Triaxial creep tests of weak sandstone from fracture zone of high dam foundation

The lithology of fracture zone which was developed at the dam foundation of a hydropower station is weak sandstone with poor integrity and pore cementation contact.Its creep properties have a significant impact on the deformation and stability of the dam.Based on the characteristics of loose organizational structure,high moisture content and poor mechanical properties,the triaxial compression tests and creep tests were carried out,respectively.The results show significant non-linear,low strength and no obvious strength peaks.Both axial and lateral strains are achieved more than 3%when the tests are failed.The weak sandstone has a significant creep property,but only transient and steady state appear under low stress.Increased stress causes creep intensified and lateral strain gradually exceeds axial strain.In the failure stage,it has characteristics of large axial plastic deformation,obvious volumetric ductility dilation and large steady creep rate.The accelerated creep appears shortly after transient loading under confining of pressures 1.0 MPa and 1.5 MPa.Therefore,an improved Burgers creep model considering the non-linear characteristics of weak sandstone is built based on hyperbolic equation and the creep parameters are identified.This model can well describe the creep properties of weak sandstone.

A triaxial creep model for coal containing gas and its stability analysis

Triaxial creep tests on CCG specimens were systematically performed using aself-made creep seepage experimental apparatus for determining the creep law of CCG.An improved triaxial creep model of CCG was established on the basis of a Nishiharamodel and another visco-elasto-plastic model,parameters of which were fitted on test data.Furthermore,the creep model is validated according to the result of triaxial creep experiments,and the outcome shows that the proposed triaxial creep model can properly characterizethe properties of various creep deformation phases of CCG,especially the acceleratingcreep phase.At the same time,the instability conditions of CCG were presentedbased on the discussion of the improved model's stability in terms of stability theories ofdifferential equation solution.

Temperature-controlled triaxial compression/creep test device for thermodynamic properties of soft sedimentary rock and corresponding theoretical prediction

In deep geological disposal of high-level nuclear waste,one of the most important subjects is to estimate long-term stability and strength of host rock under high temperature conditions caused by radioactive decay of the waste.In this paper,some experimental researches on the thermo-mechanical characteristics of soft sedimentary rock have been presented.For this reason,a new temperature-controlled triaxial compression and creep test device,operated automatically by a computer-controlled system,whose control software has been developed by the authors,was developed to conduct the thermo-mechanical tests in different thermal loading paths,including an isothermal path.The new device is proved to be able to conduct typical thermo-mechanical element tests for soft rock.The test device and the related testing method were introduced in detail.Finally,some test results have been simulated with a thermo-elasto-viscoplastic model that was also developed by the authors.

Creep properties and permeability evolution in triaxial rheological tests of hard rock in dam foundation

Triaxial creep tests were carried out under seepage pressure by using rock servo-controlled triaxial rheology testing equipment.Based on experimental results,rock rheological properties influenced by seepage-stress coupling were studied,and variations of seepage rate with time in complete creep processes of rock were analyzed.It is shown that,when the applied stress is less than failure stress level,the creep deformation is not obvious,and its main form is steady-state creep.When applied stress level is greater than or less than but close to fracture stress,it is easier to see the increase of creep deformation and the more obvious accelerative creep characteristics.The circumferential creep deformation is obviously higher than the axial creep deformation.At the stage of steady-state creep,the average of seepage flow rate is about 4.7×10-9 m/s at confining pressure(σ3) of 2 MPa,and is about 3.9×10-9 m/s at σ3 of 6 MPa.It is seen that the seepage flow rate at σ3 of 2 MPa in this case is obviously larger than that at σ3 of 6 MPa.At the stage of creep acceleration,the seepage flow rate is markedly increased with the increase of time.The variation of rock permeability is directly connected to the growth and evolution of creep crack.It is suggested that the permeability coefficient in complete creep processes of rock is not a constant,but is a function of rock creep strain,confining pressure,damage variable and pore water pressure.The results can be considered to provide a reliable reference for the establishment of rock rheological model and parameter identification.

Relations of complete creep processes and triaxial stress-strain curves of rock

Based on the results of triaxial compressive creep tests for five kinds of rock under the different stress loading,unloading and cycle-loading-unloading conditions,the creep deformation is not only a function of stress and time,but also it has the corresponding relations to the triaxial stress-strain curves of rock.The deformation properties of soften-strain,harden-strain and ideal plasticity presented by conventional triaxial compressive test curves under the different stress states were utilized,and the creep characteristics,the creep starting stress and the different entire creep process curves of rock were studied systematically according to creep experiment results,and the relations of the triaxial stress-strain curves to the creeping starting stress,the terminating curve,the different creep processes,and the different creep fracture properties were established.The relations presented in this paper were verified partially by the creep experiment results of five types of rock.

考虑温度和时间双重影响的混凝土蠕变模型构建

为了研究温度对混凝土结构蠕变特性的影响,开展不同温度作用下混凝土三轴蠕变试验,分析了不同温度作用下混凝土结构的轴向蠕变特性。在温度作用下,混凝土的内部损伤与非均匀程度参数有关,建立非均匀程度参数与温度之间的关系;假定混凝土蠕变模型是关于温度和时间的函数,结合上述损伤变量和微元体强度分布概率模型,建立了考虑温度和时间双重影响的混凝土蠕变模型。基于最小二乘法和试验数据对模型的准确性进行验证,并采用西原模型对其优越性作进一步验证。结果表明:不同温度作用下蠕变损伤模型与试验数据的吻合度都较好,且相关性系数在0.95以上,说明了所建立模型的正确性;同时,该模型与试验数据的吻合度要优于西原模型,并且在描述加速蠕变方面具有一定的优越性。该理论模型为地下工程中混凝土支护结构的长期变形预测研究提供理论依据。

红层泥岩填料蠕变特性及分数阶五元件非线性蠕变模型研究

为揭示红层泥岩填料的蠕变力学特性,对甘肃红层泥岩填料开展分级加载三轴CU蠕变试验,分析不同含水率和偏应力水平下红层泥岩填料的轴向蠕变、蠕变速率、应力-应变等时曲线等蠕变特性。基于红层泥岩填料蠕变曲线特征分析,引入分数阶微积分,构建适用于甘肃红层泥岩填料的分数阶五元件非线性蠕变模型,并对模型参数进行辨识和分析。研究结果表明:甘肃红层泥岩填料存在明显的蠕变特性,呈非线性衰减蠕变,随含水率与偏应力水平增大,蠕变变形明显增大;应力-应变等时曲线呈现出非线性特征,存在明显拐点,甘肃红层泥岩填料的长期强度为瞬时强度的0.6~0.8;所构建的模型可以准确地描述甘肃红层泥岩填料的蠕变特性,对试验结果的拟合效果明显比Burgers和Merchant模型拟合效果好。

Experimental investigation of creep behavior of clastic rock in Xiangjiaba Hydropower Project

There are many fracture zones crossing the dam foundation of the Xiangjiaba Hydropower Project in southwestern China. Clastic rock is the main media of the fracture zone and has poor physical and mechanical properties. In order to investigate the creep behavior of clastic rock, triaxial creep tests were conducted using a rock servo-controlling rheological testing machine. The results show that the creep behavior of clastic rock is significant at a high level of deviatoric stress, and less time-dependent deformation occurs at high confining pressure. Based on the creep test results, the relationship between axial strain and time under different confining pressures was investigated, and the relationship between axial strain rate and deviatoric stress was also discussed. The strain rate increases rapidly, and the rock sample fails eventually under high deviatoric stress. Moreover, the creep failure mechanism under different confining pressures was analyzed. The main failure mechanism of clastic rock is plastic shear, accompanied by a significant compression and ductile dilatancy. On the other band, with the determined parameters, the Burgers creep model was used to fit the creep curves. The results indicate that the Burgers model can exactly describe the creep behavior of clastic rock in the Xiangjiaba Hydropower Project.

不同温度-围压-气体压力下煤体蠕变-渗流演化规律

为实现深部煤层气的高效开采,通过研究不同温度、围压和气体压力下煤体蠕变变形和渗透率演化规律,得到多因素作用下煤体蠕变-渗流耦合关系;采用自行设计的岩石三轴蠕变-渗流装置,对焦煤进行多因素变量下的压缩蠕变-渗流试验。结果表明:温度与煤样的蠕变呈正相关性,随温度的增加焦煤煤样径向和轴向应变变化速率增大且高温(110℃)下这种变化会一直持续直至煤样破裂;围压强度3 MPa与4 MPa的焦煤煤样在温度30、70、110℃下其气体渗透率降低率最大和最小差值分别为7.8%、5.2%、6.5%和4.2%、2.1%、1.9%;焦煤煤样的渗透率最大降低率随着温度水平升高而增大,试验温度110、70、30℃下的焦煤煤样的气体渗透率最大降低率均值依次为91%、84.6%、73.25%。

水泥加固粉煤灰围岩三轴蠕变试验研究

隧道围岩的蠕变变形关系着其长期安全运营.为保证隧道围岩开挖后的蠕变稳定性,开挖前需使用水泥搅拌桩对粉煤灰软弱地层进行超前加固处理.但目前有关粉煤灰水泥土蠕变特性的研究较为缺乏.采用FLAC3D模拟隧道开挖得到围岩应力状态,基于此对加固后的粉煤灰水泥土围岩,进行室内三轴蠕变试验以研究围岩的蠕变特性.试验结果表明:偏应力载荷作用下,水泥加固后试样与重塑试样蠕变过程具有明显的差异性,加固后试样稳定蠕变阶段速率小于重塑试样,且加固后试样蠕变应变较小,最大可降低96.6%;此外,当偏应力超过试样的长期强度时,重塑试样提前进入蠕变加速阶段,而隧道围岩在经过水泥加固后,隧道各位置围岩的蠕变量同比减小70.2%以上.隧道围岩所受荷载与其长期强度之间的大小关系,决定了围岩的蠕变状态.

Unsaturated Creep Behaviors of Weak Intercalated Soils in Soft Rock of Badong Formation

The cutting slopes in soft rock of redbed appeared in Yichang-Badong highway often suffer from the instability along weak intercalations, so the creep behaviors of weak intercalated soils are crucially important for the stability of cutting slopes. Because the deformation of weak intercalated soils is significantly affected by water content due to the strong water sensitivity, it is necessary to study the influence of matric suction on the creep behaviors of weak intercalated soils. In order to find out the unsaturated creep characters of weak intercalated soils, a GDS unsaturated triaxial apparatus was used. Then the triaxial creep experiments on weak intercalated soil samples under varying matric suction were conducted to obtain the unsaturated creep curves. The results show that the weak intercalated soils have obvious creep behaviors, and the creep strain is in nonlinear relationship with stress and time. When the matric suction is constant, a larger deviator stress will lead to a larger creep strain; When the deviator stress is constant, a smaller matric suction will lead to a larger creep strain. Based on the Mesri creep model, an improved creep model for weak intercalated soils under varying matric suction was established, in which the relationship of stress-strain was expressed with a hyperbolic function, and the relationship of strain-time was expressed with power functions in stages. Then an unsaturated creep model including stress-matric suction-strain-time for weak intercalated soils was established based on the power function relationship between matric suction and Ed(a parameter of the improved creep model). The comparison of the calculated values of creep model and the experimental values shows that the creep behaviors of weak intercalated soils can be predicted by the unsaturated creep model by and large.

Effects of stress conditions on rheological properties of granular soil in large triaxial rheology laboratory tests

In order to study the rheological properties of red stone granular soil,a series of rheological experiments were executed on large tri-axial rheological apparatus.Under 100,200 and 300 kPa confining stress conditions,the rheological tests were carried out.These experiment results showed that the stress conditions,especially the stress level were the critical influencing factors of the rheological deformation properties.Under the low stress level(S=0.1),the granular soil showed the elastic properties,and there was no obvious rheological deformation.Under the middle stress level(0.2<S≤0.6),creep curves showed the linear viscoelastic rheological properties.However,under the high stress level(S>0.8) creep curves showed the non-linear viscous plastic rheological properties.Especially,under the stress level of S=1.0,the accelerated rheological phase of creep curves occurred at early time with a trend of failure.The stress level had obvious effects on the final rheological deformation of the soil sample,and the final rheological deformation increments nonlinearly increased with stress level.The final rheological deformation increment and step was little under low stress level,while it became large under high stress level,which showed the nonlinearly rheological properties of the granular soil.The confining pressure also had direct effects on final rheological deformation,and the final rheological deformation linearly increased with confining pressure increments.

Numerical Simulation on Interfacial Creep Failure of Dissimilar Metal Welded Joint between HR3C and T91 Heat-Resistant Steel

The maximum principal stress, von Mises equivalent stress, equivalent creep strain, stress triaxiality in dissimilar metal welded joints between austenitic（HR3C） and martensitic heat-resistant steel（T91） are simulated by FEM at 873 K and under inner pressure of 42.26 MPa. The results show that the maximum principal stress and von Mises equivalent stress are quite high in the vicinity of weld/T91 interface, creep cavities are easy to form and expand in the weld/T91 interface. There are two peaks of equivalent creep strains in welded joint, and the maximum equivalent creep strain is in the place 27-32 mm away from the weld/T91 interface, and there exists creep constrain region in the vicinity of weld/T91 interface. The high stress triaxiality peak is located exactly at the weld/T91 interface. Accordingly, the weld/T91 interface is the weakest site of welded joint. Therefore, using stress triaxiality to describe creep cavity nucleation and expansion and crack development is reasonable for the dissimilar metal welded joint between austenitic and martensitic steel.

考虑水化学损伤的岩石真三轴蠕变本构模型

为了准确描述岩石在酸性环境下真三轴蠕变行为的各阶段特征,基于水岩作用的化学动力学理论,定义了考虑PH值与时间的化学损伤因子,将弹性体,非线性Kelvin体,线性Kelvin体和黏弹塑性体进行串联,并考虑岩石在真三轴应力作用下的实际情况,建立岩石酸腐与真三轴应力耦合作用下的损伤蠕变本构模型,通过已有的蠕变试验数据对该模型进行参数辨识与验证,并通过数据拟合得到岩石在真三轴应力下的屈服面方程,探讨中间主应力对蠕变模型的影响.结果表明,推导的本构模型能很好地描述岩石在酸腐作用下真三轴蠕变行为的各阶段特性,验证了其合理性与准确性.

重塑超固结饱和黏土蠕变试验与蠕变模型

采取杭州地区黏土制备重塑超固结土样(OCR=1.00,1.25,1.67,2.00,3.00)进行三轴剪切蠕变试验,研究超固结饱和黏土的时间变形特性和蠕变模型,对模型参数取值进行了分析。结果表明,重塑超固结饱和黏土的应力应变曲线具有应变硬化特征,在恒定偏应力下土样的时间变形曲线具有双曲线特征;超固结比越大,施加偏应力初始阶段试样中产生的超静孔压越小,试样变形进入蠕变阶段的时间越早,且在一定时间内试样的蠕变量发展越小。基于“孔压消散法”确定了超固结土的蠕变起始时间,采用双曲线蠕变模型可以高度拟合超固结饱和黏土剪切蠕变发展规律,曲线拟合分析表明:在相同的偏应力下,不同超固结比试样的最终蠕变量大致相等,但是超固结比越大时,土样蠕变发展越缓慢,表现为双曲线蠕变模型参数A_(s)在超固结比变化时几乎保持为常量,参数B_(s)则随超固结比的增大近似呈线性增长。

掺入粉煤灰软黏土的复合碱渣土力学特性探究

为探究承载性能优良且经济适用的碱渣地基土方案,设计了24种掺入粉煤灰和软黏土的复合碱渣土,并且综合无侧限抗压强度与经济指标,通过模糊评价法确定了复合碱渣土的最优配合比,同时对其进行了劈裂抗拉试验、静力三轴试验和蠕变试验.结果表明:软黏土、粉煤灰均对碱渣有明显加固作用,软黏土的加入可减少粉煤灰的用量,具备较好的经济适用性;复合碱渣土的劈裂抗拉强度与其无侧限抗压强度之比为0.15;固结围压对复合碱渣土不排水强度的影响最大,超固结比次之,固结比最小;当上部荷载未达到长期强度时,复合碱渣土的蠕变特征较为稳定且数值极小.

冻结裂隙砂岩解冻后蠕变力学特性研究

富水洛河组砂岩地层人工冻结法施工后,在长期应力作用下斜井井壁围岩会发生蠕变破坏。为了研究解冻后不同裂隙倾角岩石的蠕变破坏机理,以可可盖煤矿洛河组砂岩为原岩,制备预制不同角度裂隙的类砂岩,研究其解冻后三轴压缩蠕变力学特性。试验结果表明:岩样预制的三种倾角中,倾角45°时内部新生裂纹沿着预制裂隙发育与扩展程度更大,产生的轴向蠕变量更大且变化速率更快;其次是裂隙倾角0°时,最后为裂隙倾角75°。根据试验结果,基于西原体蠕变模型,引入裂隙塑性体元件及蠕变全过程劣化演化方程,建立考虑原生节理影响的非线性蠕变模型并且进行三维推广,并利用最小二乘法进行求解并拟合,拟合结果与试验数据基本吻合。

北山花岗岩短长期常规三轴力学特性试验研究

为研究北山花岗岩的物理力学特性,开展了常规三轴、蠕变和松弛试验,研究过程与结论如下:(1)开展北山花岗岩在不同围压条件下的常规三轴压缩试验,对比分析试样的变形和破坏形式等力学特征,得出北山花岗岩岩石破坏时的不可恢复变形较小,且随着围压增大未出现脆-延性转变现象的结论;(2)开展北山花岗岩单级蠕变试验及不同围压条件下的多级蠕变试验,分析不同偏应力的形变和单级蠕变的蠕变速率,得出北山花岗岩的蠕变形式为非稳定蠕变,其应变曲线出现了典型的蠕变三阶段特征的结论;(3)开展北山花岗岩单级应力松弛试验及循环松弛试验,分析偏应力的变化规律,得出北山花岗岩在应力松弛过程的初始松弛阶段,其偏应力下降速率很快,在较短时间内即能够达到稳定状态的结论。

复合多聚磷酸改性沥青混合料高温蠕变特性与本构关系研究

为了研究复合多聚磷酸(PPA)改性沥青混合料的高温蠕变特性,采用三轴重复蠕变恢复试验,根据竖向永久变形、应变速率和流动指数指标,对比分析了不同条件下SBS改性沥青混合料与PPA+SBS复合改性沥青混合料高温蠕变特性;综合运用黏弹塑性力学和损伤力学理论,建立了重复荷载作用下沥青混合料竖向永久变形的蠕变损伤力学模型。研究结果表明:在不同温度和应力水平下,PPA+SBS复合改性沥青混合料竖向永久变形和应变速率均小于SBS改性沥青混合料,但其流动指数却远大于SBS改性沥青混合料;将Burgers模型中串联的黏壶替换为黏塑性元件所形成的损伤本构模型,可以全面反映沥青混合料三阶段的竖向永久变形特性。

黄土蠕变特性研究进展

黄土地区重大工程建设引发的崩塌、滑坡、地面沉降等地质灾害,往往与黄土蠕变特性密切相关。从黄土蠕变研究阶段、研究方法、本构模型和蠕变引发的工程灾害等方面进行梳理,归纳总结了黄土蠕变研究的现状,探讨了黄土蠕变研究中存在的问题以及未来研究的趋势。具体来说,①在系统梳理国内外研究文献基础上,将黄土蠕变研究分为3个阶段,分别为黄土基本性质研究阶段、黄土工程灾害研究阶段和黄土重大工程研究阶段;②从黄土蠕变研究方法出发,分析讨论了黄土蠕变研究中采用的各类方法以及影响黄土蠕变的各类要素,尤其是含水量、干密度以及荷载对黄土蠕变特性的影响;③总结了黄土蠕变本构模型的研究特点,评述了包括元件理论本构模型、经验本构模型及半经验半理论本构模型等3类模型的优缺点;④对黄土地区常见的边坡、路(地)基、隧道等工程类型的蠕变破坏特征进行了梳理;⑤建立考虑多因素影响的黄土蠕变本构模型、系统研究黄土蠕变微结构的动态演化和微观本构模型及动荷载作用下的蠕变特征,是未来黄土蠕变研究的发展趋势。