基于自动终止准则改进的kd-tree粒子近邻搜索研究

对于大规模运动模拟问题而言,近邻点的搜索效率将对整体的运算效率产生显著影响。本文基于关联性分析建立kd-tree的最大深度dmax与粒子总数N的自适应关系式,提出了kd-tree自动终止准则,即ATC-kd-tree,同时还考虑了叶子节点大小阈值n_(0)对近邻搜索效率的影响。试验表明,ATC-kd-tree具有更高的近邻搜索效率,相较于不使用自动终止准则的kd-tree搜索效率最高提升46%,且适用性更强,可求解不同N值的近邻搜索问题,解决了粒子总数N发生改变时需要再次率定最大深度dmax的问题。同时,本文还提出了网格搜索法组合坐标下降法的两步参数优化算法GSCD法。通过2维阿米巴虫形状的参数优化试验发现,GSCD法可更为快速地率定ATC-kd-tree的可变参数,其优化效率比网格搜索法最高提升了205%,相较于改进网格搜索法最高提升了90%。研究结果表明,ATC-kd-tree和GSCD法不仅提高了近邻搜索的效率,也为复杂运动中近邻粒子搜索问题提供了一种更为高效的解决方案,能够显著降低计算资源的消耗,进一步提升模拟的精度和效率。

Blocking optimized SIMD tree search on modern processors

Tree search is a widely used fundamental algorithm. Modern processors provide tremendous computing power by integrating multiple cores, each with a vector processing unit. This paper reviews some studies on exploiting single instruction multiple date （SIMD） capacity of processors to improve the performance of tree search, and proposes several improvement methods on reported SIMD tree search algorithms. Based on blocking tree structure, blocking for memory alignment and dynamic blocking prefetch are proposed to optimize the overhead of memory access. Furthermore, as a way of non-linear loop unrolling, the search branch unwinding shows that the number of branches can exceed the data width of SIMD instructions in the SIMD search algorithm. The experiments suggest that blocking optimized SIMD tree search algorithm can achieve 1.6 times response speed faster than the un-optimized algorithm.

Research on the adaptive hybrid search tree anti-collision algorithm in RFID system

Due to more tag-collisions result in failed transmissions,tag anti-collision is a very vital issue in the radio frequency identification(RFID) system.However,so far decreases in communication time and increases in throughput are very limited.In order to solve these problems,this paper presents a novel tag anti-collision scheme,namely adaptive hybrid search tree(AHST),by combining two algorithms of the adaptive binary-tree disassembly(ABD) and the combination query tree(CQT),in which ABD has superior tag identification velocity and CQT has optimum performance in system throughput and search timeslots.From the theoretical analysis and numerical simulations,the proposed algorithm can colligate the advantages of above algorithms,improve the system throughput and reduce the searching timeslots dramatically.

An efficient distributed algorithm for game tree search

This paper presents a distributed game tree search algorithm called DDS. Based on communication overhead, st,orage requirement, speed up, and oiller factors, the performance of algorithm DDS* is analysed, and the number of nodes searched with SSS as well as a-b algorithm. The simulation test shows that. DDS* is an efficient and practical search algorithm.

Prediction Distortion in Monte Carlo Tree Search and an Improved Algorithm

Teaching computer programs to play games through machine learning has been an important way to achieve better artificial intelligence (AI) in a variety of real-world applications. Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is one of the key AI techniques developed recently that enabled AlphaGo to defeat a legendary professional Go player. What makes MCTS particularly attractive is that it only understands the basic rules of the game and does not rely on expert-level knowledge. Researchers thus expect that MCTS can be applied to other complex AI problems where domain-specific expert-level knowledge is not yet available. So far there are very few analytic studies in the literature. In this paper, our goal is to develop analytic studies of MCTS to build a more fundamental understanding of the algorithms and their applicability in complex AI problems. We start with a simple version of MCTS, called random playout search (RPS), to play Tic-Tac-Toe, and find that RPS may fail to discover the correct moves even in a very simple game position of Tic-Tac-Toe. Both the probability analysis and simulation have confirmed our discovery. We continue our studies with the full version of MCTS to play Gomoku and find that while MCTS has shown great success in playing more sophisticated games like Go, it is not effective to address the problem of sudden death/win. The main reason that MCTS often fails to detect sudden death/win lies in the random playout search nature of MCTS, which leads to prediction distortion. Therefore, although MCTS in theory converges to the optimal minimax search, with real world computational resource constraints, MCTS has to rely on RPS as an important step in its search process, therefore suffering from the same fundamental prediction distortion problem as RPS does. By examining the detailed statistics of the scores in MCTS, we investigate a variety of scenarios where MCTS fails to detect sudden death/win. Finally, we propose an improved MCTS algorithm by incorporating minimax search to overcome prediction distortion. Our simulation has confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. We provide an estimate of the additional computational costs of this new algorithm to detect sudden death/win and discuss heuristic strategies to further reduce the search complexity.

Parametrically Optimal, Robust and Tree-Search Detection of Sparse Signals

We consider sparse signals embedded in additive white noise. We study parametrically optimal as well as tree-search sub-optimal signal detection policies. As a special case, we consider a constant signal and Gaussian noise, with and without data outliers present. In the presence of outliers, we study outlier resistant robust detection techniques. We compare the studied policies in terms of error performance, complexity and resistance to outliers.

Nearest neighbor search algorithm for GBD tree spatial data structure

This paper describes the nearest neighbor (NN) search algorithm on the GBD(generalized BD) tree. The GBD tree is a spatial data structure suitable for two-or three-dimensional data and has good performance characteristics with respect to the dynamic data environment. On GIS and CAD systems, the R-tree and its successors have been used. In addition, the NN search algorithm is also proposed in an attempt to obtain good performance from the R-tree. On the other hand, the GBD tree is superior to the R-tree with respect to exact match retrieval, because the GBD tree has auxiliary data that uniquely determines the position of the object in the structure. The proposed NN search algorithm depends on the property of the GBD tree described above. The NN search algorithm on the GBD tree was studied and the performance thereof was evaluated through experiments.

Heru Search Method—Unique in the World that Uses Unprecedented Mathematical Formulas and Replaces the Binary Tree Breaking Various Paradigms Like 0(log<i>n</i>)

This paper deals with the efficiency of the search, with a method of organization and storage of the information that allows better results than the research trees or binary trees. No one ever dared to present better results than 0(log n) complexity, and when they wish to improve, they use balanced trees, but they continue to use principles that do not impact the pre-semantic information treatment. The Heru search method has as main characteristic the total or partial substitution of the use of the binary trees, enabling the elimination of the approximate results and informing the user the desired information instead of occurrences by sampling outside the desired information. The breakdown of the 0(log n) paradigm and the refinement of the searches are achieved with the use of a set of unpublished mathematical formulas and concepts called Infinite Series with Multiple Ratios.

Improving path planning efficiency for underwater gravity-aided navigation based on a new depth sorting fast search algorithm

This study focuses on the improvement of path planning efficiency for underwater gravity-aided navigation.Firstly,a Depth Sorting Fast Search(DSFS)algorithm was proposed to improve the planning speed of the Quick Rapidly-exploring Random Trees*(Q-RRT*)algorithm.A cost inequality relationship between an ancestor and its descendants was derived,and the ancestors were filtered accordingly.Secondly,the underwater gravity-aided navigation path planning system was designed based on the DSFS algorithm,taking into account the fitness,safety,and asymptotic optimality of the routes,according to the gravity suitability distribution of the navigation space.Finally,experimental comparisons of the computing performance of the ChooseParent procedure,the Rewire procedure,and the combination of the two procedures for Q-RRT*and DSFS were conducted under the same planning environment and parameter conditions,respectively.The results showed that the computational efficiency of the DSFS algorithm was improved by about 1.2 times compared with the Q-RRT*algorithm while ensuring correct computational results.

Performance Characterization of Parallel Game-tree Search Application Crafty

Game-tree search plays an important role in the field of Artificial Intelligence （AI）. In this paper, we characterize one parallel game-tree search workload in chess： the latest version of Crafty, a state of art program, on two Intel Xeon shared-memory multiprocessor systems. Our analysis shows that Crafty is latency-sensitive and the hash-table and dynamic tree splitting used in Crafty cause large scalability penalties. They consume 35%-50% of the running time on the 4-way system. Furthermore, Crafty is not bandwidth-limited.

结合K均值聚类和KD-Tree搜索的快速分形编码方法

利用部分失真搜索求解传统K均值聚类算法中的最近邻搜索问题,显著地减少了传统算法的乘法次数,从而提高了聚类速度;然后用改进后的聚类算法来加速分形编码:首先将定义域块聚类并为每个类建立一棵KD-Tree,编码时对每个值域块先后用部分失真搜索与近似最近邻搜索得到与其距离最近的若干KD-Tree及其上的若干最近邻,而其最优匹配块即由后者产生.实验结果表明,相对于全局搜索,该方法能大幅度地提高编码速度和较大地提高压缩比,而解码质量只有很小的下降;相对于同类方法,在相同压缩比下有更好的加速效果和解码质量.

基于Max-tree的连通区域标记新算法

采用灰度图像创建Max-tree的基本思想,提出一种新的二值图像连通区域标记算法。该算法主要采用8-邻域搜索及排序队列方式实现,通过一次扫描二值图像即可完成连通区域标记。提出一种新的8-邻域搜索策略,可以将邻域搜索次数由八次减少到平均四次以下,从而提高了系统效率。此外,还给出一种排序队列的快速实现方法,并将其应用到标记算法中。而且,该算法的运行时间仅与待标记图像的大小有关,与连通区数目和图像内容无关。该算法已应用于海藻图像识别,实验结果表明该算法是快速、高效的。

英、拉、汉树木名称电子词典TreeName的研制

英、拉、汉树木名称电子词典第1版(TreeName1 0)具有树种的英文、拉丁文和中文名称的相互翻译查询功能。软件包含了1 5万余条英、拉、中树木名称词条,能够进行快速有效的检索查询,为工作提供极大的帮助。整个软件采用基于对话框模式的查询界面和基于文件系统的数据库作为整个查询系统的框架。本系统在设计中采用了比较灵活的功能模块设计,利于软件的更新。与印刷版的各种词典相比,电子词典系统具有无法比拟的优点,它能够及时进行修改、补充,使系统不断得到完善,及时根据用户的反馈信息进行改进,有利于软件质量的提高和功能的完善。

用PAT Tree构建Internet搜索引擎分布式数据库

文中根据Internet搜索引擎的特点 ,提出了用PATTree作为搜索引擎索引数据库的思想 ,在理论上对其可行性进行了分析 ,用它实现了一个能够对FTP站点进行检索的实验性搜索引擎。

POKD-tree:一种有效的SIFT图像特征点匹配方法

为解决SIFT算法计算复杂,且算法效率不高的问题,提出了POKD-tree算法(分区优化kd树搜索算法)。首先,利用SIFT算法提取图像的特征点,以图像特征点集在X和Y方向中跨度最大的方向为分区直线的方向,计算图像特征点集的质心,用通过质心的分区直线来进行图像分区;采用欧式距离对图像进行特征点匹配,首先进行对应搜索匹配,同时为了解决分区误差,在进行对应搜索之后再进行交叉搜索。通过实验证明,POKD-tree算法在匹配的效率上要优于BBF算法和RKD-tree算法。

在游戏中利用邻域特性扩展的kd-tree及其查找算法

处理场景中数量庞大的各种对象间的交互是游戏的一类主要计算工作。将kd-tree用于组织场景,提高了这类计算的效率。传统算法采用树的层次遍历方式进行查找,处理跨节点情况时性能下降明显。提出了邻域特性概念以扩展传统kd-tree结构,增添了树节点间的平面邻接关系,且考虑了游戏对kd-tree的一些限定,设计了从起始节点向四周扩展的查找算法。经分析与实验证明,新算法比传统算法有约40%的性能提升且更稳定。

基于KD-Tree搜索和SURF特征的图像匹配算法研究

针对图像匹配时进行特征检测和匹配的搜索时间长的问题,文章研究了基于KD-Tree搜索和SURF特征的图像匹配算法。该算法首先提取得到图像的SURF特征并生成特征描述向量,然后为这些特征描述向量建立KD-Tree索引,最后通过计算每个特征点的与其距离最近的若干个KD-Tree上的最近邻点,完成特征匹配工作。实验结果表明,与SIFT算法相比,SURF算法进行特征检测的速度要快2～3倍;与全局最近邻搜索相比,基于KD-Tree索引的近似最近邻搜索大大减少了计算量,较大地提高了SURF算法的匹配速度。

基于B^+-tree索引的多元时间序列相似查询

为提高多元时间序列相似查询执行效率,采用了基于距离索引结构的相似查询算法。利用主成分分析方法对多元时间序列数据降维并在此基础上进行聚类,以聚类质心为参考点,将各类变换到一维空间,利用B+-tree结构进行索引查询,找到与查询序列最相似的k个MTS序列。实验表明查询效率和准确性都有比较大的提高。

一种基于B^+-tree索引的有效相似查询算法

提出了一种多元时间序列相似查询算法.在距离索引结构相似查询算法的基础上,利用主成分分析方法对多元时间序列进行降维,并对主成分进行聚类,在聚类质心与各类之间的范数所构成的一维空间上,对聚类建立B+-tree索引结构,然后利用k近邻查询算法查找出与查询序列最相似的k个MTS序列.实验结果表明,文中算法的候选比率与查询时间明显低于Muse算法,且候选比率与查询时间受聚类个数影响不大,说明文中算法具有一定的优越性.

RAKDB-Tree——一种基于近似区域的多维数据索引结构

多维数据的处理已经成为影响很多领域发展的关键因素,特别是多维数据的相似性查询已经被用在很多领域中。当数据维度很大的时候,大多数索引结构处理的性能下降,这现象被称为"维度灾难"。针对多维度灾难,RAKDB-Tree是本文提出的一种高效处理多维数据的索引结构。该索引结构首先把数据空间划分为子空间,然后使用改进的KDB-Tree对子空间建立索引。RAKDB-Tree的查询、插入、删除等算法使得,索引结构一直保持较优状态。实验结果表明,RAKDB-Tree能够很好解决因为数据维度增加而带来的各种问题。