'control' group with a significantly higher average score for the group scenario task-based test score,and consequently the study group's final course score was significantly higher than the 'control' group.As per chi-square tests,no significant associations were found between the multiple choice scores and the simulated training scores.The final surveys showed students overwhelmingly agreed that STS training improved their knowledge and skills,their ability to recognize a potential critical event, and their initial response for trauma care at pre-hospital settings.The survey responses of the study group were noteworthy as they indicated that students recognized the importance of simulative training,appreciated the realism of the simulation,and were able to fight/adjust to the stressful feelings in order to focus on the task.Conclusion:Computer-based STS may be an effective teaching model to help students improve their capability in providing pre-hospital trauma care,and in their effectiveness in disaster response.

Current trauma care system and trauma care training in China

Trauma is a life-threatening ＂modern disease＂. The outcomes could only be optimized by cost-efficient and prompt trauma care, which embarks on the improvement of essential capacities and conceptual revolution in addition to the disruptive innovation of the trauma care system. According to experiences from the developed countries, systematic trauma care training is the cornerstone of the generalization and the improvement on the trauma care, such as the Advance Trauma Life Support （ATLS）. Currently, the pre-hospital emergency medical services （EMS） has been one of the essential elements of infrastructure of health services in China, which is also fundamental to the trauma care system. Hereby, the China Trauma Care Training （CTCT） with independent intellectual property rights has been initiated and launched by the Chinese Trauma Surgeon Association to extend the up-to-date concepts and techniques in the field of trauma care as well to reinforce the generally well-accepted standardized protocols in the practices. This article reviews the current status of the trauma care system as well as the trauma care training.

Trauma care system in China

With the development of modern society, high-energy trauma has become an increasing tendency, which brings a great challenge for trauma care. A well-running trauma care system that is composed by pre-hospital and in-hospital care has been proved to decrease the death and disability rate of trauma patients. However, establishment of trauma care system in China is still at the initial stage. Trauma care systems in China and developed countries represented by the United States and Germany are introduced respectively in this article. Construction of regional and hierarchical trauma center, training of specific trauma care team and performance of integrative trauma rescue model are recommended in China.

Predisposing factors, clinical assessment, management and outcomes of agitation in the trauma intensive care unit

BACKGROUND: Agitation occurs frequently among critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit(ICU). We aimed to evaluate the frequency, predisposing factors and outcomes of agitation in trauma ICU. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted to include patients who were admitted to the trauma ICU between April 2014 and March 2015. Data included patient's demographics, initial vitals, associated injuries, Ramsey Sedation Scale, Glasgow Coma Scale, head injury lesions, use of sedatives and analgesics, head interventions, ventilator days, and ICU length of stay. Patients were divided into two groups based on the agitation status.RESULTS: A total of 102 intubated patients were enrolled; of which 46(45%) experienced agitation. Patients in the agitation group were 7 years younger, had significantly lower GCS and sustained higher frequency of head injuries(P<0.05). Patients who developed agitation were more likely to be prescribed propofol alone or in combination with midazolam and to have frequent ICP catheter insertion, longer ventilatory days and higher incidence of pneumonia(P<0.05). On multivariate analysis, use of propofol alone(OR=4.97; 95% CI=1.35–18.27), subarachnoid hemorrhage(OR=5.11; 95% CI=1.38–18.91) and ICP catheter insertion for severe head injury(OR=4.23; 95% CI=1.16–15.35) were independent predictors for agitation(P<0.01).CONCLUSION: Agitation is a frequent problem in trauma ICU and is mainly related to the type of sedation and poor outcomes in terms of prolonged mechanical ventilation and development of nosocomial pneumonia. Therefore, understanding the main predictors of agitation facilitates early risk-stratification and development of better therapeutic strategies in trauma patients.

Traumatic brain injury and palliative care:a retrospective analysis of 49 patients receiving palliative care during 2013–2016 in Turkey

Traumatic brain injury（TBI）,which is seen more in young adults,affects both patients and their families.The need for palliative care in TBI and the limits of the care requirement are not clear.The aim of this study was to investigate the length of stay in the palliative care center（PCC）,Turkey,the status of patients at discharge,and the need for palliative care in patients with TBI.The medical records of 49 patients with TBI receiving palliative care in PCC during 2013–2016 were retrospectively collected,including age and gender of patients,the length of stay in PCC,the cause of TBI,diagnosis,Glasgow Coma Scale score,Glas gow Outcome Scale score,Karnofsky Performance Status score,mobilization status,nutrition route（oral,percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy）,pressure ulcers,and discharge status.These patients were aged 45.4 ± 20.2 years.The median length of stay in the PCC was 34.0 days.These included TBI patients had a Glasg ow Coma Scale score ≤ 8,were not mobilized,received tracheostomy and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy nutrition,and had pressure ulcers.No difference was found between those who were discharged to their home or other places（rehabilitation centre,intensive care unit and death） in respect of mobilization,percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy,tracheostomy and pressure ulcers.TBI patients who were followed up in PCC were determined to be relatively young patients（45.4 ± 20.2 years） with mobilization and nutrition problems and pressure ulcer formation.As TBI patients have complex health conditions that require palliative care from the time of admittance to intensive care unit,provision of palliative care services should be integrated with clinical applications.

Surgeon-performed point-of-care ultrasound in severe eye trauma: Report of two cases

The indications of point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS) in the management of multiple trauma patients have been expanding. Although computed tomography(CT) scan of the orbit remains the gold standard for imaging orbital trauma, ultrasound is a quick, safe, and portable tool that can be performed bedside. Here we report two patients who had severe eye injuries with major visual impairment where surgeon-performed POCUS was very useful. One had a foreign body injury while the other had blunt trauma. POCUS was done using a linear probe under sterile conditions with minimum pressure on the eyes. Ultrasound showed a foreign body at the back of the left eye globe touching the eye globe in the first patient, and was normal in the second patient. Workup using CT scan, fundsocopy, optical coherence tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits confirmed these findings. The first patient had vitreous and sub retinal haemorrhage and a full thickness macular hole of the left eye, while the second had traumatic optic neuropathy. POCUS gave accurate information concerning severe eye injuries. Trauma surgeons and emergency physicians should be trained in performing ocular ultrasound for eye injuries.

Child Abuse during the Pandemic and Trauma-Informed Care: A Review of Evidence-Based Literature

Abuse of infants and children is a public health problem that warrants immediate attention. It is estimated that over 7 million children are affected by child abuse yearly, with the highest rate of abuse in those less than one year of age. Approximately 60% of child abuse victims are children under the age of three years, making infants and young children a particularly vulnerable population. Interventions targeting the perinatal period can be effective in mitigating child abuse, including parent education programs and trauma-informed care services. This paper provides an overview of the current evidence base related to child abuse following the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on prevention and intervention strategies that can be utilized to increase caregiver support and reduce child abuse rates during the perinatal period.

Intensive care organisation: Should there be a separate intensive care unit for critically injured patients?

In the last two decennia, the mixed population general intensive care unit(ICU) with a "closed format" setting has gained in favour compared to the specialized critical care units with an "open format" setting. However, there are still questions whether surgical patients benefit from a general mixed ICU. Trauma is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Major or severe trauma requiring immediate surgical intervention and/or intensive care treatment. The role and type of the ICU has received very little attention in the literature when analyzing outcomes from critical injuries. Severely injured patients require the years of experience in complex trauma care that only a surgery/trauma ICU can provide. Should a trauma center have the capability of a separate specialized ICU for trauma patients("closed format") next to its standard general mixed ICU?

Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients:A descriptive analysis

BACKGROUND:We sought to evaluate the risk factors for developing ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP)and whether the location of intubation posed a risk in trauma patients.METHODS:Data were retrospectively reviewed for adult trauma patients requiring intubation for>48 hours,admitted between 2010 and 2013.Patients’demographics,clinical presentations and outcomes were compared according to intubation location(prehospital intubation[PHI]vs.trauma room[TRI])and presence vs.absence of VAP.Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of VAP.RESULTS:Of 471 intubated patients,332 patients met the inclusion criteria(124 had PHI and208 had TRI)with a mean age of 30.7±14.8 years.PHI group had lower GCS(P=0.001),respiratory rate(P=0.001),and higher frequency of head(P=0.02)and chest injuries(P=0.04).The rate of VAP in PHI group was comparable to the TRI group(P=0.60).Patients who developed VAP were 6 years older,had significantly lower GCS and higher ISS,head AIS,and higher rates of polytrauma.The overall mortality was 7.5%,and was not associated with intubation location or pneumonia rates.In the early-VAP group,gram-positive pathogens were more common,while gram-negative microorganisms were more frequently encountered in the late VAP group.Logistic regression analysis and modeling showed that the impact of the location of intubation in predicting the risk of VAP appeared only when chest injury was included in the models.CONCLUSION:In trauma,the risk of developing VAP is multifactorial.However,the location of intubation and presence of chest injury could play an important role.

Difficulties Experienced in Trauma Nursing Practice by Expert Emergency Nurses in Japan

The objective of this study was to determine the difficulties experienced in trauma nursing practice by expert emergency nurses in Japan. Ten nurses who worked at emergency and critical care centers in Japan were directly involved in nursing patients were selected by purposive sampling and underwent semi-structured interviews regarding the difficulties they experienced in trauma nursing. The nurses were specialists in critical care nursing or were certified emergency nurses. The interview responses were analyzed by the qualitative descriptive method. The following six categories of difficulties associated with the direct care of trauma patients and their family members encountered in trauma nursing practice were identified: [Initial handling of highly urgent trauma patients], [Understanding and observing the condition of patients who are in the treatment stage], [Judging when to transition to end-stage care for patients difficult to save], [Mitigating suffering and expanding safe activities of daily living for trauma patients], [Transitional care with a long-term perspective for trauma patients], and [Relationships with the family members of patients who died]. Three categories of difficulties related to the role of the expert nurse in trauma nursing practice were identified: [Person-to-person coordination and cooperation for a trauma patient], [Playing an educational role for the nursing staff], and [Pursuing expertise in trauma nursing and gaining empirical knowledge]. The findings suggested a need to establish systems for training and consultative support and opportunities to create meaning by reflecting on fulfillment and nursing practice.

基于全流程仿真创伤救治模拟演练下的县域医院创伤救治现状分析

目的通过仿真创伤全流程早期救治模拟演练分析我国县域医院创伤救治能力现状。方法2018年7月—2022年7月在全国40家县域医院举办了中国创伤救治培训基层版(China trauma training basic,CTCT?-B),培训包括仿真的创伤早期全流程救治模拟演练。本研究对演练中创伤院前急救、院前院内信息联动、院内早期评估与处置、院内救治模式和流程、影响救治结局因素等进行归纳统计分析。结果40家县域医院,其中二级医院29家,三级医院11家;院前急救模式:依托型32家,指挥型6家,独立型2家;院前急救能力方面:院前规范处置31家,不规范处置7家,不处置2家;院前院内信息联动方面:电话/微信24家,院前急救系统8家,中国创伤联盟紫云系统6家,无信息交互2家;院内交接和早期评估:能够按照创伤救治规范化培训要求进行评估和处置23家,不规范17家;创伤救治模式方面:以急诊科为主导的多学科会诊模式34家,创伤科主导的创伤救治模式4家,专科主导多学科会诊模式2家;实体创伤病房6家,急诊病房23家,无病房11家;40名模拟创伤患者16人死亡,其余存活,死亡原因为早期评估和处置不规范,输血流程不合理、创伤相关核心技术缺乏,有效运行的创伤多学科团队缺乏。结论县域创伤救治过程中存在创伤早期评估和核心技术不足、缺乏院内高效的多学科救治团队、创伤集中收治模式尚未普及等问题,亟须重视解决。

血凝酶用于多发性创伤患者院前急救的价值分析

目的探讨血凝酶用于多发性创伤患者院前急救的价值。方法选取2019年4月至2022年4月北京急救中心收治的104例多发性创伤患者作为研究对象,根据患者是否应用血凝酶分为观察组(常规院前急救并应用血凝酶治疗,n=52)与对照组(常规院前急救治疗,n=52)。比较2组患者的止血时间、平均出血量、单位面积出血,比较2组患者治疗前后的血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(HCT)、血小板聚集率(PAR)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、D-二聚体(D-D)、抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)、组织型纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1),比较2组患者的并发症、不良反应。结果观察组止血时间、平均出血量、单位面积出血均少于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后2组Hb、HCT、PAR水平低于治疗前,观察组高于对照组(P<0.05);2组患者治疗前后,PT、APTT、FIB、D-D、PAI-1、AT-Ⅲ、t-PA水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,2组患者并发症总发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组病死率低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组不良反应发生率为5.77%,对照组不良反应发生率为0,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=3.089,P=0.079)。结论多发性创伤患者院前急救应用血凝酶可减少出血量,对患者的凝血和纤维蛋白溶解功能无影响,安全性良好,有利于患者预后的改善。

可视化信息交互系统在严重创伤患者院前急救中的效果评价

目的探讨可视化信息交互系统在严重创伤患者院前急救中的应用效果评价。方法回顾性分析2020年10月1日—2021年9月30日陕西省人民医院院前急救科未使用可视化信息系统的112例患者作为对照组,实施常规院前急救,男性78例,女性34例;年龄18~74岁,平均43.1岁;道路交通伤81例,高处坠落伤16例,刀砍伤12例,爆炸伤3例。2021年10月1日—2022年9月30日的107例患者作为观察组,应用可视化信息交互系统,该系统包含院前急诊可视化、救护车版、急诊室版、医护版、实现信息共享及数据沉淀,完成质控数据上报国家创伤医学中心。观察组应用该系统进行院前院内患者信息传输、病情评估衔接及院前病历书写,男性75例,女性32例;年龄18~74岁,平均44.9岁;道路交通伤79例,高处坠落伤15例,刀砍伤10例,爆炸伤3例。比较两组患者院前院内衔接相关指标、抢救效率相关指标、院前病历完成情况和并发症情况。结果观察组院前诊断时间、院内预警准备时间、院内交接时间短于对照组[(5.0±1.7)min vs.(7.9±1.8)min、11(8,14)min vs.18(16,19)min、(3.3±0.9)minvs.(4.7±1.3)min,P均<0.05],而到达院内时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组的急救成功率明显高于对照组(93.5%vs.87.5%,P<0.001);观察组的急诊手术准备时间、院前病历完成时间明显短于对照组,病历完整度明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组患者失血性休克和多器官功能障碍综合征并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但急性呼吸窘迫综合征发生率观察组明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论可视化信息交互平台的使用,可提升严重创伤院前救治效果,院前院内衔接顺畅,可提高严重创伤救治成功率,降低并发症发生率,改善院前病历质量。

Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery as a Less-Invasive Management for Acute Hemothorax in Blunt Trauma

Purpose: We report our experience of Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) to treat acute blunt traumatic hemothorax using mini-thoracotomy. Methods: We designed a prospective study to determine if VATS with mini-thoracotomy benefits for patients with blunt traumatic hemothorax compared with conventional repair through full thoracotomy. Twenty-five patients underwent emergency operation for acute hemothorax from 2000. Five patients with less than 5% probability of survival (PS) were excluded, leaving 20 as the subjects. Results: Ten patients underwent conventional thoracotomy (conventional group) and the other 10 patients underwent VATS with mini-thoracotomy (VATS group). There was no difference between conventional group and VATS group in injury severity score (29.1 and 27.0) or PS (81.2% and 80.7%). Hospital mortality rates were 10% in conventional group and 0% in VATS group (N.S). Total amounts of intra-operative bleeding and post-operative transfusion until day 7 were 735 ml and 19.3 units in conventional group and 303 ml and 9.2 units in VATS group respectively (N.S). The length of ICU stay was 9.7 days in conventional group and 5.9 days in VATS group (N.S). Conclusion: VATS with mini-thoracotomy can be alternative for patients with blunt traumatic hemothorax in most emergency operations.

Prognostic Factors to Reduce ICU Overtriage in Elderly Patients with Isolated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Introduction: Elderly patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are frequently admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU), which is potentially both harmful and unnecessary. It is not known which patients may be safely observed in a non-ICU setting, potentially improving ICU utilization. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that predict which geriatric patients with traumatic brain injury may be admitted to a level of care other than the ICU. Methods: Adults ≥65+ years admitted with positive radiologic study demonstrating isolated mTBI (defined as Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 13 - 15) that was initially managed nonoperatively between January 2011-December 2016 were identified. Primary outcomes evaluated included over triage and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Results: 207 were identified. Most patients presented with GCS 15 (77.8%) and were admitted to ICU (85.5%). 27% (n = 55) met overtriage criteria. The most common TBI was subdural hemorrhage (SDH) (48.8%) followed by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) (22.2%). Hemorrhage progression developed in 8.7% of subjects, but there was no difference across TBI type. 21.7% of patients developed a ≥2 point decrease in GCS during their hospital stay. Upon discharge, 89.9% had a GOS ≥ 4 - 5. Presence/type of a single intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) was not significantly associated with outcome, but presence of bilateral or multiple lesions was significantly associated with poor outcome (p = 0.04). Conclusions: Overtriage of patients to an ICU is costly, resource intensive, and avoidable. Here, we suggest a conservative framework to assist the determination of which patients can be safely observed in non-ICU setting. Future studies should determine if this framework is generalizable to the entire geriatric population who present with mTBI.

教师联合同伴反馈的实践合作学习模式在创伤护士救护技能培训中的应用

目的 探索基于实践合作学习模式的教师反馈联合同伴反馈在创伤护士救护技能培训中的应用效果。方法 按培训时间将创伤护士分为两组,2023年6-9月参加中国创伤救治培训护理版课程培训的护士514人为对照组,7-10月参加培训的护士510人为试验组。对照组按常规进行创伤救护技能培训,试验组实施基于实践合作学习模式的教师反馈联合同伴反馈的培训方法。培训结束后,对参加培训的创伤护士进行创伤救护知识考核,对试验组进行创伤急救团队配合技能考核,对28名学员进行课后座谈以了解应用效果。结果 试验组创伤救护知识考核成绩显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验组创伤急救团队配合技能考核总分为85.41±8.68;座谈显示,学员认为此培训形式新颖,可使成员熟悉并掌握创伤急救团队配合流程,团队配合顺畅,但感觉培训压力较大。结论 基于实践合作学习模式的教师反馈联合同伴反馈的创伤救护技能培训,能提高创伤护士创伤救护知识,更好地掌握团队配合技能。

精细化阶段式带教在急诊创伤中心护理实习教学中的应用

目的探讨精细化阶段式带教在急诊创伤中心护理实习教学中的效果。方法随机选取2021年1—6月于南通大学附属医院急诊创伤中心实习的31名护生作为常规组,采用常规带教法。随机选取2021年7—12月于南通大学附属医院急诊创伤中心实习的31名护生作为研究组,采用精细化阶段式带教。分析并比较2组实习护生的理论知识考核成绩、技能操作考核成绩及临床带教满意度。结果研究组的技能操作成绩为(84.6±1.5)分,高于常规组的(75.4±1.8)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。研究组的理论知识考核成绩为(88.9±1.6)分,高于常规组的(76.9±1.2)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。研究组护生的带教总满意度为93.55%,高于常规组的70.97%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在急诊创伤中心临床护理实习教学中应用精细化阶段式带教能够提高实习护生的理论知识水平以及实践操作能力,且实习护生对临床带教的总体满意度较高。

创伤性伤口患者居家带伤洗浴方案的构建与初步验证研究

背景创伤是一种发生率高、耗费大的全球性健康问题,预防和控制感染是创伤性伤口处理的一大挑战,而创伤后长时间不进行皮肤清洗在影响舒适度的同时也增加伤口感染的发生率。尽管很多患者创伤后有洗浴的意愿,然而何时洗浴、如何洗浴尚不明确,因此,构建适宜的带伤洗浴方案对保持皮肤和伤口清洁十分必要。目的构建适合我国创伤性伤口患者使用的居家带伤洗浴方案,为保持创伤患者的皮肤清洁、改善伤口愈合结局提供可行的护理方案。方法检索国内外数据库获取原始文献,通过循证分析、归纳、小组讨论,形成创伤性伤口患者居家带伤洗浴方案的条目初稿。纳入15名副高职称以上的伤口护理专家,采用德尔菲专家函询法修改和完善带伤洗浴方案,每轮函询间隔1周,采用专家积极系数和权威系数评价函询结果的可靠性,采用变异系数评价函询结果的一致性,当变异系数<0.25时表示专家意见趋于一致,停止函询,形成修改稿。纳入门诊创伤性伤口患者30例进行预试验,采用Likert 5级评分验证带伤洗浴方案的便利性、安全性和患者依从性,讨论修改后形成最终方案。结果纳入23篇相关文献,循证分析、讨论后形成了“洗浴前准备”“洗浴操作”“洗浴后处理”3个一级条目、7个二级条目、9个三级条目和4个四级条目的创伤性伤口患者居家带伤洗浴方案初稿。15位专家进行2轮函询后意见趋于一致,两轮问卷回收率分别为93.75%和100.00%,权威系数分别为0.947和0.957。第一轮各条目重要性和可操作性变异系数分别为0~0.25、0~0.23,第二轮各条目重要性和可操作性变异系数分别为0.09~0.18、0.07~0.14,共删除条目2个,修改条目5个,新增条目2个,形成了修改稿。预试验验证结果:30例创伤性伤口患者依从洗浴方案每周洗浴(2.70±0.47)次,每次洗浴时间10~15 min,便利性评分(4.67±0.48)分,依从性评分(4.70±0.47)分,未发生与洗浴有关的不良事件及洗浴有关的伤口感染。预试验证明洗浴方案安全可靠、简单便利,患者依从性好,最终形成包括3个一级条目、8个二级条目、9个三级条目和3个四级条目的创伤性伤口患者居家带伤洗浴方案终稿。结论本研究构建创伤性伤口患者居家带伤洗浴方案过程中,专家积极系数和权威系数高,获得了函询专家的一致认可。预试验中30例创伤性伤口患者的依从性高,带伤洗浴方案安全、便利,可用于我国创伤性伤口患者居家带伤洗浴。

Characteristics of postintensive care syndrome in survivors of pediatric critical illness: A systematic review

AIM To synthesize the available evidence focusing on morbidities in pediatric survivors of critical illness that fall within the defined construct of postintensive care syndrome(PICS) in adults, including physical, neurocognitive and psychological morbidities.METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Psyc INFO, and CINAHL using controlled vocabulary and key word terms to identify studies reporting characteristics of PICS in pediatric intensive care unit(PICU) patients. Two reviewers independently screened all titles and abstracts and performed data extraction. From the 3176 articles identified in the search, 252 abstracts were identified for full text review and nineteen were identified for inclusion in the review. All studies reporting characteristics of PICS in PICU patients were included in the final synthesis. RESULTS Nineteen studies meeting inclusion criteria published between 1995 and 2016 were identified and categorized into studies reporting morbidities in each of three categories-physical, neurocognitive and psychological. The majority of included articles reported prospective cohort studies, and there was significant variability in the outcome measures utilized. A synthesis of the studies indicate that morbidities encompassing PICS are well-described in children who have survived critical illness, often resolving over time. Risk factors for development of these morbidities include younger age, lower socioeconomic status, increased number of invasive procedures or interventions, type of illness, and increased benzodiazepine andnarcotic administration.CONCLUSION PICS-related morbidities impact a significant proportion of children discharged from PICUs. In order to further define PICS in children, more research is needed using standardized tools to better understand the scope and natural history of morbidities after hospital discharge. Improving our understanding of physical, neurocognitive, and psychological morbidities after critical illness in the pediatric population is imperative for designing interventions to improve long-term outcomes in PICU patients.