Optimizing the PMCC Algorithm for Infrasound and Seismic Nuclear Treaty Monitoring

We introduce novel methods to determine optimum detection thresholds for the Progressive Multi-Channel Correlation (PMCC) algorithm used by the International Data Centre (IDC) to perform infrasound and seismic station-level nuclear-event detection. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis is used with real ground truth data to determine the trade-off between the probability of detection (PD) and the false alarm rate (FAR) at various detection thresholds. Further, statistical detection theory via maximum a posteriori and Bayes cost approaches is used to determine station-level optimum “family” size thresholds before detections should be considered for network-level processing. These threshold-determining methods are extensible for family-characterizing statistics other than “size,” such as a family’s collective F-statistic or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Therefore, the reliability of analysts’ decisions as to whether families should be preserved for network-level processing can only benefit from access to multiple, independent, optimum decision thresholds based upon size, F-statistic, SNR, etc.

Stylistic Characteristics of Maritime Treaty English

Maritime treaty English has peculiarity in linguistic characteristics. As a sub-register of legal language, maritime treaty English is considered to be very difficult to comprehend. This paper attempts to analyze its stylistic characteristics at the lexicalsyntactic level based on four international maritime treaties including STCW, SOLAS, MARPOL and ISM Code. It is concluded that understanding of these characteristics is both necessary and helpful in learning and teaching maritime treaty English.

A Case for the Modifiability of the San Francisco Peace Treaty: Examining the Varying Positions of the U.S. and Britain Over South Korean Participation

Through a detailed analysis and documentation of relevant U.S.foreign relations and other official documents of the period around the Korean War,this paper aims to prove that in the early negotiation process of the 1951 San Francisco peace treaty,the United States maintained that South Korea should participate in signing the treaty and that the U.S.changed its position because of the resilient British opposition to South Korean participation,which in turn was motivated strongly by the British concern over its strategic interests in East Asia and its diplomatic relations with the newly communized China.In particular,the Chinese intervention in the Korean War and the communist recapture of Seoul provided the impetus for this shift in the U.S.position that led to the exclusion of South Korea from the treaty.Because the substance of the San Francisco peace treaty was dictated by the exigencies under the Korean War and the Cold War and lacks the“Grotian spirit of international law”underlying the founding of the League of Nations and the United Nations,the San Francisco peace treaty does not contain sufficient merit to be worthy of permanent compliance,which leaves open the possibility of modification in the future.

The San Francisco Peace Treaty and the Problems Regarding Japan’s Exemption from Blame for the Colonization of Korea

The 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty was the one and only international opportunity that would have allowed demanding for Japan’s responsibility of the colonization of Korea.However,the United States did not demand of such to be done.Soon,Korea and Japan resumed their diplomatic relationship and had their first summit in 1952.After numerous negotiations,finally in 1965,the“Korea-Japan Treaty”was agreed upon.Even in this treaty,the interpretation of the colonization was different for both countries and ultimately resulted as an unresolved issue.This is because of the Japanese dependence to the San Francisco Peace Treaty.On the other hand,the League of Nations,founded in 1920,believed that the systematization of international law was vital to keeping international peace.Therefore,they put much effort in and successfully carried out the codification of international law.The“Report on the law of Treaties”which was completed in 1935,noted that the“1905 Protectorate Treaty”,which was the ultimate treaty that led to Korea being annexed by the Japanese,was one of the three treaties that had no effective standing.This decision was carried out to the International Law Commission of the United Nations in 1963 and became a Resolution after being submitted to the General Assembly in the end of the same year.Using the decisions of the League of Nations and the United Nations as evidence,this paper critically reviews the San Francisco Peace Treaty’s lack of reviewing the Japanese responsibility of the colonization of Korea.

From the Rover Incident to the Nanjia Treaty―Whose Conflict? Whose Treaty?

This paper will focus on the Rover Incident of 1867 and the subsequent Nanjia Treaty;the main protagonists of the incident were the Kuraluts indigenous people;and different perspectives will be explored by integrating archaeological and historical data.The Rover Incident,a conflict between the Kuraluts and the United States,led to the Nanjia Treaty(Treaty of the Southern Headland),a reconciliation between the US and Tauketok,pre-eminent leader of 18 indigenous communities inhabiting this region.From the geographic location of the Kuraluts Village(Sheding Site),however,as well as from foreign coins and blue-and-white ceramics found as funerary objects inside stone coffins,it would seem that such contacts with the outside world were relatively frequent.Moreover,due to the aborigines’ability to make use of knowledge of the local geography and their military skills to defeat forces from the US’s naval fleet―which also indicates they were familiar with weaknesses in the military operations of foreign vessels―as a result,neither the US side nor Tauketok seemed to have any need to resort to the use of military force.

Jordan＇s King Hussein＇s Peace Initiative and the Treaty with Israel： Overcoming Domestic and Foreign Pressures

The Wadi ＇Araba peace treaty which Jordan＇s King Hussein signed with Israel on October 26, 1994 became a target of criticism ever since it became known to the Jordanian public. Intense pressure was exerted on the Jordanian government to revoke the treaty even before its signature. The opposition to it reached its peak in the following year, when the tension in the holy sites in Jerusalem mounted. Given the persistence of the Arab-Israeli conflict and the fact that the Palestinian issue remained unresolved, it was clear that the King was aware of the potential danger of signing a peace accord with Israel, and that he was prepared to face criticism not only from the Arab states but also from nationalists, Islamists and Leftists all of whom disapproved of his decision. Yet the King remained undeterred and boldly carried on the discussions that culminated in the peace treaty＇s signature. Bearing in mind the fact the Egypt was the first country to sign a peace treaty with Israel it seemed as if there was little risk involved in the normalization process, and that the opposition to the treaty would soon subside. As it turned out, however, the pressure to abrogate it continues to mount.

On the “Concluding Observations” of the United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies

The concluding observations are comments and recommendations made by the treaty bodies to the country after reviewing the reports of specific State Parties with a view to monitoring the State Parties’compliance.although these opinions are not legally binding,they do have a certain authority.When deciding whether to endorse this authority and accept the recommendations,the State party will focus on the legality of the concluding observations.The legality of the concluding observations is influenced by three factors,the first one is the formal relevance between the recommendations and the relevant treaty provisions;the second one is the substantive relevance between them;the third is the extent to which the treaty interpretation rules are followed.For the concluding observations of treaty bodies against china,we should treat them separately.The feasible recommendations that are most closely related to treaty obligations should be adopted as far as possible.appropriate consideration should be given to general policy recommendations,and recommendations that are completely unrelated to treaty obligations can be ignored.

The Logical Construction of International Its Realization Path——Taking the Marrakesh Treaty as an Example

The Marrakesh Treaty is an excellent subject for China to disseminate its concept of the rule of law around the globe.With the changes of the times,the content and way of international communication regarding the rule of law are changing constantly.In the era of globalization,countries have strengthened rational communication and dialogue mainly by concluding international treaties to convey the concept of the rule of law.For the international communication of the rule of law,it is necessary to take into account three elements:Subject,content,and audience.Targeted strategies are adopted to present the characteristics of diversified subjects,rich content,and stratified audience.The agenda-setting,spiral of silence,and cultivation theories provide positive guidance for international communication.The audience survey and content analysis methods can achieve good effects in spreading the rule of law.It is necessary to integrate multiple subjects,create rich content,carry out targeted strategies to different audience,underscore the evaluation of effects,and train talents to strengthen the international communication of the rule of law.

The Human Rights Attributes of the Marrakesh Treaty and Its Practical Significance

An in-depth analysis of the human rights attributes of the Marrakesh Treaty helps clarify theoretical issues such as whether there is a conflict between copyrights and human rights, and solve the problems of system design and law enforcement in terms of authorized entities and accessible formats. This paper discusses the human rights perspective contained in the Marrakesh Treaty from the background,positioning, and content of the treaty, and puts forward suggestions on policies and laws for the implementation of the Marrakesh Treaty based on the implementation of the treaty in the Chinese legal system.

Interpretation of the Marrakesh Treaty Based on the Human Rights Model of Disability

The Marrakesh Treaty is,in essence,a human rights treaty.The interpretation and implementation of the treaty cannot be separate from the view on the persons with disabilities from the perspective of human rights.Based on this view,the interpretation of the treaty should reflect its value of promoting equality,instead of granting privileges to the persons with disabilities.During its implementation,it should be forbidden to aggravate the social alienation of the persons with disabilities by making excessive stipulations.Taking the implementation of the treaty as an opportunity,promoting the transformation of the view on the persons with disabilities from the individual model to the human rights model and facilitating the concept of“building the intangible accessible environment”can maximize the significance of the treaty.

The Implementation of the Marrakesh Treaty in China:Theoretical Disputes and Institutional Arrangements

The Marrakesh Treaty is an international treaty specifically concluded by the World Intellectual Property organization(WIPo)to address the“book famine”for people who are blind,visually impaired,or otherwise print disabled.It uses the tools of copyright law and policy for the purpose of human rights.Prior to the conclusion of the Marrakesh Treaty,the international intellectual property treaties were all focused on intellectual property protection and the higher level of protection.The Marrakesh Treaty is the first international intellectual property treaty to highlight the limitation and exceptions of rights and explicitly use human rights discourse.There were some theoretical disputes during the negotiation of the Marrakesh Treaty,mainly because the international community failed to reach a consensus on such basic theoretical issues as the relationship between copyright and human rights and the legal nature of the Marrakesh Treaty.When implementing the Marrakesh Treaty in domestic law,China should face theoretical disputes,coordinate the protection of copyright and the promotion of human rights on the basis of its national conditions,and make corresponding institutional arrangements.

The Right to Work of Chinese Ethnic Minorities:Replies to Concerns and Suggestions of the UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies

The UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies have repeatedly raised concerns about the Chinese government’s fulfillment of its obligations to safeguard the right to work of ethnic minorities, including the insufficiency of materials, the asymmetry of employment conditions between migrating Han and other ethnic groups, as well as so-called pervasive discrimination against non-Han ethnic workers. The UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies raised these concerns based on various facts and the rationality of their suggestions differ. China has replied accordingly. China should continue to reply based on the facts, and it should accept those suggestions that are reasonable and on facts.When addressing suggestions that are not based on facts, we should identify the nature of the problems and eliminate misunderstanding by clarifying the facts and encouraging friendly dialogue.

The Treaty of San Francisco From the Perspective of International Peace Movements in Early Twentieth-Century America

The leaders of the Meiji Restoration believed in their master, Yoshida Shoin （吉田松陰）, who claimed that in order for the islands of Japan not to be a colony of the powerful Western states, Japan had to conquer nearby countries. This led to Japan’s invasion of the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Korea, and Manchuria, which ultimately led to the Manchurian Incident of 1931, the Sino-Japanese War, and the Pacific War. Surprisingly, the subject and the timing of each and every one of these acts of war were in the same order of Yoshida Shoin’s proposal on preoccupancy. The Sino-Japanese war of 1894 was romanticized as clearing the barbaric culture by civilization, and the Russo-Japanese war of 1904 was romanticized as the realization of Eastern Peace. However, Japanese policies of aggressions were first deemed illegal by international law during the 1931 Manchurian Incident by the investigations of the League of Nations. The Japanese Empire received the recommendation by the League of Nations to restore to original state, but declined and exited from the League of Nations. Following their exit, they started the Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War and eventually lost in 1945. The goal of the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951 was to punish Japan’s aggressions. However, as the Cold War between the East and the West started to arise in 1948, the punishment was eased, and their punishment for the aggressions on the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, and Korea was nearly unasked for. This paper examines the issues of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in the views of the international law of the League of Nations, established by Manley O. Hudson of Harvard University and others in U.S. academia and judiciary.

An Asymmetrical Structure： Some Reflections On The European Union Under The Maastricht Treaty

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Comments on the Canada-China Bilateral Investment Treaty

The Canada-China bilateral investment treaty(BIT)——also known as a Foreign Investment Protection and Promotion Agreement(FIPPA)——was signed by Canada and China in September 2012 and ratified by China in February 2013.~①Canada’s federal government reportedly intended to ratify the treaty in or around November 2012;for unknown reasons,Canadahas not yet ratified the treaty thus precluding its entry into force.~②It is argued in this article that the treaty warrants closer scrutiny in both Canada and China and should not be permitted to enter into force.

A Treaty for Europe

The European Union will return to center stage with the enforcement of the Lisbon Treaty As the Lisbon Treaty entered into force on December 1, the world is waiting to see the changes it will bring to the European Union (EU). The Lisbon Treaty came into being based on the treaty establishing a constitution for Europe-more commonly referred to as the European Constitution.

The Effectiveness of the "Egypto-Hittite Treaty" in Diplomatic Practices

This essay aims to verify the enforcement of the Egypto-Hittite Treaty after its conclusion by the Hittite King Hattusili Ⅲ and the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses Ⅱ.Through the classification,interpretation,and analysis of their correspondence,combined with historical facts,we can verify whether and how well the treaty serviced its purposes.The Egypto-Hittite Treatyprovided a diplomaticframework forHattiand Egypt,and as a result,this article demonstrates that almost all of the diplomatic affairs between these two countries were based on its clauses.

Tighten The Treaty

<正>Accusations of nuclear weapon developments in Iran and North Korea have refocused world attention on the simmering issue. In an analysis of the situation, Zhang Liangui, a professor with the Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, comments that the international community should intensify the current anti-nuclear proliferation system to control the development of nuclear weapons before it is too late.

A REVIEW OF THE CHINA-GHANA BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATY, 1989

Sino-Ghana business relationship has grown tremendously over the past two decades. The legal environment of this relationship will be analyzed critically and suggestions for improvement will be made in this article to further enhance this burgeoning relationship. In October 1989, Ghana and China signed an agreement concerning the encouragement and reciprocal protection of investment, known as the China-Ghana Bilateral Investment Treaty, which came into effect on November 22, 1991. There will be a review of this agreement which sought to provide an equitable treatment and enjoyment of protection in investments between the two countries based on the Most Favored Nation principle.

论中国BIT条款的完善

中国加入ICSID公约之初,曾对公约第25条第4款的规定做出了保留,限制了中心对中国管辖权的范围。而自1998年开始,我国逐渐采取"全面同意式"——有关BITs概括同意"中心"仲裁庭的管辖权,且不对有关争端附加重要例外。从以往对中心管辖权的限制,到如今对中心管辖权的开放状态的转变固然与时代的变迁有关,但我国是一个处于经济转型过程中的发展中国家,目前为止仍然是资本输入国,对外投资规模不大,这样的设置风险太大。分析中国现在的开放是否意味着中国已经撤回了其在ICSID公约的保留以及对我国BITs中争端解决条款提出完善的建议。