Treadmill exercise improves hippocampal neural plasticity and relieves cognitive deficits in a mouse model of epilepsy

Epilepsy frequently leads to cognitive dysfunction and approaches to treatment remain limited.Although regular exercise effectively improves learning and memory functions across multiple neurological diseases,its application in patients with epilepsy remains controversial.Here,we adopted a 14-day treadmill-exercise paradigm in a pilocarpine injection-induced mouse model of epilepsy.Cognitive assays confirmed the improvement of object and spatial memory after endurance training,and electrophysiological studies revealed the maintenance of hippocampal plasticity as a result of physical exercise.Investigations of the mechanisms underlying this effect revealed that exercise protected parvalbumin interneurons,probably via the suppression of neuroinflammation and improved integrity of blood-brain barrier.In summary,this work identified a previously unknown mechanism through which exercise improves cognitive rehabilitation in epilepsy.

Enhancement of motor functional recovery in thoracic spinal cord injury: voluntary wheel running versus forced treadmill exercise

Spinal cord injury necessitates effective rehabilitation strategies, with exercise therapies showing promise in promoting recovery. This study investigated the impact of rehabilitation exercise on functional recovery and morphological changes following thoracic contusive spinal cord injury. After a 7-day recovery period after spinal cord injury, mice were assigned to either a trained group(10 weeks of voluntary running wheel or forced treadmill exercise) or an untrained group. Bi-weekly assessments revealed that the exercise-trained group, particularly the voluntary wheel exercise subgroup, displayed significantly improved locomotor recovery, more plasticity of dopaminergic and serotonin modulation compared with the untrained group. Additionally, exercise interventions led to gait pattern restoration and enhanced transcranial magnetic motor-evoked potentials. Despite consistent injury areas across groups, exercise training promoted terminal innervation of descending axons. In summary, voluntary wheel exercise shows promise for enhancing outcomes after thoracic contusive spinal cord injury, emphasizing the role of exercise modality in promoting recovery and morphological changes in spinal cord injuries. Our findings will influence future strategies for rehabilitation exercises, restoring functional movement after spinal cord injury.

Treadmill exercise exerts a synergistic effect with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on neuronal apoptosis and synaptic-axonal remodeling

Treadmill exercise and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation are both practical and effective methods for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.However,whether there is a synergistic effect between the two remains unclear.In this study,we established rat models of ischemia/reperfusion injury by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 2 hours and reperfusion for 24 hours.Rat models were perfused with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes(MSC-exos)via the tail vein and underwent 14 successive days of treadmill exercise.Neurological assessment,histopathology,and immunohistochemistry results revealed decreased neuronal apoptosis and cerebral infarct volume,evident synaptic formation and axonal regeneration,and remarkably recovered neurological function in rats subjected to treadmill exercise and MSC-exos treatment.These effects were superior to those in rats subjected to treadmill exercise or MSC-exos treatment alone.Mechanistically,further investigation revealed that the activation of JNK1/c-Jun signaling pathways regulated neuronal apoptosis and synaptic-axonal remodeling.These findings suggest that treadmill exercise may exhibit a synergistic effect with MSC-exos treatment,which may be related to activation of the JNK1/c-Jun signaling pathway.This study provides novel theoretical evidence for the clinical application of treadmill exercise combined with MSC-exos treatment for ischemic cerebrovascular disease.

Treadmill training improves neurological deficits and suppresses neuronal apoptosis in cerebral ischemic stroke rats

RehabilNation training is believed to be beneficial to patients with stroke, but its molecular mechanism is still unclear. Rat models of cerebral ischemic stroke were established by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion, and then received treadmill training of different intens让ies, twice a day for 30 minutes for 1 week. Low-intensity training was conducted at 5 m/min, with a 10-minute running, 10-minute rest, and 10-minute running cycle. In the moderate-intensity training, the intensity gradually increased from 5 m/min to 10 m/min in 5 minutes, with the same rest cycle as above. In high-intensity training, the intensity gradually increased from 5 m/min to 25 m/min in 5 minutes, with the same rest cycle as above. The Bederson scale was used to evaluate the improvement of motor function. Infarct volume was detected using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining was applied to detect the apoptosis of nerve cells in brain tissue. Western blot assay was employed to analyze the activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A and Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3卩 signaling pathways in rat brain tissue. All training intensities reduced the neurological deficit score, infarct volume, and apoptosis in nerve cells in brain tissue of stroke rats. Training intensities activated the cAMP/protein kinase A and Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta signaling pathways. This activation was more obvious with higher training intensities. These changes were reversed by intracerebroventricular injection of protein kinase A inhibitor Rp-cAMP. Our findings indicate that the neuroprotective effect of rehabilitation training is achieved via activation of the cAMP/ protein kinase A and Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta signaling pathways. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Animal Experimentation in Shanghai No. 8 Peoples Hospital, China.

Regional cerebral blood flow imaging assessment of brain function reconstruction in elderly hemiplegia patients by body weight support treadmill training

The mechanism underlying body weight support treadmill training in elderly hemiplegic stroke patients is largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the changes of cortical blood flow in seven elderly patients with post-stroke hemiplegia before and after body weight support treadmill training by semi-quantitative analysis of regional cerebral blood flow assessed by single photon emission computed tomography. Body weight support treadmill training for 6 months was effective in improving cerebral blood flow and promoting the walking speed and balance recovery in elderly patients with post-stroke hemiplegia.

Inhalation of shin-I essential oil enhances lactate clearance in treadmill exercise

Objective:To evaluate the effect of Shin-I essential oil inhalation on blood lactate changes in rats subjected to treadmill exercise.Methods:Adult male Sprague Dawley rats(n=12) were randomly divided into the control or the Shin—1 group.Rats were subjected to a treadmill exercise program(15 m/min for 30 mim.After exercise,rats were exposed to 200 ui.of water or Shin—I essential oil.res|ieclively.using a nebulizer for 180 min during the recovery period.Blood samples were collected every 15 min.Blood glucose and lactate concentrations were determined in a CMA 600 analyzer.Results:The basal glucose and lactate levels wen? no significantly different between two groups.After exercise,glucose levels were slightly increased to about 110%-120%of the basal level in both groups.lactate levels of both groups reached to 110%-140%of basal levels during exercise.In the recovery period,lactate levels further increased to 180%of the basal level and were maintained at a plateau in the control group.However,lactate levels gradually decreased to 609—657 of the basal level in the Shin-I group.Lactate clearance was significantly enhanceil after Shin-I essential oil inhalation.Conclusions:Our results provide evidence that Shin-I essential oil inhalation may accelerate recovery after exercise in rats.

Dynamic biomechanical effect of lower body positive pressure treadmill training for hemiplegic gait rehabilitation after stroke: A case report

BACKGROUND Lower body positive pressure(LBPP)treadmill has potential applications for improving the gait of patients after stroke,but the related mechanism remains unclear.CASE SUMMARY A 62-year-old male patient suffered from ischemic stroke with hemiplegic gait.He was referred to our hospital because of a complaint of left limb weakness for 2 years.The LBPP training was performed one session per day and six times per week for 2 wk.The dynamic plantar pressure analysis was taken every 2 d.Meanwhile,three-digital gait analysis and synchronous electromyography as well as clinical assessments were taken before and after LBPP intervention and at the 4-wk follow-up.During LBPP training,our patient not only improved his lower limb muscle strength and walking speed,but more importantly,the symmetry index of various biomechanical indicators improved.Moreover,the patient’s planter pressure transferring from the heel area to toe area among the LBPP training process and the symmetry of lower body biomechanical parameters improved.CONCLUSION In this study,we documented a dynamic improvement of gait performance in a stroke patient under LBPP training,which included lower limb muscle strength,walking speed,and symmetry of lower limb biomechanics.Our study provides some crucial clues about the potential dynamic mechanism for LBPP training on gait and balance improvement,which is related to rebuilding foot pressure distribution and remodeling symmetry of biomechanics of the lower limb.

TWO METHODS TO IMPROVE THE ACCURACY OF TREADMILL EXERCISE TESTING──ANALYSIS OF 147 CASESIN CONTRAST WITH CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY

objective To study how to improve the accuracy of treadmill exercise testing(TET).Methods TET was performed before coronary angiography (CAG) for 147 subjects admitted into our departmentbecause of suspicion of angina or coronary artery disease (CAD), then: (1) Every subject was inquired about hissymptoms and physically examined in detail before the testing. Chest pain was divided into ischemic (ICP) ornon - ischemic (NICP) pattern. (2) Informations got from TET, like angina, ST segment depression, and SPB ratio,were analyzed in detail. Results (1) When the patients showed chest pain of ICP pattern and positive TETresults, the sensitivity of TET would be 95%, for patients with NICP chest pain, the negative result of TET meansthat their coronary arteries is normal with the accurate possibility of 98%. (2) By our new criteria of TET, thesensitivity and specificity of TET were 89% and 95% respectively, both higher than those in theliterature. Conclusion in this report, we found TET was more sensitive and accurate if we knew the symptomsprior, especially in detail the characteristics of chest pain, and consider different parameters in combination.

Urinary corticosterone and normetanephrine levels after voluntary wheel and forced treadmill running in the db/db mouse

Exercise is recommended for the treatment of type 2 diabetes because of its benefits on body weight and glycemic control. Our recent work using the db/db mouse, a model that mimics the phenotype of type 2 diabetes, demonstrated that forced treadmill training exerted detrimental effects on obesity, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. We investigated whether this response is explained by increased corticosterone and norepinephrine secretion, measured as urinary byproducts, since these hormones are known to alter glucose homeostasis. Male db/db mice and lean littermates serving as controls, were assigned to sedentary, voluntary wheel, and forced treadmill training groups for a period of 5 weeks. After 5 weeks of treadmill running, db/db mice remained hyperglycemic compared to sedentary db/db mice and were hyperinsulinemic compared to db/db voluntary runners. Urine glucose and corticosterone levels were also highest in db/db treadmill runners compared to all groups. Urine normetanephrine levels, although lower in db/db mice compared to control mice, were increased after treadmill running. Our results indicate that treadmill running leads to perturbations in plasma levels of hormones associated with glucose homeostasis. A greater stress response may be invoked by treadmill training, worsening glycemic control in this model of type 2 diabetes.

Low-intensity Treadmill Exercise Promotes Rat Dorsal Wound Healing

In order to investigate the promoting effect of low-intensity treadmill exercise on rat dorsal wound healing and the mechanism, 20 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups： exercise group（Ex） and non-exercise group（non-ex）. The rats in Ex group were given treadmill exercise for one month, and those in non-ex group raised on the same conditions without treadmill exercise. Both groups received dorsal wound operation with free access to food and water. By two-week continuous observation and recording of the wound area, the healing rate was analyzed. The blood sample was collected at day 14 post-operation via cardiac puncture for determination of the number of endothelial progenitor cells（EPCs） by flow cytometry, and the concentrations of relevant cytokines such as basic fibroblast growth factor（b FGF）, endothelial nitric oxide synthase（e NOS） and vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF） were measured by ELISA. The skin tissue around the wound was dissected to observe the vascular density under the microscope after HE staining, to detect the m RNA level of VEGFR2 and angiopoietin-1（Ang-1） receptor using RT-q PCR, and protein expression of α-smooth muscle actin（αSMA） and type collagenⅢ（ColⅢ） using Western blotting. It was found that the wound area in Ex group was smaller at the same time point than in non-ex group. The number of circulating EPCs was greater and the concentrations of vasoactive factors such as VEGF, e NOS and b FGF were higher in Ex group than in non-ex group. HE staining displayed a higher vessel density in Ex group than in non-ex group. Moreover, the m RNA expression of VEGFR2 and Ang-1 detected in the wound tissue in Ex group was higher than in non-ex group. Meanwhile, the protein expression of αSMA and Col Ⅲwas more abundant in Ex group than in non-ex group. Conclusively, the above results demonstrate Ex rats had a higher wound healing rate, suggesting low-intensity treadmill exercise accelerates wound healing. The present work may provide some hint for future study of treating refractory wound.

A novel MAV with treadmill motion of wing

The Magnus effect is well known phenomena for producing high lift values from spinning symmetrical geometries such as cylinders, spheres, or disks. But, the Magnus force may also be produced by treadmill motion of aerodynamic bodies. To accomplish this, the skin of aerodynamic bodies may circulate with a constant circumferential speed. Here, a novel wing with treadmill motion of skin is introduced which may generate lift at zero air speeds. The new wing may lead to micro aerial vehicle configurations for vertical take-off or landing. To prove the concept, the NACA0015 aerofoil section with circulating skin is computationally investigated. Two cases of stationary air and moving air are studied. It is observed that lift can be generated in stationary air although drag force is also high. For moving air, the lift and drag forces may be adopted between the incidence angles 20° to 25° where lift can posses high values and drag can remain moderate.

Visfatin Gene Responses to 8 Weeks of Treadmill Running with or without <i>Pistachio atlantica</i>Liquid Extraction in Female Rat Tissues

Visfatin, a novel adipokine, was revealed to be associated with obesity and to have insulin mimetic effect that is highly expressed in visceral adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to determine the liver and kidney visfatin relative gene expression. Twenty wistar rats (6-8 weeks old and 125-135 g weight) were used. Animals were randomly assigned into saline-control (SC), saline-training (ST), and Baneh-control (BC), and Baneh-training (BT). Training groups was given exercise on a motor-driven treadmill at 25 m/min (0% grade) for 60 min/day and 5 days/week for eight weeks. Subjects were fed oral, with Baneh extraction and saline for four weeks. Visfatin relative gene expression was detected by Real-time PCR method. Also plasma was collected for glucose measurements. Results demonstrated that Baneh extraction significantly increase visfatin relative gene expression in liver (P < 0.002) and increase not significantly in kidney tissue. Exercise training significantly reduce visfatin relative gene expression in liver (P < 0.042), and reduce not significantly in kidney tissue. Plasma and liver glucose level increases by Baneh. Exercise training decreses visfatin relative gene expression and Baneh increases visfatin relative gene expression in liver and kidney. Also Baneh can increases plasma glucose and liver glucose and glycogen concentration probably due to high fatty acid and component.

Angiographic Profile and Treadmill Test Relationship of Women with Chest Pain Suggestive of Coronary Artery Disease

Aim: The aim of present study was to analyze the prevalence and pattern of coronary artery disease (CAD) among women who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) and Treadmill Test (TMT). Methods: A total of 100 consecutive women patients for coronary angiogram were studied at Department of Cardiology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India on over a period of 6 months from February 2008. Total 65 women completed TMT stress test. The patients were subjected to CAG and TMT. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 20.0 software. Results: A total of 100 women patients were included. Among that 66% patients had hypertension and 47% patients had diabetes mellitus. The CAG revealed the presence of 17%, 13% and 15% of single vessel disease, double vessel disease, and triple vessel disease respectively. Vessel involvements were notably higher in positive TMT values during stress test. The sensitivity and specificity of TMT for detecting coronary artery disease in women were 61% and 69% respectively. Conclusion: It is concluded that, the findings of the present study effectively demonstrated higher predictive value of TMT in women with chest pain suggestive of CAD.

Metabolic Response of Diabetic Patients with Obesity and No Obesity during Bruce Treadmill Test

Background: Physical exercise alters many biochemical parameters of human body. For that reason, it is recommended as a cure for many diseases of modern life like obesity and diabetics. This study investigates the biochemical and hormonal changes in diabetic, hypertensive and obese individuals after Bruce treadmill tests of different durations and intensities. Method: Our sample consisted of 59 individuals, divided into four groups: A: 12 normal body-weight diabetics, B: 11 overweight diabetics, C: 14 normal body-weight non-diabetics and D: 22 overweight non-diabetics. 66.1% of them were men. The comparisons were done between: 1) Diabetics versus non-diabetics;2) Over-weight versus normal body-weight persons;3) Over-weight diabetics versus normal weight diabetics;4) Over-weight non-diabetics versus normal body-weight non-diabetics of 5) Hypertensives versus non-hypertensives. All individuals performed an intense, short duration treadmill exercise test, independently of the presence or not of DM2, hypertension and obesity. Results: The participants with DM2 (obese and non-obese) had decreased levels of glucose, triglycerides and TSH (P Conclusion: Our results proved that the physical exercise, even if it has short duration like that of the Bruce test, has beneficial results in persons with DM2, obesity and arterial hypertension, as well as in normal persons.

QRS Prolongation as an Indicator of Risk of lschemic Ventricular Arrhythmia in Treadmill Exercise Test

Objective:The clinical value of QRS prolngation as a indicator of risk ofischemic ventricular arthythmia induced by exercise in the patient withischemic heart disease.Methods:17 case patients with ventricular arthythmias were studiedbefore and after myocardial revascularization.These results werecompared with 19 control patients with no ventricular arrhythmia.Theresting and peak exercise electrocardiogram were examined with respectto QRS duration,ST-segment depression,and JT intervals.Result:The QRS duration at rest was similar in case and control patientsand increased significantly with exercise in both groups.However,theQRS prolongation was larger in the case group.In both groups,the QRSprolongation was associated with significant ST-segment depression.TheQRS prolongation】15msec predicted ischimia-related ventriculararrhythmia in 73% of the patients.After myocardial revascularization,there were no QRS prolongation with exercise in either group.Conclusion:QRS prolongation】14msec may be a useful indicator of riskof ischemic ventricular arrhythmia related to exercise in the patients withtschemie heart disease.

Gait improvement after treadmill training in ischemic stroke survivors A critical review of functional MRI studies

Stroke survivors often present with abnormal gait, movement training can improve the walking performance post-stroke, and functional MRI can objectively evaluate the brain functions before and after movement training. This paper analyzes the functional MRI changes in patients with ischemic stroke after treadmill training with voluntary and passive ankle dorsiflexion. Functional MRI showed that there are some changes in some regions of patients with ischemic stroke including primary sensorimotor cortex, supplementary motor area and cingulate motor area after treadmill training. These findings suggest that treadmill training likely improves ischemic stroke patients＇ lower limb functions and gait performance and promotes stroke recovery by changing patients＇ brain plasticity; meanwhile, the novel treadmill training methods can better training effects.

Design of BLDCM Driving and Control System for Motorized Treadmill

To satisfy the requirement of developing a new generation of motorized treadmill for a famous domestic manufacturer, a brushless DC motor （BLDCM） driving and control system for motorized treadmill is developed. High integration and reliability of this system are ensured under the condition that intelligent power module （IPM） is used and the protection module is included. Periodic current control method is applied to reduce the average current flowing through the armature winding of the motor when the treadmill is required to start with low speed while large load is added. Piecewise proportion-integration-differentiation （PID） control algorithm is applied to solve the problem of speed fluctuation when impulse load is added. The motorized treadmill of a new generation with the driving and control system has the advantages of high reliability, good speed stability, wide timing scope, low cost, and long life-span. And it is very promising for practical applications.

Design and Fabrication of a Passive Pelvic Orthosis for Treadmill Walking Rehabilitation

The pelvis plays a significant role in creating smooth and efficient motion during gait. In this study, an orthosis is designed to support pelvis motion of patients with the inability to walk. This assistive device is un-powered and consists of only passive elements. By focusing on the motion of the lower extremities during treadmill walking, a 3D dynamic model of the human body is simulated through a coupled optimization process. Based on two approaches of direct and inverse dynamics, the optimization problems are defined to derive optimum structural parameters of the pelvic orthosis. The optimization results of the direct dynamics problem indicate good matches between the optimized time plots of pelvis rotations with corresponding desired ones. Moreover, by solving the inverse dynamics problem, the minimum value of torque vector of the hip joint of the stance leg during a gait cycle is obtained. Furthermore, by utilizing a prototype of the orthosis, preliminary experiments are conducted on a normal user to validate the model and to investigate the feasibility of using the device for rehabilitation. For this purpose, the rotational movements of the pelvis and energy consumption of the subject in two cases with and without the device are compared during gait on a treadmill. Decreased energy consumption and the compliant motion of the pelvis while using the device verify simulation results and confirm the favorable performance of the assistive device for pelvic support during walking rehabilitation.

Limited value of recovery phase-limited ST segment depression of treadmill exercise test

Background Clinical meaning of recovery phase limited ST segment depression of a treadmill exercise test is controversial.The aim of this study was to re-assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of ST segment depression during the recovery phase with the active phase of a treadmill exercise test in suspected coronary artery disease patients.Methods Clinical,exercise and angiographic data were retrospectively collected from 602 patients in the study.Five hundred and seventy-six patients developed ST segment depression during the active phase of the treadmill exercise test （group 1） and 26 patients developed ST segment depression only during the recovery phase （group 2）.Results With similar major clinical features,the prevalence of significant coronary artery stenosis and average Gensini scores were lower in the recovery phase-limited depression patients （group 2 vs.group 1,50.0% vs.66.9%,P=0.031 and group 2 vs.group 1,1.5 vs.8.5,P=0.04）.At a median follow up of 50.9 months for 22 group 2 and 34.8 months for 438 group 1 patients,the prevalence of total cardiac events was higher in group 1 than in group 2 patients （RR 1.60,95% Cl 1.00-2.54,P=0.049）.Conclusion The present study provides preliminary evidence that the diagnostic and prognostic value of recovery phaselimited ST segment depression of treadmill exercise test is limited.

Reversible ischemia on treadmill exercise in left main coronary artery vasospasm

Coronary vasospasm of the left main coronary artery （LMCA） is a rare condition with potentially devastating consequences. We present 2 patients with LMCA vasospasm-related angina, the first being a 46-year-old woman and the second a 51-year-old woman. Both of them developed ST-segment ischemic changes on treadmill exercise tests. Coronary angiography showed spontaneous LMCA vasospasm in one patient and methylergonovine-induced LMCA vasospasm in the other patient. Follow-up treadmill exercise tests revealed no exercise-induced ischemia after calcium antagonist monotherapy. These cases demonstrate the importance of identifying LMCA vasospasm, as the treatment of choice varies in patients with angina pectoris. Reversible myocardial ischemia caused by LMCA vasospastic angina can be controlled by calcium antagonist monotherapy and detected by repeat non-invasive stress testing.