Does the Hartman effect exist in triangular barriers

We study the phase,Larmor and dwell times of a particle scattered off triangular barriers(TBs).It is interesting that the dependences of dwell,reflective phase and Larmor times on the wave number,barrier width and height for a pair of mirror-symmetric(MS)exact triangular barriers(ETBs)are quite different,as the two ETBs have quite distinct scattering surfaces.In comparison,the dependence of the transmitted phase or Larmor times is exactly the same,since the transmitted amplitudes are the same for a pair of MS TBs.We further study the Hartman effect by defining the phase and Larmor velocities associated with the phase and Larmor times.We find no barrier width saturation effect for the transmitted and reflected times.This is indicated by the fact that all the velocities approach finite constants that are much smaller than the speed of light in vacuum for TBs with positive-slope impact faces.As for ETBs with vertical left edges,the naive velocities seem to also indicate the absence of the Hartman effect.These are quite distinct from rectangular barriers and may shed new light on the clarification of the tunneling time issues.

Review and update on the management of triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries in professional athletes

Triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries are common in amateur and professional sports.These injuries are mainly caused by acute or chronic repetitive axial loads on the wrist,particularly on the ulnar side and in association with rotations or radial/ulnar deviations.In order to treat professional athletes,a detailed specific knowledge of the pathology is needed.Moreover,the clinician should fully understand the specific and unique environment and needs of the athletes,their priorities and goals,the type of sport,the time of the season,and the position played.An early diagnosis and appropriate management with the quickest possible recovery time are the uppermost goals for both the athlete and the surgeon.A compromise between conservative vs surgical indications,athletes’needs and expectations,and financial implications should be achieved.Arthroscopic procedures should be timely planned when indicated as they could allow early diagnosis and treatment at the same time.Conservative measures are often used as first line treatment when possible.Peripheral lesions are treated by arthroscopic repair,whilst central lesions are treated by arthroscopic debridement.Further procedures(such as the Wafer procedure,ulnar osteotomies,etc.)have specific indications and great implications with regard to rehabilitation.

Misdiagnosis of hemangioma of left triangular ligament of the liver as gastric submucosal stromal tumor:Two case reports

BACKGROUND Extragastric lesions are typically not misdiagnosed as gastric submucosal tumor(SMT).However,we encountered two rare cases where extrinsic lesions were misdiagnosed as gastric SMTs.CASE SUMMARY We describe two cases of gastric SMT-like protrusions initially misdiagnosed as gastric SMTs by the abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography(CT)and endoscopic ultrasound(EUS).Based on the CT and EUS findings,the patients underwent gastroscopy;however,no tumor was identified after incising the gastric wall.Subsequent surgical exploration revealed no gastric lesions in both patients,but a mass was found in the left triangular ligament of the liver.The patients underwent laparoscopic tumor resection,and the postoperative diagnosis was hepatic hemangiomas.CONCLUSION During EUS procedures,scanning across different layers and at varying degrees of gastric cavity distension,coupled with meticulous image analysis,has the potential to mitigate the likelihood of such misdiagnoses.

Phonon Focusing Effect in an Atomic Level Triangular Structure

The rise of artificial microstructures has made it possible to modulate propagation of various kinds of waves,such as light,sound and heat.Among them,the focusing effect is a modulation function of particular interest.We propose an atomic level triangular structure to realize the phonon focusing effect in single-layer graphene.In the positive incident direction,our phonon wave packet simulation results confirm that multiple features related to the phonon focusing effect can be controlled by adjusting the height of the triangular structure.More interestingly,a completed different focusing pattern and an enhanced energy transmission coefficient are found in the reverse incident direction.The detailed mode conversion physics is discussed based on the Fourier transform analysis on the spatial distribution of the phonon wave packet.Our study provides physical insights to achieving phonon focusing effect by designing atomic level microstructures.

Four-Order Superconvergent Weak Galerkin Methods for the Biharmonic Equation on Triangular Meshes

A stabilizer-free weak Galerkin(SFWG)finite element method was introduced and analyzed in Ye and Zhang(SIAM J.Numer.Anal.58:2572–2588,2020)for the biharmonic equation,which has an ultra simple finite element formulation.This work is a continuation of our investigation of the SFWG method for the biharmonic equation.The new SFWG method is highly accurate with a convergence rate of four orders higher than the optimal order of convergence in both the energy norm and the L^(2)norm on triangular grids.This new method also keeps the formulation that is symmetric,positive definite,and stabilizer-free.Four-order superconvergence error estimates are proved for the corresponding SFWG finite element solutions in a discrete H^(2)norm.Superconvergence of four orders in the L^(2)norm is also derived for k≥3,where k is the degree of the approximation polynomial.The postprocessing is proved to lift a P_(k)SFWG solution to a P_(k+4)solution elementwise which converges at the optimal order.Numerical examples are tested to verify the theor ies.

Anomaly Detection of UAV State Data Based on Single-Class Triangular Global Alignment Kernel Extreme Learning Machine

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)are widely used and meet many demands in military and civilian fields.With the continuous enrichment and extensive expansion of application scenarios,the safety of UAVs is constantly being challenged.To address this challenge,we propose algorithms to detect anomalous data collected from drones to improve drone safety.We deployed a one-class kernel extreme learning machine(OCKELM)to detect anomalies in drone data.By default,OCKELM uses the radial basis(RBF)kernel function as the kernel function of themodel.To improve the performance ofOCKELM,we choose a TriangularGlobalAlignmentKernel(TGAK)instead of anRBF Kernel and introduce the Fast Independent Component Analysis(FastICA)algorithm to reconstruct UAV data.Based on the above improvements,we create a novel anomaly detection strategy FastICA-TGAK-OCELM.The method is finally validated on the UCI dataset and detected on the Aeronautical Laboratory Failures and Anomalies(ALFA)dataset.The experimental results show that compared with other methods,the accuracy of this method is improved by more than 30%,and point anomalies are effectively detected.

Relative Ding Projective Modules over Formal Triangular Matrix Rings

Let U be a (B, A)-bimodule, A and B be rings, and be a formal triangular matrix ring. In this paper, we characterize the structure of relative Ding projective modules over T under some conditions. Furthermore, using the left global relative Ding projective dimensions of A and B, we estimate the relative Ding projective dimension of a left T-module.

Introduction to Mesh Based Generated Lumped Parameter Models for Electromagnetic Problems using Triangular Elements

This paper is an introduction to mesh based generated reluctance network modeling using triangular elements.Many contributions on mesh based generated reluctance networks using rectangular shaped elements have been published,but very few on those generated from a mesh using triangular elements.The use of triangular elements is aimed at extending the application of the approach to any shape of modeled devices.Basic concepts of the approach are presented in the case of electromagnetic devices.The procedure for coding the approach in the case of a flat linear permanent magnet machine is presented.Codes developed under MATLAB environment are also included.

Pythagorean probabilistic hesitant triangular fuzzy aggregation operators with applications in multiple attribute decision making

As a generalization of fuzzy set,hesitant probabilistic fuzzy set and pythagorean triangular fuzzy set have their own unique advantages in describing decision information.As modern socioeconomic decision-making problems are becoming more and more complex,it also becomes more and more difficult to appropriately depict decision makers’cognitive information in decision-making process.In order to describe the decision information more comprehensively,we define a pythagorean probabilistic hesitant triangular fuzzy set(PPHTFS)by combining the pythagorean triangular fuzzy set and the probabilistic hesitant fuzzy set.Firstly,the basic operation and scoring function of the pythagorean probabilistic hesitant triangular fuzzy element(PPHTFE)are proposed,and the comparison rule of two PPHTFEs is given.Then,some pythagorean probabilistic hesitant triangular fuzzy aggregation operators are developed,and their properties are also studied.Finally,a multi-attribute decision-making(MADM)model is constructed based on the proposed operators under the pythagorean probabilistic hesitant triangular fuzzy information,and an illustration example is given to demonstrate the practicability and validity of the proposed decision-making method.

Two-Parameter Block Triangular Splitting Preconditioner for Block Two-by-Two Linear Systems

This paper proposes a two-parameter block triangular splitting(TPTS)preconditioner for the general block two-by-two linear systems.The eigenvalues of the corresponding preconditioned matrix are proved to cluster around 0 or 1 under mild conditions.The limited numerical results show that the TPTS preconditioner is more efficient than the classic block-diagonal and block-triangular preconditioners when applied to the flexible generalized minimal residual(FGMRES)method.

砖木结构古建筑火灾风险影响因子评估研究

提出模糊DEMATEL-ISM的方法,在建立古建筑火灾评价指标体系的基础上,对归属于4大类风险因素的25个潜在风险因子进行关联性分析,得出因子的因果属性及因子间的逻辑层次结构关系,从而对古建筑火灾风险进行评估。利用模糊DEMATEL-ISM法对华阴市西岳庙灏灵殿进行实例分析,结果表明:疏散与扑救条件、电器设备隐患的原因度较大,需要对其予以控制;耐火等级、火灾荷载的结果度大,为事故发生的主要原因;疏散与扑救条件、易燃易爆危险品、电器设备隐患、安全责任制、灭火应急预案和演练为古建筑火灾事故的关键风险因子,可为古建筑火灾风险管控工作提供相应参考。

三角形排列波浪锥柱绕流流动特性数值分析

采用大涡模拟方法,分析了亚临界雷诺数为3 900时三角形排列波浪锥柱的横流向间距比和顺流向间距比对其升阻力特性、尾流干涉效应及三维流动结构等的影响.结果表明,上游2个波浪锥柱的升阻力特性受下游波浪锥柱影响较小,下游波浪锥柱处于上游双波浪锥柱尾流中,其升阻力特性受横流向间距比和顺流向间距比影响更为显著.3个波浪锥柱间的流动状态可分为邻近干扰、漩涡撞击和涡相互作用状态.在漩涡撞击状态下,上游波浪锥柱尾涡得以发展充分,周期性撞击在下游波浪锥柱表面,从而产生较大的脉动升力.横流向间距比、顺流向间距比分别为3和6时,下游波浪锥柱脉动升力系数较单直圆柱提升了20.93倍.

三角迷宫式侧堰的水力特性研究

迷宫式侧堰具有较大的泄流能力,广泛应用于流量控制、农田灌溉和排水系统.为研究三角迷宫式侧堰的复杂水力特性、泄流规律及泄流影响因素,本研究首先基于FLOW-3D软件和RNG k-ε湍流模型,对侧堰的15种工况进行数值模拟计算,获得侧堰水面流态、流速分布等水力特性.同时,通过白金汉π定理推出影响迷宫式侧堰流量系数的无量纲参数,探究流量系数C_(d)与无量纲参数之间的变化规律,利用人工智能遗传规划(Genetic Programming,GP)算法拟合出流量系数计算公式.结果表明:主渠道内水流为缓流,堰顶角θ较小时,二次流使得水面流态变化,流速在靠近侧堰时发生急剧变化,堰内产生回流.随着θ的增大,堰顶上方水舌从对称分布变为偏右侧下泄,堰内回流现象消失;C_d随上游弗劳德数Fr和溢流前沿与堰顶水深之比l/h_(1)的增加而减小,随堰高与堰上水头之比p/h_(1)的增加而增加,θ越大,C_(d)变化趋势越大;流量系数预测公式在测试阶段的决定系数R^(2)=0.913,均方根误差RMSE=0.045,流量系数预测值与试验值的散点图拟合效果良好,数据点分布均匀且关于拟合线对称,表明GP模型得出的结果较为准确,满足灌区量水精度要求.该研究成果可为迷宫式侧堰在实际工程中的应用提供理论依据和技术支撑.

基于联系数投影的三角模糊数组合预测模型及其应用

在模糊预测中,三角模糊数比区间数更能准确刻画不确定信息。针对三角模糊数组合预测,本文首先引入集对分析中联系数,找出三角模糊数与三元联系数的转换关系,巧妙回避三角模糊数组合预测运算的模糊性和复杂性。其次定义三元联系数运算规则,构建联系数投影作为最优准则,建立联系数投影的定权系数三角模糊数组合预测模型。然后依据高精度预测方法应赋予较大权系数的原则,构建联系数广义诱导有序加权平均(CNGIOWA)算子,研究其性质定理,再结合联系数投影的最优准则,建立基于联系数投影和CNGIOWA算子的变权系数三角模糊数组合预测模型。最后将两类三角模糊数组合预测模型应用到模糊预测实证分析中,结果显示两类组合预测模型都能有效提高预测准确性。

基于改进AHP及云模型的水轮机调节系统状态评价

针对水轮机调节系统综合评价不够全面,无法综合反映系统多指标、多层次的复杂性问题,提出了基于模糊层次分析法(AHP)-决策与实验室评估法(DEMATEL)-云模型的水轮机调节系统综合评价模型。首先建立基于主要设备和相关工况的多层次指标体系,采用模糊AHP计算评价指标的初始权重;通过DEMATEL法计算评价指标的相互影响与参照关系,绘制出指标因果关系图,并结合初始权重计算评价指标的综合权重;引入云模型得到评价指标各等级的隶属度矩阵。最后将权重结果与隶属度结合,得到系统综合评价等级。算例分析表明,该方法可高效快捷地对水轮机调节系统运行状态进行客观评价,为状态检修提供参考依据。

基于TFN-AHP和云模型的母舰对气垫船保障能力评价

母舰对气垫船的保障能力是气垫船任务执行能力的重要组成部分,对母舰的保障能力进行综合评价是提升气垫船与母舰保障适配能力的重要环节。母舰对气垫船的保障活动具有高度的随机性、复杂性和动态性,导致其保障能力的评价也存在不确定性和模糊性。为此,基于三角模糊数(triangular fuzzy number,TFN)-层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)与云模型提出了一种新的母舰对气垫船保障能力评价方法,并对某型母舰对气垫船的保障能力进行了评价。该方法通过特定的结构算法完成定性概念与定量表示的相互结合,降低了保障能力评价中权重计算的主观性和随机性,为母舰对气垫船保障能力评价提供了借鉴。

非结构化网格下海洋流场的特征提取与种子点选取算法

对于非结构化网格流场数据,现有研究存在不能定位流场中临界点的具体位置、无法对临界点精细分类以及缺乏适用于非结构化网格的种子点选取算法等问题。针对上述问题,基于非结构化网格流场数据,分别在临界点提取和种子点选取方法上进行改进创新。提出非结构化网格中临界点的定位及分类方法,通过庞加莱指数法判断存在临界点的三角网格。构造质心迭代法定位临界点在网格中的准确位置,并设计三角网格内雅克比矩阵的构造方法,将临界点精细分类。基于非结构化网格提出基于最大得分和网格密度的种子点选取算法,先比较相邻格点的标量值大小来计算每个格点的得分,形成“最大得分”标量场,再按照网格密度动态设置阈值,将得分大于阈值的格点选为种子点,接着以种子点为起始点生成流线,生成的流线可以表达出流场的关键特征与全局信息。基于多个海域流场数据的实验结果表明,临界点分类的准确率可达99%以上,证明了临界点提取算法的准确性以及种子点选取算法对提升流场可视化效果的有效性。

基于TFN-AHP熵权的铁钻工工业设计方案评价

针对铁钻工工业设计方案评价综合性强、存在一定主观性、评价影响因素多的问题,提出一种基于三角模糊数层次分析法和熵权法主、客观方法相结合的铁钻工方案评价模型。该模型在层次分析法框架下,根据专家意见构建铁钻工工业设计方案评价指标体系,划分4项1级指标和12项2级指标,以模糊决策矩阵为评价信息载体,引入三角模糊数优化传统层次分析法不能准确表征带有模糊不确定性特征的评价信息的问题,并使用客观方法熵权法组合赋权确定综合权重。将此评价模型运用于实际铁钻工设计项目方案评价,将评价结果与相关传统评价法进行对比,并将筛选出来的方案进行深入优化设计,证明了评价模型的有效性。研究结果能够有效辅助企业进行铁钻工工业设计方案决策。

中国县域新型城镇化水平的空间分布特征与驱动因子分析

从经济、人口、社会3个维度构建县域新型城镇化发展水平的综合评价指标体系,基于2020年1593个县(市)的截面数据,运用熵值法测算县域新型城镇化水平,并通过探索性数据分析法和三角模型分析其空间分布特征和三维关系模式,最后运用地理探测器对新型城镇化的驱动因子进行分析,研究结果发现,我国县域新型城镇化呈现东高西低的分布特征,并且存在正的空间相关性;东部地区的县域经济城镇化、人口城镇化和社会城镇化处于较为协调的发展状态,中、西部地区县域经济城镇化水平滞后于人口城镇化和社会城镇化;居民储蓄余额、工业企业个数、固定电话用户数和普通中学学生数是县域新型城镇化发展的主要驱动因子,并且任意两个驱动因子交互作用的影响大于单个因子。基于此,提出应通过完善基础设施体系、增加教育资源供给、推动工业优化升级等措施带动县域新型城镇化发展。

西北农牧交错区土地可持续利用评价及障碍因子诊断——以吴忠市为例

为探究西北农牧交错区土地可持续利用水平,结合联合国可持续发展目标(SDGs)完善传统评价体系,从经济、社会和资源环境3个维度选取30个指标构建评价体系,采用综合指数法、三角模型、障碍度模型分析吴忠市土地可持续利用水平及障碍因子。结果表明,2006—2021年吴忠市土地利用可持续利用水平从不可持续提升到一般可持续;2006—2021年吴忠市土地利用稳定性较好,可持续利用变化趋势稳定,仅2020年稳定性较差;不同土地可持续利用水平下障碍因子不相同。吴忠市土地利用朝着健康的方向发展,现阶段草地覆盖率、农业从业人员比重等是影响吴忠市土地可持续利用主要障碍因子。