Triaxial creep tests of weak sandstone from fracture zone of high dam foundation

The lithology of fracture zone which was developed at the dam foundation of a hydropower station is weak sandstone with poor integrity and pore cementation contact.Its creep properties have a significant impact on the deformation and stability of the dam.Based on the characteristics of loose organizational structure,high moisture content and poor mechanical properties,the triaxial compression tests and creep tests were carried out,respectively.The results show significant non-linear,low strength and no obvious strength peaks.Both axial and lateral strains are achieved more than 3%when the tests are failed.The weak sandstone has a significant creep property,but only transient and steady state appear under low stress.Increased stress causes creep intensified and lateral strain gradually exceeds axial strain.In the failure stage,it has characteristics of large axial plastic deformation,obvious volumetric ductility dilation and large steady creep rate.The accelerated creep appears shortly after transient loading under confining of pressures 1.0 MPa and 1.5 MPa.Therefore,an improved Burgers creep model considering the non-linear characteristics of weak sandstone is built based on hyperbolic equation and the creep parameters are identified.This model can well describe the creep properties of weak sandstone.

Temperature-controlled triaxial compression/creep test device for thermodynamic properties of soft sedimentary rock and corresponding theoretical prediction

In deep geological disposal of high-level nuclear waste,one of the most important subjects is to estimate long-term stability and strength of host rock under high temperature conditions caused by radioactive decay of the waste.In this paper,some experimental researches on the thermo-mechanical characteristics of soft sedimentary rock have been presented.For this reason,a new temperature-controlled triaxial compression and creep test device,operated automatically by a computer-controlled system,whose control software has been developed by the authors,was developed to conduct the thermo-mechanical tests in different thermal loading paths,including an isothermal path.The new device is proved to be able to conduct typical thermo-mechanical element tests for soft rock.The test device and the related testing method were introduced in detail.Finally,some test results have been simulated with a thermo-elasto-viscoplastic model that was also developed by the authors.

Creep properties and permeability evolution in triaxial rheological tests of hard rock in dam foundation

Triaxial creep tests were carried out under seepage pressure by using rock servo-controlled triaxial rheology testing equipment.Based on experimental results,rock rheological properties influenced by seepage-stress coupling were studied,and variations of seepage rate with time in complete creep processes of rock were analyzed.It is shown that,when the applied stress is less than failure stress level,the creep deformation is not obvious,and its main form is steady-state creep.When applied stress level is greater than or less than but close to fracture stress,it is easier to see the increase of creep deformation and the more obvious accelerative creep characteristics.The circumferential creep deformation is obviously higher than the axial creep deformation.At the stage of steady-state creep,the average of seepage flow rate is about 4.7×10-9 m/s at confining pressure(σ3) of 2 MPa,and is about 3.9×10-9 m/s at σ3 of 6 MPa.It is seen that the seepage flow rate at σ3 of 2 MPa in this case is obviously larger than that at σ3 of 6 MPa.At the stage of creep acceleration,the seepage flow rate is markedly increased with the increase of time.The variation of rock permeability is directly connected to the growth and evolution of creep crack.It is suggested that the permeability coefficient in complete creep processes of rock is not a constant,but is a function of rock creep strain,confining pressure,damage variable and pore water pressure.The results can be considered to provide a reliable reference for the establishment of rock rheological model and parameter identification.

Effects of stress conditions on rheological properties of granular soil in large triaxial rheology laboratory tests

In order to study the rheological properties of red stone granular soil,a series of rheological experiments were executed on large tri-axial rheological apparatus.Under 100,200 and 300 kPa confining stress conditions,the rheological tests were carried out.These experiment results showed that the stress conditions,especially the stress level were the critical influencing factors of the rheological deformation properties.Under the low stress level(S=0.1),the granular soil showed the elastic properties,and there was no obvious rheological deformation.Under the middle stress level(0.2<S≤0.6),creep curves showed the linear viscoelastic rheological properties.However,under the high stress level(S>0.8) creep curves showed the non-linear viscous plastic rheological properties.Especially,under the stress level of S=1.0,the accelerated rheological phase of creep curves occurred at early time with a trend of failure.The stress level had obvious effects on the final rheological deformation of the soil sample,and the final rheological deformation increments nonlinearly increased with stress level.The final rheological deformation increment and step was little under low stress level,while it became large under high stress level,which showed the nonlinearly rheological properties of the granular soil.The confining pressure also had direct effects on final rheological deformation,and the final rheological deformation linearly increased with confining pressure increments.

红层泥岩填料蠕变特性及分数阶五元件非线性蠕变模型研究

为揭示红层泥岩填料的蠕变力学特性,对甘肃红层泥岩填料开展分级加载三轴CU蠕变试验,分析不同含水率和偏应力水平下红层泥岩填料的轴向蠕变、蠕变速率、应力-应变等时曲线等蠕变特性。基于红层泥岩填料蠕变曲线特征分析,引入分数阶微积分,构建适用于甘肃红层泥岩填料的分数阶五元件非线性蠕变模型,并对模型参数进行辨识和分析。研究结果表明:甘肃红层泥岩填料存在明显的蠕变特性,呈非线性衰减蠕变,随含水率与偏应力水平增大,蠕变变形明显增大;应力-应变等时曲线呈现出非线性特征,存在明显拐点,甘肃红层泥岩填料的长期强度为瞬时强度的0.6~0.8;所构建的模型可以准确地描述甘肃红层泥岩填料的蠕变特性,对试验结果的拟合效果明显比Burgers和Merchant模型拟合效果好。

Experimental investigation of creep behavior of clastic rock in Xiangjiaba Hydropower Project

There are many fracture zones crossing the dam foundation of the Xiangjiaba Hydropower Project in southwestern China. Clastic rock is the main media of the fracture zone and has poor physical and mechanical properties. In order to investigate the creep behavior of clastic rock, triaxial creep tests were conducted using a rock servo-controlling rheological testing machine. The results show that the creep behavior of clastic rock is significant at a high level of deviatoric stress, and less time-dependent deformation occurs at high confining pressure. Based on the creep test results, the relationship between axial strain and time under different confining pressures was investigated, and the relationship between axial strain rate and deviatoric stress was also discussed. The strain rate increases rapidly, and the rock sample fails eventually under high deviatoric stress. Moreover, the creep failure mechanism under different confining pressures was analyzed. The main failure mechanism of clastic rock is plastic shear, accompanied by a significant compression and ductile dilatancy. On the other band, with the determined parameters, the Burgers creep model was used to fit the creep curves. The results indicate that the Burgers model can exactly describe the creep behavior of clastic rock in the Xiangjiaba Hydropower Project.

不同温度-围压-气体压力下煤体蠕变-渗流演化规律

为实现深部煤层气的高效开采,通过研究不同温度、围压和气体压力下煤体蠕变变形和渗透率演化规律,得到多因素作用下煤体蠕变-渗流耦合关系;采用自行设计的岩石三轴蠕变-渗流装置,对焦煤进行多因素变量下的压缩蠕变-渗流试验。结果表明:温度与煤样的蠕变呈正相关性,随温度的增加焦煤煤样径向和轴向应变变化速率增大且高温(110℃)下这种变化会一直持续直至煤样破裂;围压强度3 MPa与4 MPa的焦煤煤样在温度30、70、110℃下其气体渗透率降低率最大和最小差值分别为7.8%、5.2%、6.5%和4.2%、2.1%、1.9%;焦煤煤样的渗透率最大降低率随着温度水平升高而增大,试验温度110、70、30℃下的焦煤煤样的气体渗透率最大降低率均值依次为91%、84.6%、73.25%。

软岩硐室群蠕变模型选择与长期稳定性研究

硐室服务年限较长,围岩会随着时间的积累而产生蠕变,造成支护变弱甚至失效,从而影响矿山安全。为研究工程软岩硐室围岩的蠕变特性,以钟九铁矿井底硐室群为研究对象,首先采用ROCK1000-50VHT型岩石高温三轴流变试验系统进行5、10、15 MPa围压下的三轴蠕变试验,分析其蠕变和破坏特征。试验结果显示:闪长岩蠕变破坏在低围压下主要为剪切破坏,当围压逐渐增大时,会转变为劈裂破坏;在三轴应力条件下,闪长岩的蠕变会出现压密、弹性、裂隙扩展和破坏4个阶段;当加载应力较低时,闪长岩在瞬时应变后会出现等速蠕变,随后轴向应变逐渐趋于稳定;但当加载应力较高时,岩体进入到等速蠕变阶段的时间变长,轴向应变不断增大。根据其蠕变特征选取Burgers模型建立本构方程,经拟合后与蠕变试验曲线基本吻合,表明本构模型能够反映闪长岩蠕变力学特性。最后采用Burgers蠕变本构模型,基于FLAC3D对硐室支护模型进行数值模拟。结果表明,现有支护方案可以保持硐室群的长期稳定性。研究对软岩硐室群支护时效性分析具有借鉴意义。

水泥加固粉煤灰围岩三轴蠕变试验研究

隧道围岩的蠕变变形关系着其长期安全运营.为保证隧道围岩开挖后的蠕变稳定性,开挖前需使用水泥搅拌桩对粉煤灰软弱地层进行超前加固处理.但目前有关粉煤灰水泥土蠕变特性的研究较为缺乏.采用FLAC3D模拟隧道开挖得到围岩应力状态,基于此对加固后的粉煤灰水泥土围岩,进行室内三轴蠕变试验以研究围岩的蠕变特性.试验结果表明:偏应力载荷作用下,水泥加固后试样与重塑试样蠕变过程具有明显的差异性,加固后试样稳定蠕变阶段速率小于重塑试样,且加固后试样蠕变应变较小,最大可降低96.6%;此外,当偏应力超过试样的长期强度时,重塑试样提前进入蠕变加速阶段,而隧道围岩在经过水泥加固后,隧道各位置围岩的蠕变量同比减小70.2%以上.隧道围岩所受荷载与其长期强度之间的大小关系,决定了围岩的蠕变状态.

重塑超固结饱和黏土蠕变试验与蠕变模型

采取杭州地区黏土制备重塑超固结土样(OCR=1.00,1.25,1.67,2.00,3.00)进行三轴剪切蠕变试验,研究超固结饱和黏土的时间变形特性和蠕变模型,对模型参数取值进行了分析。结果表明,重塑超固结饱和黏土的应力应变曲线具有应变硬化特征,在恒定偏应力下土样的时间变形曲线具有双曲线特征;超固结比越大,施加偏应力初始阶段试样中产生的超静孔压越小,试样变形进入蠕变阶段的时间越早,且在一定时间内试样的蠕变量发展越小。基于“孔压消散法”确定了超固结土的蠕变起始时间,采用双曲线蠕变模型可以高度拟合超固结饱和黏土剪切蠕变发展规律,曲线拟合分析表明:在相同的偏应力下,不同超固结比试样的最终蠕变量大致相等,但是超固结比越大时,土样蠕变发展越缓慢,表现为双曲线蠕变模型参数A_(s)在超固结比变化时几乎保持为常量,参数B_(s)则随超固结比的增大近似呈线性增长。

掺入粉煤灰软黏土的复合碱渣土力学特性探究

为探究承载性能优良且经济适用的碱渣地基土方案,设计了24种掺入粉煤灰和软黏土的复合碱渣土,并且综合无侧限抗压强度与经济指标,通过模糊评价法确定了复合碱渣土的最优配合比,同时对其进行了劈裂抗拉试验、静力三轴试验和蠕变试验.结果表明:软黏土、粉煤灰均对碱渣有明显加固作用,软黏土的加入可减少粉煤灰的用量,具备较好的经济适用性;复合碱渣土的劈裂抗拉强度与其无侧限抗压强度之比为0.15;固结围压对复合碱渣土不排水强度的影响最大,超固结比次之,固结比最小;当上部荷载未达到长期强度时,复合碱渣土的蠕变特征较为稳定且数值极小.

北山花岗岩短长期常规三轴力学特性试验研究

为研究北山花岗岩的物理力学特性,开展了常规三轴、蠕变和松弛试验,研究过程与结论如下:(1)开展北山花岗岩在不同围压条件下的常规三轴压缩试验,对比分析试样的变形和破坏形式等力学特征,得出北山花岗岩岩石破坏时的不可恢复变形较小,且随着围压增大未出现脆-延性转变现象的结论;(2)开展北山花岗岩单级蠕变试验及不同围压条件下的多级蠕变试验,分析不同偏应力的形变和单级蠕变的蠕变速率,得出北山花岗岩的蠕变形式为非稳定蠕变,其应变曲线出现了典型的蠕变三阶段特征的结论;(3)开展北山花岗岩单级应力松弛试验及循环松弛试验,分析偏应力的变化规律,得出北山花岗岩在应力松弛过程的初始松弛阶段,其偏应力下降速率很快,在较短时间内即能够达到稳定状态的结论。

复合多聚磷酸改性沥青混合料高温蠕变特性与本构关系研究

为了研究复合多聚磷酸(PPA)改性沥青混合料的高温蠕变特性,采用三轴重复蠕变恢复试验,根据竖向永久变形、应变速率和流动指数指标,对比分析了不同条件下SBS改性沥青混合料与PPA+SBS复合改性沥青混合料高温蠕变特性;综合运用黏弹塑性力学和损伤力学理论,建立了重复荷载作用下沥青混合料竖向永久变形的蠕变损伤力学模型。研究结果表明:在不同温度和应力水平下,PPA+SBS复合改性沥青混合料竖向永久变形和应变速率均小于SBS改性沥青混合料,但其流动指数却远大于SBS改性沥青混合料;将Burgers模型中串联的黏壶替换为黏塑性元件所形成的损伤本构模型,可以全面反映沥青混合料三阶段的竖向永久变形特性。

黄土蠕变特性研究进展

黄土地区重大工程建设引发的崩塌、滑坡、地面沉降等地质灾害,往往与黄土蠕变特性密切相关。从黄土蠕变研究阶段、研究方法、本构模型和蠕变引发的工程灾害等方面进行梳理,归纳总结了黄土蠕变研究的现状,探讨了黄土蠕变研究中存在的问题以及未来研究的趋势。具体来说,①在系统梳理国内外研究文献基础上,将黄土蠕变研究分为3个阶段,分别为黄土基本性质研究阶段、黄土工程灾害研究阶段和黄土重大工程研究阶段;②从黄土蠕变研究方法出发,分析讨论了黄土蠕变研究中采用的各类方法以及影响黄土蠕变的各类要素,尤其是含水量、干密度以及荷载对黄土蠕变特性的影响;③总结了黄土蠕变本构模型的研究特点,评述了包括元件理论本构模型、经验本构模型及半经验半理论本构模型等3类模型的优缺点;④对黄土地区常见的边坡、路(地)基、隧道等工程类型的蠕变破坏特征进行了梳理;⑤建立考虑多因素影响的黄土蠕变本构模型、系统研究黄土蠕变微结构的动态演化和微观本构模型及动荷载作用下的蠕变特征,是未来黄土蠕变研究的发展趋势。

黄河宁蒙河段黄土蠕变特性与分数阶本构模型研究

黄河宁蒙河段渠堤、土石坝、大型水闸等水利工程构筑物地基在长期荷载作用下会因黄土蠕变产生沉降,进而对水利工程前期建设以及后期的安全运行及维护造成不利影响。因此,对黄土蠕变特性进行研究,揭示其蠕变机理,建立黄土蠕变本构模型具有重要意义。本文以宁蒙河段黄土为研究对象,利用三轴流变仪对宁蒙河段黄土进行一系列的三轴固结排水蠕变试验,基于分数阶导数理论对黄土蠕变变形进行分析。通过数值模拟对试验结果进行验证,并将黄土分数阶蠕变模型运用到黄土地基沉降预测中。研究结果表明:宁蒙河段黄土具有典型的蠕变特性,总体呈非线性衰减蠕变;围压和偏应力对其蠕变特性具有显著影响;分数阶蠕变模型能够很好地描述黄土瞬时弹性变形、衰减蠕变和稳态蠕变3个阶段的变化情况。

川西康定—新都桥段菠茨沟组板岩蠕变特性及损伤模型

岩石的蠕变特性与岩体的长期稳定性有着密切联系。随着我国西部地区各深埋隧道的开挖,为保证工程安全性及地下建筑的长期稳定,迫切需要开展复杂应力状态下岩石蠕变特性的研究。传统的蠕变本构模型难以对岩石加速蠕变阶段进行准确的描述,且现有蠕变模型难以对菠茨沟组板岩的蠕变特性进行有针对性的拟合。因此,选取川西康定—新都桥段菠茨沟组板岩为研究对象,在查明地质环境背景和岩石矿物成分基础上开展了卸荷蠕变试验,分析了菠茨沟组板岩在卸荷条件下的变形特征,揭示了板岩蠕变特性及卸荷过程中的损伤演化规律;考虑卸荷蠕变过程中的损伤累积效应,引入损伤变量,对传统西原模型中牛顿体元件进行改进,建立能描述加速蠕变阶段的蠕变损伤模型。研究表明:卸荷条件下,板岩变形以瞬时弹性应变为主,随偏应力水平增加蠕变现象显著增强;板岩的长期强度有20.2%~27.1%折减;采用1-stOpt对非线性蠕变损伤模型进行参数辨识,拟合理论曲线与试验值吻合度较高,相关系数达到0.945;损伤变量引入后,改进的非线性蠕变损伤模型可以较合理地描述研究区板岩卸荷蠕变特性。该研究可为相关工况下围岩稳定性分析提供理论依据。

红庆梁煤矿软岩分级卸荷的蠕变特征

为探究软岩在长期载荷作用下的变形特性,以红庆梁煤矿11307工作面的软岩为研究对象,进行三轴卸载蠕变试验,研究了偏应力恒定的条件下,巷道软岩的蠕变规律。结果表明,红庆梁11307巷道软岩在蠕变全过程中,其轴向变形量增至7.34%,岩石破坏;在第2、第5应力阶段的试样蠕变应变和蠕变速率均大于第3、第4阶段,当σ_(1)/σ_(3)值在2.5455~2.8889范围内时,软岩试样较为稳定,其蠕变应变现象不明显。该研究可为相似地质条件下软岩巷道围岩控制提供重要的参考依据。

考虑温度和围压耦合作用下岩石蠕变模型的建立

为研究砂岩在温度和围压耦合条件下的蠕变特性,采用MTS815.02试验机对砂岩进行三轴蠕变试验。以损伤的角度出发,假设砂岩在加载蠕变变形过程中的蠕变性质和力学性质产生劣化,将蠕变参数定义为与时间和应力有关的函数,进而建立考虑蠕变参数劣化的蠕变本构模型。结果表明:考虑温度的蠕变模型与不同温度作用下的试验数据具有良好吻合度,且相关系数均在0.90以上,这说明该文所建立的考虑温度的蠕变模型是合适的、可行的,该模型对于不同温度作用下砂岩的蠕变特性具有较好的描述,尤其是对加速蠕变的描述,故可以采用该模型作为后续数值计算的二次开发模型。

三峡泄滩滑坡体滑动带土的蠕变试验研究

三峡古滑坡的变形和长期稳定的控制性因素,在于滑动带土力学特性的强度损伤积累和时间效应。为了滑坡建模和稳定数值分析的需要,进行了泄滩滑坡体滑动带土的三轴排水蠕变试验研究。并在此基础上,给出了排水条件下粘性土的Mesri蠕变模型,即剪应力-应变关系采用双曲线模型,应变-时间关系采用幂函数来描述土体的弹粘塑性。

深部软岩大型三轴压缩流变试验及本构模型研究

岩体三向应力状态下的三轴流变试验是真实反映工程岩体流变特性的重要手段。详细介绍泥岩现场大型真三轴蠕变试验过程、方法和试验成果,深入分析蠕变变形随时间的变化规律,提出泥岩非线性经验幂函数型蠕变模型及其参数,该模型真实地反映了深部软岩不同应力水平下的流变特征。研究结果表明,泥岩的蠕变速率不仅与时间密切相关,还与应力水平相关。研究成果可用于软岩工程巷道的长期变形预估和支护设计,对软岩巷道的支护优化设计具有重要的参考价值。