A method to predict rockburst using temporal trend test and its application

Rockbursts have become a significant hazard in underground mining,underscoring the need for a robust early warning model to ensure safety management.This study presents a novel approach for rockburst prediction,integrating the Mann-Kendall trend test(MKT)and multi-indices fusion to enable real-time and quantitative assessment of rockburst hazards.The methodology employed in this study involves the development of a comprehensive precursory index library for rockbursts.The MKT is then applied to analyze the real-time trend of each index,with adherence to rockburst characterization laws serving as the warning criterion.By employing a confusion matrix,the warning effectiveness of each index is assessed,enabling index preference determination.Ultimately,the integrated rockburst hazard index Q is derived through data fusion.The results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a warning effectiveness of 0.563 for Q,surpassing the performance of any individual index.Moreover,the model’s adaptability and scalability are enhanced through periodic updates driven by actual field monitoring data,making it suitable for complex underground working environments.By providing an efficient and accurate basis for decision-making,the proposed model holds great potential for the prevention and control of rockbursts.It offers a valuable tool for enhancing safety measures in underground mining operations.

Investigation into Recent Temperature and Rainfall Trends in Mali Using Mann-Kendall Trend Test: Case Study of Bamako

Rainfall and temperature variability analysis is important for researchers and policy formulators in making critical decisions on water availability and use in communities. The Western Sahel, which comprises Mali is considered as one of the vulnerable regions to climate change, and also encountered the challenges of climatic shocks such as flood and drought. This research therefore sought to investigate climate change effects on hydrological events and trends in Sahelian rainfall intensity using Bamako (Mali) as a case study from 1991 to 2020, as limited data availability did not allow an extended period of study. Monthly observed data provided by MALI-METEO was used to validate daily rainfalls data from African Rainfall Climatology Version 2 (ARC2) satellite-based rainfall product on monthly basis. The validated model performance used Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and Percent Bias (PBAIS) and gave results of 0.904 and 1.0506 respectively. Trends in annual maximum temperatures and rainfalls were analyzed using Mann-Kendall trend test. The result indicated that the trend in annual maximum rainfalls was decreasing, while annual total rainfall was increasing but not significant at 5% significance level. The rate of increase in annual total rainfalls was 0.475 mm/year according to the observed annual rainfall series and decreased to 0.68 mm/year in annual maximum. The analysis further found that annual maximum temperatures were increasing at the rate of 0.03°C/year at 5% significance level. To provide more accurate climate predictions, it is recommended that further studies on rainfall and temperature with data sets spanning 60 - 90 years be carried out.

Analysis of Daily Rainfall in São Carlos/SP, Brazil over 1979-2017 Using Laplace Trend Test

Rainfall expresses one of the most complex climate factors in Southeastern Brazil. Understanding the dynamics and temporal trends of rainfall represents a significant challenge due to regional and even global mechanisms, such as FS (Frontal Systems) and the SACZ (South Atlantic Convergence Zone), and the interaction with the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The present study aimed at analyzing the pluviometric tendencies in São Carlos/SP, in the countryside of São Paulo State. Laplace trend test was used to comprehend the temporal evolution of daily rainfall in the region in the historical series 1979-2017, in seven pluviometric stations (climatological or surface stations). Significant fluctuations in interannual trends and between seasons were observed. However, it was noted that the beginning of the 1980s showed positive trends, whereas, as of the year 2000, most of the stations demonstrated negative trends, indicating a reduction in daily rainfall volume due to the great tropical climatic variability of Brazil. Emphasis should also be given to the regional and local effects, such as elevation and urbanization, respectively, which corroborate such differences among the analyzed stations. This methodology is of considerable value for the observation of pluviometric trends, and future studies can validate such a tool in climatological studies.

Detecting Global Vegetation Changes Using Mann-Kendal(MK) Trend Test for 1982–2015 Time Period

Vegetation is the main component of the terrestrial ecosystem and plays a key role in global climate change. Remotely sensed vegetation indices are widely used to detect vegetation trends at large scales. To understand the trends of vegetation cover, this research examined the spatial-temporal trends of global vegetation by employing the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR) Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies(GIMMS) time series(1982–2015). Ten samples were selected to test the temporal trend of NDVI, and the results show that in arid and semi-arid regions, NDVI showed a deceasing trend, while it showed a growing trend in other regions. Mann-Kendal(MK) trend test results indicate that 83.37% of NDVI pixels exhibited positive trends and that only 16.63% showed negative trends(P < 0.05) during the period from 1982 to 2015. The increasing NDVI trends primarily occurred in tree-covered regions because of forest growth and re-growth and also because of vegetation succession after a forest disturbance. The increasing trend of the NDVI in cropland regions was primarily because of the increasing cropland area and the improvement in planting techniques. This research describes the spatial vegetation trends at a global scale over the past 30+ years, especially for different land cover types.

On the Different Ways to Handle the Trend of Disease Risk in Genetic Association Tests

Genetic association studies usually apply the simple chi-square (χ2)-test for testing association between a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and a particular phenotype, assuming the genotypes and phenotypes are independent. So, the conventional χ2-test does not consider the increased risk of an individual carrying the increasing number of disease responsible allele (a particular genotype). But, the association tests should be performed with the consideration of this disease risk according to the mode of inheritance (additive, dominant, recessive). Practical demonstration of the two possible methods for considering such order or trends in contingency tables of genetic association studies using SNP genotype data is the purpose of this paper. One method is by pooling the genotypes, and the other is scoring the individual genotypes, based on the disease risk according to the inheritance pattern. The results show that the p-values obtained from both the methods are similar for the dominant and recessive models. The other important features of the methods were also extracted using the SNP genotype data for different inheritance patterns.

A Model-Embedded Trend Test with Incorporating Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Information

The genetic models are greatly important in the analysis of genetic epidemiologic studies and many of the studies are conducted using the trend test under the additive model. However, for many complex diseases and traits, the underlying genetic model for a genetic locus is usually uncertain. So a robust test free of genetic model is appropriate. In this paper, the authors propose a model-embedded trend test by incorporating Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium information and obtain the explicit formula to calculate its statistical significance. Extensive simulation studies show the proposed test is more robust than the existing procedures. Finally, a real application is further analyzed to show the performance of the proposed test.

Provenance of Coloured Gemstones-Availability,Testing Methods,Future Trends

Gemstones have fascinated mankind forever,and people traveled far to find them.The Silk Road is one of the most traditional trade routes in the middle ages that was used to bring the precious stones to the European market.Later,emeralds from Colombia were shipped via the ocean to the Old World.

Communicative Testing:A Trend of Modern EFL Testing

Communicative testing, with its purpose of measuring communicative competence, has brought changes to the current EFL tests in content and format and produced a widespread and profound influence on modern language testing models in the two decades. This paper gives a brief introduction to the development of communicative testing, and presents the trend of modern EFL testing in the aspects of oral test, proportion of subjective and objective items, content, context, incorporation of skills as well as criteria of assessment, which is the result of enlightenment of communicative testing theories.

Numerical test and evaluating method of impact trend of rock-coal system

The impact trend of rock-coal system was studied by the method of accumulat- ing and releasing of deformation energy and interaction of rock-coal system.The system model of roof-coal-floor was established.Based on the RFPA software,rock fracture process analysis system,the numerical test of deformation,fracture and energy transmis- sion of nonlinear and nonhomogeneous rock-coal system,and the numerical test and evaluating method of impact trend of rock-coal system were achieved.When the same coal seam was in different roof and floor conditions,the fracture process of rock-coal sys- tem can be classified as gradual,sudden and delayed fracture three kinds,and their im- pact trend can be classified as void,intense and medium correspondingly.The rock-coal system's impact trend is evaluated by the system impact index μ and burst expanding forms.The criteria μ are μ<1.0,1.0≤μ<1.5 and μ≥1.5 when the impact trend is void,in- tense or medium,which are tested and verified by the No.2 and No.4 coal seams in Sun- cun mine.

60多年来车尔臣河流域主要水文要素特征分析

开展河流主要水文要素变化特征分析,可为不同来水情景下水资源配置(农业需水量计算、山区水库调蓄计算、水利工程规划布局、水资源优化利用等)提供理论依据。以新疆车尔臣河为例,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、小波分析等方法对主要水文要素变化特征进行了分析。车尔臣河径流系列变差系数(Cv)为0.34,偏差系数(Cs)为1.14,径流年际变化相对稳定;1957—2021年间径流整体呈显著增加趋势,其中1957—2003年处于上升、下降的波动状态,在2003年后径流整体呈增加趋势,且在2008年发生突变;径流过程存在11 a和19 a的显著主周期,在主周期内还存在7 a和11 a的小周期;基于距平百分率法得到丰水年来水为6.630亿m^(3),平水年来水量为5.319亿m^(3),枯水年来水量为4.820亿m^(3);流域降水呈现显著上升趋势,气温呈先下降后上升波动,整体呈上升趋势。研究表明,1957—2021年,在车尔臣河流域,径流年际变化相对稳定,整体呈显著增加趋势,过程存在11 a和19 a的显著主周期,降水呈波动上升趋势,气温也呈增加趋势,在未来水资源配置规划时应重点关注以上特征。

佳木斯市2011年-2020年地表水生态环境质量变化研究

采用Spearman秩相关系数法,对松花江佳木斯市2011年-2020年期间主要污染指标变化趋势进行了分析。计算结果表明,2011年-2020年佳木斯上断面的高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量、氨氮和总磷,佳木斯下断面的化学需氧量和总磷,江南屯断面的化学需氧量,同江断面的高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量和总磷,汤旺河口内断面的化学需氧量、氨氮和总磷,梧桐河口内断面的化学需氧量和总磷呈显著下降趋势;其余监测断面的这几项监测指标无显著变化。对污染物的年际变化进行了分析,并探讨了地表水环境质量变化原因。

云南省植被覆盖时空变化特征及影响因素研究

云南省物种资源丰富但生态系统十分脆弱,生态环境脆弱性保护与植被覆盖联系紧密。为此,该文采用2000—2022年MOD13Q1数据集的归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI),利用最大值合成法(maximum value composite,MVC)、Theil-Sen中位数趋势分析、Mann-Kendall显著性检验方法动态监测植被的时空格局变化。利用相关分析方法探讨植被对地形地貌、气候变化及土地覆被等影响因素的响应。研究表明:2000—2022年,云南省整体植被覆盖度较高,年均NDVI值在0.74~0.90之间,呈波动上升趋势,其中增加趋势的面积占91.17%,滇东北增长速率最快;植被覆盖在地域上存在差异,滇东南、滇西南的植被覆盖高于滇西北、滇中、滇东北;在海拔3900 m以下,云南省NDVI值比较稳定,3900 m以上随海拔升高而NDVI值呈减少趋势;坡度<3°时,NDVI值最低,随着坡度增加,NDVI值先增加后降低;平面坡向的NDVI值最低,除平面坡向外,其余坡向对植被生长影响较小;2000—2022年,滇中、滇东南、滇东北的植被覆盖与降水呈正相关,表明降水有利于植被生长;而滇西南、滇西北与降水呈负相关。全区及各区域的植被覆盖与气温呈正相关,表明气温有利于植被生长。研究结果可为加强云南省生态环境建设和生态管理提供科学依据。

10 kV电缆接头局部放电趋势分析及预警方法研究

电缆接头是局部放电频发的位置,针对目前对局部放电趋势研究的不足和预警不及时的问题,提出了一种基于Mann-Kendall检验法和长短期神经网络(LSTM)的局部放电的趋势分析和预警方法。为了清晰地揭示局部放电数据的趋势特征,文中采用Mann-Kendall检验法对采集的暂态地电压(TEV)数据进行处理,定量计算趋势变化及突变点检测。文中提出基于Mann-Kendall检验法和LSTM算法的综合预警模型,该模型利用LSTM预测TEV序列幅值,并用Mann-Kendall计算预测值的趋势参数,通过综合考虑TEV幅值大小和趋势参数实现了电缆接头局部放电主动预警。算例结果表明,Mann-Kendall能清晰揭示局部放电变化趋势,LSTM对局部放电数据预测效果良好,基于二者构建的预警模型能较好地对局部放电进行预警。

Detecting Climate Change Trend, Size, and Change Point Date on Annual Maximum Time Series Rainfall Data for Warri, Nigeria

The study focused on the detection of indicators of climate change in 24-hourly annual maximum series (AMS) rainfall data collected for 36 years (1982-2017) for Warri Township, using different statistical methods yielded a statistically insignificant positive mild trend. The IMD and MCIMD downscaled model’s time series data respectively produced MK statistics varying from 1.403 to 1.4729, and 1.403 to 1.463 which were less than the critical Z-value of 1.96. Also, the slope magnitude obtained showed a mild increasing trend in variation from 0.0189 to 0.3713, and 0.0175 to 0.5426, with the rate of change in rainfall intensity at 24 hours duration as 0.4536 and 0.42 mm/hr.year (4.536 and 4.2 mm/decade) for the IMD and the MCIMD time series data, respectively. The trend change point date occurred in the year 2000 from the distribution-free CUSUM test with the trend maintaining a significant and steady increase from 2010 to 2015. Thus, this study established the existence of a trend, which is an indication of a changing climate, and satisfied the condition for rainfall Non-stationary intensity-duration-frequency (NS-IDF) modeling required for infrastructural design for combating flooding events.

医疗器械检验检测现状及发展趋势探索

目的该文旨在迎接我国医疗器械检验检测行业的新业态和新挑战,探索行业的未来发展方向。方法在概述医疗器械检验检测行业现状的基础上,采用专家访谈和线上问卷的方式,调研40家医疗器械检验检测机构及相关企事业单位,重点关注科技创新能力和形式、行业发展瓶颈等重要问题。结果通过整理和分析调研数据,得出行业发展的5个积极趋势:完善机构整体布局,加强区域特色中心建设;完善第三方合作研究组织和第三方评审机构的准入与监管机制;鼓励科技创新,优化人才队伍,赋能检验检测技术高质量发展;构建医疗器械安全监管信息化共享平台;加强在用医疗器械设备的安全监测。创新之处采用专家访谈和循证研究的方法,获取客观可靠的数据,为行业发展趋势的研究和探索提供了有力的依据。

海南岛冬季瓜菜寒害气象指标及发生规律研究

利用海南岛18个气象站的1971—2020年冬季(12月至翌年2月)气象数据和灾情资料,构建考虑阴雨寡照影响、能量化寒害过程影响程度且具备生物学特征的冬季瓜菜寒害气象指标。在此基础上结合Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和ArcGIS技术,得出海南岛冬季瓜菜寒害时空变化规律。结果表明:冬季各月及各月轻至重度瓜菜寒害发生概率较高的地区主要分布在海南岛西北部和中部,出现概率较低的地区主要分布在西部、南部、东部沿海一带。冬季各月瓜菜寒害均主要以轻、中度等级为主,二者占比高达88.3%。3个月中,1月瓜菜寒害发生次数最多(占比达48.6%),瓜菜轻至重度寒害亦均在1月出现最多(占比分别为50.2%、43.4%和40.2%)。近50年海南岛冬季各月瓜菜寒害年发生次数不显著减少的站点占多数(占比分别为83.3%、94.4%和72.2%),各月不同等级瓜菜寒害中除2月重度瓜菜寒害年发生次数呈增加趋势的站点较多(占比38.9%)外,其余等级瓜菜寒害年发生次数不显著减少的站点亦占多数(占比61.1%~88.9%)。冬季各月不同等级瓜菜寒害的影响范围均按寒害轻至重顺序明显缩小。3个月之间相比,12月和2月瓜菜寒害影响范围接近且明显小于1月,轻度和中度寒害影响范围月之间亦表现出类似规律,重度寒害影响范围12月和1月接近且明显大于2月。近50年海南岛冬季各月及各月所有等级瓜菜寒害影响范围均在缩小。总体而言,近50年海南岛冬季瓜菜寒害年发生次数减少、影响范围缩小,对海南岛冬季瓜菜种植有利。但2月东、中、西部地区瓜菜重度寒害年发生次数在增加,需加以关注。

赣江流域水文情势时空差异性及变化分析

赣江流域作为鄱阳湖流域最大的子流域,是长江中下游的重要水源区,研究赣江流域的水文情势可以拓展对该区域水文演变机制的认识。基于赣江流域2000~2021年的日降雨量和径流监测数据,采用Mann-Kendall检验以及相关分析等方法,结合HYPE水文模拟和PEST自动率定技术对参数敏感性指数、径流量及降雨量等指标进行水文过程及其时空变异的研究。结果表明:①流域内的水文变量呈现一定的时空变化。在年尺度上,径流量和降雨量有一定的波动,总体上呈现小幅上升趋势,两者之间存在明显的正相关关系,同时流域内水库运行也可能对水文机制产生一定影响;在月尺度上,径流量和降雨量均在6月达到峰值,1月达到最低值;在空间分布上,年均径流和降雨量在流域东部和北部均较大。②在水文过程模拟中,描述发生大孔隙流和地表径流的土壤水含量阈值的参数mactrsm相对综合敏感性最大。③HYPE模型能够较好地模拟赣江流域及其代表性子流域宜丰河流域的径流动态变化(0.60≤E_(ns)≤0.86),宜丰河小流域出口(宜丰水文站)的流量模拟效果明显低于赣江流域出口(外洲水文站)。在年尺度上,宜丰站子流域的土壤湿度、蒸发量和地表径流整体上呈现上升趋势;在空间分布上,外洲站子流域相较于宜丰站子流域,土壤湿度更高、蒸发量较低、地表径流更大。④根据基流分割,宜丰站子流域和外洲站子流域的径流机制有所不同,表现在宜丰站子流域饱和地下水对总径流的贡献较大,而外洲站子流域地表径流对总径流的贡献较大。流域特征非均质性和水文过程变异是造成模型精度空间差异的主要原因。

1960—2019年永定河流域降水演化特征

基于永定河流域内及周边53个气象站1960—2019年逐日降水资料及其插值数据,采用多种变异诊断方法研判永定河流域降水演化特征,结果表明:1)年降水量存在下降趋势,夏季降水量下降趋势显著,春季、秋季、冬季降水量呈上升趋势;2)在空间上,年降水量在大部分地区呈不显著的下降趋势,官厅水库以下较小的范围呈显著下降趋势,春季、秋季和冬季降水量基本呈不显著上升趋势,仅在部分区域呈不显著下降趋势,夏季降水量与其他季节相反,在流域大部分范围呈下降趋势;3)降水要素存在突变性,突变后年降水量的变化为极小值增大、极大值减小,7—8月降水量的变化为整体降低。

1976—2021年纳木错和色林错湖泊面积变化及驱动因素分析

湖泊在水循环和水平衡中发挥着重要作用,对气候变化极其敏感。分析青藏高原湖泊面积变化及驱动因素,对揭示高原气候变化具有重要意义。文章通过解译1976—2021年Landsat系列遥感影像,获取纳木错和色林错湖泊水体面积,利用数理统计方法分析湖泊水体面积及气温、降水的变化特征,并探讨了气温和降水量对湖泊面积变化的影响。结果表明:1.纳木错和色林错湖泊面积总体均呈显著增长趋势(P<0.01),增幅分别为2.90%和36.30%,分别于2001年和2002年发生突变,其中,纳木错湖泊面积变化波动较小(CV=1.64%),色林错湖泊面积波动幅度较大(CV=12.65%)。2.纳木错和色林错流域多年平均降水量和气温均呈现显著增加趋势。3.纳木错湖泊面积变化与气温和降水量呈显著正相关,受降水与气温的共同影响;色林错湖泊面积变化与气温呈显著正相关,与降水量无显著相关性,气温增加引起的冰雪加速融化是色林错急剧扩张的主要原因。相关结果为高寒地区湖泊演变机制的研究及生态环境保护措施的制定提供理论依据。

2种气候环境的湖南省2021—2050年归一化植被指数时空动态变化预测

以湖南省为例,以2001—2020年的气象数据和归一化植被指数(NDVI)时间序列数据为基础,利用多元线性回归分析法,对未来2021—2050年两种气候环境(SSP2-4.5、SSP5-8.5)的归一化植被指数进行预测,并运用泰尔-森(Theil-Sen)和曼-肯德尔(Mann-Kendall)两种分析方法探究气候变化对湖南省未来植被演变趋势的影响。研究表明:相对于历史时期(2001—2020年),未来SSP2-4.5、SSP5-8.5气候环境的增温趋势均较为平缓,SSP5-8.5环境,温度呈南高北低趋势,降水呈北多南少趋势,且SSP2-4.5气候环境湖南省北部区域降水呈显著减少趋势。两种气候环境的归一化植被指数均呈现出一定的上升趋势,尤其SSP5-8.5气候环境更为显著。因此,两种气候环境归一化植被指数变化趋势的共性是,长沙市的少部分区域、洞庭湖流域内及张家界市北部归一化植被指数下降明显,是未来植被修复的重点地区;而湘西土家族苗族自治州、怀化、邵阳、永州西部和郴州东部地区也存在归一化植被指数下降趋势,区域石漠化较为严重,后期应加强保护与治理;湖南省其他各区域未来植被有明显的改善趋势。