Influence of Fruit Tree Types and Arrangements on Yield, Quality and Economic Returns of Cotton of Intercropping System in Southern Xinjiang

[Objective] The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for stable and highly effective intercropping arrangements and scientific management measures by selecting apple, pear, peach, apricot, walnut, jujube and other fruit trees to study their influence on yield, fiber quality and economic returns of intercropped cotton in southern Xinjiang. [Method] Based on major cropping pattern in production, randomized block design was adopted to explore growth indicators, canopy micrometeorological indicators, yield and fiber quality in key growth stage. [Result] Shading has a significant effect on cotton canopy micro-environment and canopy diameter is proportional to shading effect. According to comparisons of the same tree type, the change of canopy micro-environment was as follows： under canopyouter canopymiddle points and peachpearapplewalnutjujube for comparisons among different tree types. Canopy diameter is directly proportional to the number of tree branch and boll weight reductions and shading is the main cause of yield reduction. The canopy expansion is the major cause of decline of light intensity, temperature and humidity of cotton canopy. [Conclusion] Fruit trees, which will promote cotton yield,quality and canopy-environment, are as follows： jujube walnut apple pear peach trees. In practice, trees, which are small in canopy or well trimmed, are popular in production, such as jujube trees, to improve cotton yield and fiber quality.

Tree species diversity and stand structure along major community types in lowland primary and secondary moist deciduous forests in Tripura,Northeast India

Tree species diversity and population structure at different community types were described and analyzed for primary and secondary lowland moist deciduous forests in Tripura. Overall 10,957 individual trees belonging to 46 family, 103 genera and 144 species were counted at ≥30 cm DBH （diameter at breast height） using 28 permanent belt transects with a size of 1 ha （10 m × 1000 m）. Four different tree communities were identified. The primary forests was dominated by Shorea robusta （mean density 464.77 trees.ha^-1, 105 species） and Schima wallichii （336.25 trees.ha^-1, 82 species）, while the secondary forests was dominated by Tectona grandis （333.88 trees.ha^-1, 105 species） and Hevea brasiliensis （299.67 trees.ha^-1, 82 species）. Overall mean basal area in this study was 18.01m2.ha^-1; the maximum value was recorded in primary Shorea forest （26.21 m2.ha^-1）. Mean density and diversity indices were differed significantly within four different communities. No significant differences were observed in number of species, genera, family and tree basal cover area. Significant relationships were found between the species richness and different tree population groups across the communities. Results revealed that species diversity and density were increased in those forests due to past disturbances which resulted in slow accumu- lation of native oligarchic small tree species. Seventeen species were recorded with 〈2 individuals of which Saraca asoka （Roxb.） de Wilde and Entada phaseoloides （L.） Men＇. etc. extensively used in local ethnomedicinal formulations. The present S. robusta Gaertn dominated forest was recorded richer （105 species） than other reported studies. Moraceae was found more speciose family instead of Papilionaceae and Euphorbiaceae than other Indian moist deciduous forests. Seasonal phenological gap in such moist deciduous forests influenced the population of Trachypithecus pileatus and capped langur. The analysis of FIV suggested a slow trend of shifting the population of Lamiaceae group by Moraceae species in secondary T. grandis L. dominated community.

Spatial pattern of tree diversity and evenness across forest types in Majella National Park,Italy

Background： Estimation of tree diversity at broader scale is important for conservation planning. Tree diversity should be measured and understood in terms of diversity and evenness, two integral components to describe the structure of a biological community. Variation of the tree diversity and evenness with elevation, topographic relief, aspect, terrain shape, slope, soil nutrient, solar radiation etc. are well documented. Methods： Present study explores the variation of tree diversity （measured as Shannon diversity and evenness indices） of Majella National Park, italy with five available forest types namely evergreen oak woods, deciduous oak woods, blacWaleppo pine stands, hop-hornbeam forest and beech forest, using satellite, environmental and field data. Results： Hop-hornbeam forest was found to be most diverse and even while evergreen Oak woods was the lowest diverse and even. Diversity and evenness of forest types were concurrent to each other i.e. forest type which was more diverse was also more even. As a broad pattern, majority portion of the study area belonged to medium diversity and high evenness class. Conclusions： Satellite images and other GIS data proved useful tools in monitoring variation of tree diversity and evenness across various forest types. Present study findings may have implications in prioritizing conservation zones of high tree diversity at Majella.

Studies on Rubber (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i>) Trees Exist Plant Type after Planting and Available Tapping Tree of Rubber Plantation in China

Existing plant types of rubber tree after planting and available tapping tree were investigated, and there were about 28 rubber plantations with different tapping years of 8 varieties “CATAS7-33-97”, “CATAS8-79”, “CATAS7-20-59”, “PR107”, “RRIM600”, “GT1”, “INA873”, “93-114”in South China. The results showed that there were six kinds of existing plant types of rubber tree after planting of rubber plantations, which were available tapping trees, wind damaged trees, cold damaged trees, tapping panel dryness trees, absent trees and weak trees, respectively. These data investigated also showed rubber trees under available tapping, stoppage due to tapping panel dryness, absence, wind damage, cold damage and weakness were counted and calculated and made up for 72.21%, 14.75%, 5.61%, 3.86%, 2.68% and 1.89%. Tapping panel dryness trees, wind damage and absent trees are major factors for the loss of tapping rubber trees in the rubber plantations. Of these investigated varieties, available tapping trees per 100 trees of rubber plantation of “PR107”at the 1st, 12th, 14th, 16th, 20th, 24th tapping year were 96, 67, 70, 75, 66, 46 trees in Hainan planting zone, respectively. Available tapping trees per 100 trees of rubber plantation of “RRIM600”at the 9th, 15th, 20th, 22nd tapping year were 88, 62, 55, 36 trees in Yunnan planting zone, respectively. Available tapping trees per 100 trees of rubber plantation of “93-114” at the 10th, 19th, tapping year were 94, 62 trees in Guangdong planting zone. These results showed that available tapping trees of rubber plantation decreased with increasing tapping age under different planting zones in China.

Biliary tree gastrinomas in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome

AIM:To describe our patients affected with ectopic biliary tree gastrinoma and review the literature on this topic.METHODS:Between January 1992 and June 2012,28 patients affected by duodenopancreatic endocrine tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1(MEN1)syndrome underwent surgery at our institution.This retrospective review article analyzes our experience regarding seventeen of these patients subjected to duodenopancreatic surgery for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome(ZES).Surgical treatment consisted of duodenopancreatectomy(DP)or total pancreatectomy(TP).Regional lymphadenectomy was always performed.Any hepatic tumoral lesions found were removed during surgery.In MEN1 patients,removal of duodenal lesions can sometimes lead to persistence or recurrence of hypergastrinemia.One possible explanation for this unfavorable outcome could be unrecognized ectopic localization of gastrin-secreting tumors.This study described three cases among the seventeen patients who were found to have an ectopic gastrinoma located in the biliary tree.RESULTS:Seventeen MEN1 patients affected with ZES were analyzed.The mean age was 40 years.Fifteen patients underwent DP and two TP.On histopathological examination,duodeno pancreatic endocrine tumors were found in all 17 patients.Eighty-one gastrinomas were detected in the first three portions of the duodenum.Only one gastrinoma was found in the pancreas.The mean number of gastrinomas per patient was 5(range 1-16).Malignancy was established in 12 patients(70.5%)after lymph node,liver and omental metastases were found.Three patients exhibited biliary tree gastrinomas as well as duodenal gastrinoma(s).In two cases,the ectopic gastrinoma was removed at the same time as pancreatic surgery,while in the third case,the biliary tree gastrinoma was resected one year after DP because of recurrence of ZES.CONCLUSION:These findings suggest the importance of checking for the presence of ectopic gastrinomas in the biliary tree in MEN1 patients undergoing ZES surgery.

柔性条式疏花执行装置试验研究

疏花可以调整果树负载量,是影响果树产量和质量的重要因素。为研究机械疏花效果及其影响因素,采用自主研发的柔性条式疏花机执行装置对桃花进行试验,选取橡胶和尼龙两种材料的疏花条,以疏花条轴向间距、疏花条列数、主轴转速、工作模式为试验因素,以疏花指数来评价疏花效果,并优化了装置的工作参数。结果表明:若采用尼龙疏花,疏花轴转速为400 r/min、疏花条列数为4、工作模式为冠内垂直、疏花条轴向间距为5 cm时效果最优;若采用胶条疏花,疏花轴转速为450 r/min、疏花条列数为4、工作模式为冠外平行、疏花条轴向间距为4 cm时效果最优。经试验验证,设计满足疏花的工作要求,为柔性条式疏花机的研发提供了理论依据。

Artin Transfer Patterns on Descendant Trees of Finite p-Groups

Based on a thorough theory of the Artin transfer homomorphism from a group G to the abelianization of a subgroup of finite index , and its connection with the permutation representation and the monomial representation of G, the Artin pattern , which consists of families , resp. , of transfer targets, resp. transfer kernels, is defined for the vertices of any descendant tree T of finite p-groups. It is endowed with partial order relations and , which are compatible with the parent-descendant relation of the edges of the tree T. The partial order enables termination criteria for the p-group generation algorithm which can be used for searching and identifying a finite p-group G, whose Artin pattern is known completely or at least partially, by constructing the descendant tree with the abelianization of G as its root. An appendix summarizes details concerning induced homomorphisms between quotient groups, which play a crucial role in establishing the natural partial order on Artin patterns and explaining the stabilization, resp. polarization, of their components in descendant trees T of finite p-groups.

Tree Automaton Based Algorithms for Sub-Typing and inDOM Relations in XQuery

Proposed by W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), XQuery is a descriptive query language for XML structured data or documents. The specification of XQuery gives functional description of XQuery’s typing system, but doestn’t provide methods to judge the Sub-typing and inDOM relations in language compiling. In this paper, both of the two important relations: Sub-typing and inDOM, are described and analyzed. After some definitions of Tree Automaton, the judgment algorithms of these two relations are proposed. Key words XQuery - typing system - tree automata CLC number TP 301. 6 Biography: XIE Rong-chuan (1946-), male, Associate professor, research direction: database, internet information system.

Tree species as hosts for arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark septate endophyte fungi

A survey of 35 tree species （belonging to 28 genera in 19 families） in Aliyar, South India was carried out to ascertain their arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） and dark septate endophyte （DSE） fungal status. All the tree species examined had AM association. AM and DSE coloni- zation is reported for the first time in 20 and 14 species respectively. Co- occurrence of AM and DSE was observed in 14 （40%） tree species. The extent of DSE colonization was inversely related to the extent of AM fungal colonization. Six tree species had Arum-type, 18 had intermediate- type and 11 had typical Paris-type AM morphology. AM fungal spore morphotypes belonging to 11 species in two genera were isolated from the rhizosphere soil. AM fungal spore numbers were not related to the ex- tent of AM colonization and Glomus dominated spore diversity. AM association individually and along with DSE were found respectively in the 63% and 44% of the economically important tree species. The occur- rence of AM and DSE fungal association in economically important indigenous tree species indicates the possibility of exploiting this asso- ciation in future conservation programmes of these species.

不同茶树品种芽型工夫红茶的品质特征

为了解不同茶树品种制作的芽型工夫红茶品质差异,采用高效液相色谱技术、固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(SPME-GC-MS)技术、定量描述性分析和化学计量学对10个茶树品种芽型工夫红茶的特征滋味物质和特征香气成分进行分析。定量描述性分析结果表明,10个茶树品种芽型工夫红茶的整体香气以甜香、花香为主,滋味以甜醇、浓厚为主。不同样品中检测的16种内含成分(非挥发性成分)存在一定的差异,平均变异系数为21.63%,其中茶黄素的差异最大;在10个茶树品种红茶中共检测出49种挥发性物质,其中质量分数最高的挥发性物质类型为醇类化合物,其次为酯类化合物,酮类化合物质量分数最低,其中香叶醇质量分数最高;正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)能将‘金牡丹‘’福云7号’与其他茶树品种红茶区分开,且筛选出12种与芽型工夫红茶茶树品种密切相关的标志差异物。相关性分析结果表明,咖啡碱和茶多酚与回甘呈显著正相关,咖啡碱、可可碱与醇度呈显著正相关,香叶醇、顺-α,α-5-三甲基-5-乙烯基四氢化呋喃-2-甲醇、水杨酸甲酯、芳樟醇与花果香呈正相关。该研究为芽型工夫红茶的生产加工和品质提升提供了理论依据。

泰州市海陵区行道树应用现状调查与分析

应用抽样调查法调查了泰州市海陵区30条主干道及次干道行道树树种的应用现状,分析了行道树的种类、数量和径级结构。结果表明:海陵区行道树共计20科33属,共计35种63757株;其中落叶树种和常绿树种比例为2.5∶1;总体上看,行道树规格明显偏小,胸径级别处于Ⅰ级(<15 cm)的最多,占行道树总量的39.53%;处于Ⅱ级(15~<20 cm)的次之,占34.63%;占第3位的是处于Ⅲ级(20~<25 cm),占15.28%;IV级(≥25 cm)的数量最少,仅占10.56%。存在种类单一,树种选择盲目及树种养护管理不到位等问题,并提出了优化建议。

基于决策树的川滇地区地震序列类型判定特征重要性研究

基于1966—2021年川滇地区225次5级以上地震目录、地震序列目录和历史地震震源机制资料,参考以往研究和震后趋势预测实践经验,构建了10个基于地震观测数据的机器学习序列类型判定特征样本数据集。基于地震序列分类定义,设置多震型、主余型、孤立型三类样本“标签”。对样本进行不均衡处理、对特征参数进行缺失处理后,采用决策树模型对特征参数的重要性进行研究。结果显示:不同时间段特征参数重要性类别有一定差异,随着序列数据资料的增加,序列类型判断更倚重动态的序列数据资料;主震震源机制相关参数和主震参数对序列分类有较高的贡献率,序列参数对序列分类贡献率不高。整体而言,模型给出的结果与实际经验性预报方法较为一致。

Response of species and stand types to snow/wind damage in a temperate secondary forest,Northeast China

Snow/wind damage is one of the important natural disturbances in forest ecosystems,especially in a montane secondary forest.However,the effects of snow/wind damage remain unclear which affects the management of these forests.Therefore,we investigated the responses of species,individual tree traits and stand structure to snow/wind damage in a montane secondary forest.Results show that,amongst the canopy trees,Betula costata exhibited the most uprooting,bending and overall damage ratio(the number of damaged stems to the total number of stems in a plot); Quercus mongolica showed the highest breakage ratio and Fraxinus mandshurica and Juglans mandshurica the least overall damage ratios.Among the subcanopy trees,Carpinus cordata,Acer mono,Acer tegmentosum and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum showed the least uprooting and breakage,and the most bending damage.A.pseudo-sieboldianum demonstrated the lowest breakage and highest bending damage ratios.Thesefindings indicate that different species have various sensitivities to snow/wind damage.Larger trees(taller,wider crowns) tend to break and become uprooted,while smaller trees are bent or remain undamaged,suggesting that tree characteristics significantly influence the types of damage from snow and wind.Stands of Q.mongolica and B.costata had the highest damage ratios,whereas A.pseudosieboldianum had the lowest snapping ratio.In summary,the severity and type of snow/wind damage are related to individual tree attributes and stand-level characteristics.Therefore,selection of suitable species(e.g.,shorter,smaller with deep root systems,hard wood,bending resistance and compression resistance) and appropriate thinning are recommended for planting in the montane secondary forests.

编译型嵌入式Python的设计与实现

针对面向微控制器的解释型MicroPython具有实时性弱、占用存储空间大和可移植性较差等问题,提出一种将Python语言转化为C++语言并将构件层与应用层分离的编译型嵌入式Python方案,设计基于抽象语法树及类型注释的源码映射机制。在此基础上,设计嵌入式Python编译器,实现集成开发环境AHL-GEC-IDE(for Python版),完成Python源文件的编辑、编译、链接和下载。实践结果表明,该编译型Python方案可行,为嵌入式人工智能领域提供了一种实时性较高、编辑编译方便、可移植性较强的编译型Python集成开发环境。

河南省不同区域古树资源特征分析及保护对策

【目的】分析河南省不同区域古树资源的空间特征、物种组成与数量特征的差异性,对河南省因地制宜保护古树资源具有重要意义。【方法】以河南省9874株散生古树为研究对象,运用空间分析法探究其空间分布特征,从数量、物种组成和树龄结构3大维度比较分析了5大区域、6种用地类型中古树资源的差异性。【结果】1)河南省古树资源呈西北-东南方向的聚集态势,古树在数量上呈现较为显著的空间正相关性,古树树龄则呈现负相关性。2)伏牛山区、大别山-桐柏山区、太行山区3大区域在古树的数量、密度及种类方面均呈现出不同优势。古树数量较少的黄淮海平原区、秦巴山地2个区域中(超)高龄古树比例相对较高。3)河南省内耕地及草地、农村居民点、林地等农用地类型是古树资源的主要聚集地。【结论】伏牛山区、大别山-桐柏山区、太行山区3大区域需加强对偏远山区古树资源的定期巡逻与检查;黄淮海平原区、秦巴山地在保护现有古树资源的同时,应加强古树后备资源建设;在古树资源集中的农用地中,应充分发挥古树资源在美丽乡村建设和乡村振兴战略中的积极作用。

灵武长枣果实光泽度及其品质的调查与分析

为探究灵武长枣不同光泽度果实[高光泽度果实(S果)的表面平整光滑,果形多为典型的长椭圆形,外观品相较好;低光泽度果实(R果)表面凹凸不平,果形多为果顶急剧凸起或凹下,外观品相较差]品质的差异及其影响因素,以宁夏灵武市7个灵武长枣种植园为调查对象,调查记录树龄、苗木类型、枣吊粗、枣吊长等指标,并采集不同光泽度果实(S、R果)作为试验材料,测定其光泽度、单果质量、果实横纵径等果实外观品质指标以及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素C(Vc)、可滴定酸含量等果实内在品质指标,并对其进行比较和相关性分析。结果表明,不同种植园均有灵武长枣不同光泽度果实(S和R果),且随着树龄的增长,R果比率有降低的趋势;S果的光泽度是R果的1.56倍,且单果质量、果实纵横径、果形指数、果皮厚、果肉厚、核纵横径、单核质量、果实硬度均极显著小于R果;S果的Vc含量、糖酸比和固酸比均小于R果,但两者的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、花色素苷含量等指标均无显著差异;灵武长枣S、R果的比率与苗木类型、树龄、枣吊粗、叶片叶绿素含量等因素极显著相关。综上,灵武长枣种植园均存在不同光泽度果实(即S果和R果)。灵武长枣不同光泽度果实品质各有优劣:S果的优势是外观品质好,果型周正,酸甜适口;R果优势则是其果实个大,Vc含量高,利于储存运输。

汽轮机枞树形叶根铣刀的加工工艺分析

枞树形叶根铣刀是汽轮机行业加工叶片叶根及轮毂的重要工具,由于其截面形状复杂,传统的加工工艺存在工艺复杂、效率低和精度难以保证等缺点。为解决上述工艺难题,本文提出一种五轴车铣复合加工中心开粗及五轴工具磨床精加工的工艺策略。首先,以某枞树形叶根铣刀为例,研究了其结构特点,确定五轴车铣复合加工中心开粗及五轴工具磨床精加工的工艺路线,分别编制工艺技术文件;其次,采用ESPRIT TNG车铣复合编程软件编制粗加工刀路轨迹,采用NUMROTO软件编制精加工刀路轨迹;最后,将刀路轨迹转换为数控代码分别进行仿真模拟加工,将仿真无误的数控代码和磨削代码分别导入五轴车铣复合加工中心和五轴工具磨床中完成实操加工。通过对加工过的刀具成品进行刀具形线、角度和外观检测,各项技术指标均满足设计要求,且加工效率提升了约24.4%,从而验证了该工艺方案的有效性。

中亚热带喀斯特森林树木功能型的生态位特征

【目的】分析中亚热带喀斯特森林树木功能型的生态位特征,推断不同功能型树木对资源的利用程度和种间竞争差异,为喀斯特地区的植被恢复与重建提供理论指导。【方法】以中亚热带喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林为研究对象,在样地调查基础上根据冠层高度、种群大小、耐荫性和种子传播方式将被选的40种树木划分为不同功能型,通过计测生态位宽度和生态位重叠指数分析不同功能型树木的生态位特征。【结果】喀斯特森林树木的生态位宽度普遍较低,表现为常见种>偶见种>稀有种,且三者的生态位宽度间差异显著;重力传播种的生态位宽度显著低于动物和风力传播种,不同耐荫性和冠层高度功能型间的生态位宽度无显著差异;40种树木种对间的生态位重叠指数同样较低,常见种的生态位重叠指数显著高于偶见种和稀有种,上层种显著高于下层种,喜光种显著高于耐荫种,而重力传播种则显著低于动物和风力传播种;常见种与偶见种间的生态位重叠指数显著高于常见种与稀有种以及偶见种与稀有种间,动物与风力传播种间的生态位重叠指数显著高于动物与重力种间以及风力与重力种间,而中生与耐荫种间的生态位重叠指数则显著低于喜光与中生种以及喜光与耐荫种间。【结论】中亚热带喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林中多数树种占据较小的生态位空间并可能存在较低的种间竞争作用,不同树木功能型生态位宽度和生态位重叠指数的差异可能与生境异质性和物种性状差异等存在密切联系。在进行退化生境植被重建时,可根据不同功能型树木的生态位特征合理构建群落的组成与结构,促进森林植被快速恢复。

滴灌施肥下氮肥类型对苹果树生长及产量品质的影响

黄土高原是我国苹果重要产区,灌溉和施肥管理不当会导致苹果产量不稳、品质下降、土壤质量降低等一系列问题。基于此,于2020-2022年以矮化密植苹果树为研究对象,采用尿素(U)、尿素硝铵液肥(UAN)、尿素+硝酸铵钙(UCAN)三种不同类型氮肥开展滴灌施肥试验,探究不同氮肥类型对苹果生长、产量、品质和土壤硝态氮残留量的影响。结果表明:滴灌施肥方式下UCAN和U处理苹果新梢生长量、叶面积指数整体大于UAN处理;相较于U处理,2021和2022年UCAN处理的苹果产量分别提高12.64%和37.92%,2022年UAN处理的苹果产量提高22.44%;与U处理相比,UCAN处理能够显著提高苹果果实可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、硝酸盐含量,降低果肉硬度和糖酸比,而UAN处理能够提高果实可溶性糖含量和糖酸比,降低VC含量和果肉硬度,氮肥类型对单果重和果形指数无显著影响;除2021年0~80 cm土层土壤,氮肥类型对土壤硝态氮残留的影响不显著。基于产量、品质和环境效益的TOPSIS综合评价结果,UCAN处理综合效益最优、其次为UAN和U处理,该结果可为苹果园氮肥管理提供理论依据与数据支撑。

一种基于编码单元快速划分的VVC帧内编码方法

相比于高效视频编码(high efficiency video coding,HEVC)标准,新一代编码标准多功能视频编码(versatile video coding,VVC)引入了很多新的技术,其中包括四叉树(quadtree,QT)和多类型树(multi-type tree,MTT)划分,MTT划分由HEVC中的QT划分延伸而来。新划分方法提高了压缩效率,但导致编码时间急剧增加。为了降低编码复杂度,提出了一种结合深度学习方法和MTT方向早期判决的快速帧内编码算法。首先使用轻量级的卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)对QT和部分MTT进行预测划分,其余MTT则采用提前预测MTT划分方向的方法作进一步的优化。实验结果表明,所提方法能够大幅降低编码复杂度,相比于原始编码器的编码时间减少了74.3%,且只有3.3%的码率损失,性能优于对比的方法。