Comparison of in situ Shear Test and In-Lab Triaxial Shear Test of Compacted Rockfill

The in situ shear test and in-lab triaxial shear test on compacted rockfill of Fuling safety embankment were carried out and their advantages and disadvantages were compared. The discreteness of cohesive force C and internal frictional angle by in situ shear test is much severer than that by in-lab triaxial shear test. The consolidation of in-lab triaxial shear test is bigger than actual consolidation in rockfill engineerings, so the confining pressure should be reduced to a low level in-lab triaxial shear test.

Shear failure behaviors and degradation mechanical model of rockmass under true triaxial multi-level loading and unloading shear tests

The redistribution of three-dimensional(3D)geostress during underground tunnel excavation can easily induce to shear failure along rockmass structural plane,potentially resulting in engineering disasters.However,the current understanding of rockmass shear behavior is mainly based on shear tests under2D stress without lateral stress,the shear fracture under 3D stress is unclear,and the relevant 3D shear fracture theory research is deficient.Therefore,this study conducted true triaxial cyclic loading and unloading shear tests on intact and bedded limestone under different normal stress σ_(n) and lateral stressσ_(p)to investigate the shear strength,deformation,and failure characteristics.The results indicate that under differentσ_(n)and σ_(p),the stress–strain hysteresis loop area gradually increases from nearly zero in the pre-peak stage,becomes most significant in the post-peak stage,and then becomes very small in the residual stage as the number of shear test cycles increases.The shear peak strength and failure surface roughness almost linearly increase with the increase inσ_(n),while they first increase and then gradually decrease asσ_(p)increases,with the maximum increases of 12.9%for strength and 15.1%for roughness.The shear residual strength almost linearly increases withσ_(n),but shows no significant change withσ_(p).Based on the acoustic emission characteristic parameters during the test process,the shear fracture process and microscopic failure mechanism were analyzed.As the shear stressτincreases,the acoustic emission activity,main frequency,and amplitude gradually increase,showing a significant rise during the cycle near the peak strength,while remaining almost unchanged in the residual stage.The true triaxial shear fracture process presents tensile-shear mixture failure characteristics dominated by microscopic tensile failure.Based on the test results,a 3D shear strength criterion considering the lateral stress effect was proposed,and the determination methods and evolution of the shear modulus G,cohesion c_(jp),friction angleφ_(jp),and dilation angleψjpduring rockmass shear fracture process were studied.Under differentσ_(n)andσ_(p),G first rapidly decreases and then tends to stabilize;cjp,φ_(jp),andψjpfirst increase rapidly to the maximum value,then decrease slowly,and finally remain basically unchanged.A 3D shear mechanics model considering the effects of lateral stress and shear parameter degradation was further established,and a corresponding numerical calculation program was developed based on3D discrete element software.The proposed model effectively simulates the shear failure evolution process of rockmass under true triaxial shear test,and is further applied to successfully reveal the failure characteristics of surrounding rocks with structural planes under different combinations of tunnel axis and geostress direction.

Shear behavior of coarse aggregates for dam construction under varied stress paths

Coarse aggregates are the major infrastructure materials of concrete-faced rock-fill dams and are consolidated to bear upper and lateral loads. With the increase of dam height, high confining pressure and complex stress states complicate the shear behavfor of coarse aggregates, and thus impede the high dam＇s proper construction, operation and maintenance. An experimental program was conducted to study the shear behavior of dam coarse aggregates using a large-scale triaxial shear apparatus. Through triaxial shear tests, the strain-stress behaviors of aggregates were observed under constant confining pressures： 300 kPa, 600 kPa 900 kPa and 1200 kPa. Shear strengths and aggregate breakage characteristics associated with high pressure shear processes are discussed. Stress path tests were conducted to observe and analyze coarse aggregate response under complex stress states. In triaxial shear tests, it was found that peak deviator stresses increase along with confining pressures, whereas the peak principal stress ratios decrease as confining pressures increase With increasing confining pressures, the dilation decreases and the contraction eventually prevails. Initial strength parameters （Poisson＇s ratio and tangent modulus） show a nonlinear relationship with confining pressures when the pressures are relatively low. Shear strength parameters decrease with increasing confining pressures. The failure envelope lines are convex curves, with clear curvature under low confining pressures. Under moderate confining pressures, dilation is offset by particle breakage. Under high confining pressures, dilation disappears.

Shear behavior of ultrafine magnetite tailings subjected to freeze-thaw cycles

To study the shear behavior of the ultrafine magnetite tailings subjected to freeze-thaw cycles,unconsolidated-undrained shear tests were conducted on ultrafine-grained tailings that were subjected to 1-11 cycles of freeze-thaw and defined as a type of clayey silt under confining pressures of 100,200,and 300 kPa.Taking the number of freeze-thaw cycles,cooling temperature,initial dry density,and moisture content as the four main influencing factors of shear behavior of the tailings samples,the shear stress-strain curve,compression modulus,failure strength,cohesion,and internal friction angle were measured.The results show that the freeze-thaw cycle has an obvious weakening effect on the shear behavior of the tailings material,and the shear mechanical parameters are affected by a combination of confining pressure,freeze-thaw cycle condition,and initial physical-mechanical properties of the tailings samples.Through the microstructural analysis of the tailings samples subjected to freeze-thaw cycles,it shows that the freeze-thaw cycle mainly affects the porosity,bound water,and arrangement of the tailings particles.Subsequently,the macroscopic changes in shear strength indexes emerge,and then the stability of the tailings dam will decrease.

Estimating Mechanical Parameters of Hydrate-Bearing Sediments on Basis of Shear Wave Velocity Under Triaxial Compression

The strength parameters of hydrate-bearing sediments(HBS)are vital to geological risk assessment and control during drilling and production operations.However,current publications mainly focus on the laboratory evaluation of strength parameters through triaxial compression,generating results intrinsically deviating from those obtained through petrophysical modeling.In this study,we developed an integrated apparatus that can simultaneously measure wave velocity and the mechanical behaviors of HBS under triaxial compression conditions.A series of experiments were conducted to analyze correlations between wave velocities and strength parameters.Results reveal that the P-and S-wave velocities considerably increase with hydrate saturation and are affected by effective confining pressure.Failure strength and elastic modulus are correlated with P-wave velocity.Finally,semi-empirical models are developed to predict strength parameters based on P-wave velocity and extended to establish longitudinal profiles for strength parameters of hydrate reservoirs in the Nankai Trough.This study offers insights into the acoustic properties of HBS under stress states for the prediction of mechanical parameters during natural gas hydrate development.

Shear Strength Behavior of Two Landfill Clay Liners

Direct shear tests were conducted to obtain both the shear strength ofcompacted clay liners (CCLs) specimens and the interface shear strength between compacted clay linerand base soil. These experiments were conducted under the conditions of five different watercontents. The experimental results show that shear strength of both CCLs and CCLs/base interfacedecreases with the increase in the water content of CCLs and base soil. In addition, the considerateconcentration of NaCl in leachate has no deteriorating effect on the shear strength of liners.Triaxial shear tests were also conducted on clay liner specimens to obtain total and effective shearstrength under a fast compression. The shear strength parameters with total stress are φ=18. 5°and c=30 kPa for clay-bentonite, and φ=48. 5° and c=90 kPa for sand-bentonite and those witheffective stress are φ'= 27. 2° and c'=25 kPa for clay-bentonite, and φ'=35° and c'=100 kPa forsand-bentonite, respectively. These results indicate that the compacted clay-bentonite shows normalconsolidation, but that the compacted sand-bentonite exhibits over-consolidation.

Test on dynamic characteristics of subgrade of heavy-haul railway in cold regions

Dynamic characteristics of heavy-haul railway subgrade under vibratory loading in cold regions are investigated via low-temperature dynamie triaxial tests with multi-stage eyelic loading process. The relationship between dynamic shear stress and dynamic shear strain of frozen soil of subgrade under train loading and the influence of freezing temperatures on dynamic constitutive relation, dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio are observed in this study. Test results show that the dynamic constitutive relations of the frozen soils with different freezing temperatures comply with the hyperbolic model, in which model parameters a and b decrease with increasing freezing temperature. The dynamic shear modulus of the frozen soils decreases with increasing dynamic shear strains initially, followed by a relatively smooth attenuation tendency, whereas increases with decreasing freezing temperatures. The damping ratios decrease with decreasing freezing temperatures. Two linear functions are defined to express the linear relationships between dynamic shear modulus （damping ratio） and freezing temperature, respectively, in which corresponding linear coefficients are obtained through multiple regression analysis of test data.

An improved method of evaluating liquefaction potential with the velocity of shear-waves

According to the results of cyclic triaxial tests, a linear correlation is presented between liquefaction resistance and elastic shear modulus, which shows the relation of Gmax (kPa) with (σd/2)1/2(kPa)1/2. When applied to soils from different sites, the correlation can be normalized in reference to its minimum void ratio (emin). Accordingly, an improved method is established to evaluate the liquefaction potential with shear-wave velocity. The critical shear-wave velocity of liquefaction is in linear relation with 1/4 power of depth and the maximum acceleration during earthquakes, which can be used to explain the phenomenon that the possibility of liquefaction decreases with the increment of the depth. Compared with previous methods this method turns out simple and effective, which is also verified by the results of cyclic triaxial tests.

A Study on the Shear Strength Characteristic of Unsaturated Red Clay

The red clay in Chenzhou, Hunan province is mostly in unsaturated state. Simply applying the mechanical properties that derived from classic saturated soil mechanics often leads to slope failures in this region. In order to study the shear strength characteristic of unsaturated red clay in Chenzhou and to explore a shear strength equation that can be easily applied in engineering practice, a series of triaxial tests of saturated and unsaturated red clay samples were performed using the regular triaxial testing apparatus. The testing results show that the peak strength of red clay drops slightly before the moisture content of 30% but decreases sharply after that. The friction angle of red clay under unsaturated state is basically equal to the effective friction angle under saturated state, while the cohesion of unsaturated red clay is far much bigger than that of saturated one, which indicates that the matric suction makes a great contribution to the cohesion. By fitting the testing results with appropriate curves, the relationships between total strength parameters and with moisture content were obtained. The total increases logarithmically before the moisture content of 35% then decreases linearly, while decreases cubically with increasing moisture content.

黄土盾构隧道围岩强度指标结构性参数表征与荷载计算

为了考虑黄土地层特征,获取合理的围岩压力以指导黄土盾构隧道结构设计,通过对比盾构隧道与新奥法隧道围岩压力现场测试数据,结合黄土盾构施工实践,验证形变围岩压力计算黄土盾构隧道围岩荷载的合理性;考虑黄土地层的强度参数,通过芬纳公式构建黄土盾构隧道形变围岩压力的计算方法;采用三轴剪切实验,探究原状黄土的应力应变关系以及应力结构性参数的变化规律,构建应力结构性参数下黄土强度指标的计算方法;结合盾构隧道开挖支护下围岩的应力应变变化规律,建立深埋黄土盾构隧道围岩结构性参数场的计算框架,结合结构性参数修正的黄土强度准则,给出深埋黄土盾构隧道围岩压力的计算方法。研究发现,使用形变压力理论计算黄土盾构隧道围岩荷载具有合理性;原状黄土相比重塑黄土有明显的应力峰值及应变软化现象;黄土应力结构性参数与粘聚力存在较好的拟合关系,与内摩擦角相关性低;当仅考虑地层浸水造成黄土结构性演变引起的围岩压力变化时,当含水率由1%增加到25%,塑性圈半径由4.6 m增加为5 m,围岩压力由587 kPa增加到622 kPa。

含泥量对砂类硫酸盐渍土工程特性的影响分析

为了明确含泥量对砂类硫酸盐渍土的盐胀和力学特性的影响,人工配制了不同细粒土含量的砂类硫酸盐渍土,在1%和3%(质量分数,下同)含盐量单向冻结盐胀试验的基础上,选取了细粒土含量为5%、15%、30%和40%的砂样进行常温、低温三轴剪切试验。研究结果表明:此试验条件下,不同级配砂类硫酸盐渍土的冻结温度为-0.7~-0.1℃,当砂样孔隙溶液浓度在冻结温度之上达到饱和时,降温过程中会首先生成盐结晶;1%含盐量条件下,高细粒土含量(≥30%)砂样的起胀温度在4~9℃之内,而低细粒土含量砂样的起胀温度在0℃附近,3%含盐量砂样的起胀温度为20~23℃;试验含水率和细粒土含量通过影响土体中自由水的含量对盐冻胀产生显著影响。在力学特性方面,随着细粒土掺量的增加,砂类硫酸盐渍土的抗剪强度表现出先增大后减小的趋势,细粒土由增强摩擦转变为颗粒间的“润滑”作用;此外,冻结后砂土转变为承载能力更强的“土-盐-冰骨架结构”,抗剪强度大幅提高,并呈现出明显的脆性破坏特征,由于冻结砂土受相对温度的影响,随着含盐量的增加,破坏应力呈先减小后增大的趋势。

红层泥岩填料的力学特性及本构模型研究

在红层泥岩地区进行道路工程施工时,考虑到材料短缺和成本问题,常常采用就地取材的方式作为路基填料。为了研究红层泥岩填料的适用性,选取甘肃省永登县某工点的风化红层泥岩填料为研究对象,在室内开展一系列三轴CU剪切试验,探究含水率、围压和压实度对应力-应变曲线、峰值(残余)强度、抗剪强度指标的影响,并对不同类型的应力-应变曲线,分别采用相应的模型进行拟合。研究结果表明:含水率、围压和压实度对其物理力学特性具有显著影响;对符合应变软化型规律的曲线,采用沈珠江的双曲线模型拟合的规律一般;对符合应变硬化型规律的曲线,采用Duncan-Chang模型拟合的规律较好。研究结果可以为甘肃省红层泥岩路基的病害处治与维修提供参考依据。

基于胞元模型的土体应变局部化试验与机理研究

土体的碎散性和天然性使其变形和强度特性具有明显的尺度效应,所以研究土体应变局部化过程,不能忽略级配颗粒的分布和比例关系,须从多个尺度层面表征宏观力学特性。基于胞元模型理论,将土体视作由加强颗粒和基质组成的散体材料,通过三轴压缩试验研究不同加强颗粒粒径试样的内禀尺度规律,并通过数值模拟方法研究了细观层面剪切带的形成过程和启动机理;引入平均应变能释放系数,量化了土体在到达峰值应力之后试样整体的应变能转化情况,再现了多带的启动和渐进竞争过程。结果表明:不同尺度的加强颗粒强度试验说明颗粒的非连续性使土体具有尺寸效应,内禀尺度与粒径之比随加强颗粒尺度增大而减小。在应力峰值前非弹性耗散能增加,引发应变局部化;峰值后,剪切带内应变急速增大,带外发生回弹。

基于摄影测量的三轴土体剪切带演化规律

为实现土样局部变形的定向研究,同时优化土样的变形测量精度,将数字图像测量与三轴试验结合,在不对仪器做大型改造的条件下,运用摄影测量技术改良试验.以桂林地区红黏土为研究对象,试验全程对土样全表面进行受力变形监测,并还原土样的三维重构模型,以此研究其应力应变关系、局部应变特性、剪切带演化规律.研究结果表明:(1)土样表面的剪切带内外区域具有截然不同的变形特征,带外区域变形较为均匀且变形量趋于稳定,而带内区域变形不均匀且变形量不断加剧;(2)根据土样表面不同区域间的局部应变差异,确定了剪切带开始形成、停止扩张及完全贯穿的临界状态,提出了一种判别剪切带发展阶段的方法;(3)根据判别方法,将剪切带的演化过程拆分为压缩变形、表面扩张、延伸贯穿、相对滑移四个阶段,并分析了各个阶段不同的变形规律与破坏机理.经摄影测量技术改良的三轴试验,能够得到更准确的土体局部本构关系和变形特性,为探索土的应变局部化现象提供了一种精确且经济的研究方案.

埋深和水土含量对松散岩堆抗剪强度的影响

针对松散岩堆剪切力弱会引起滑坡、崩塌等严重自然灾害的问题,运用相似理论,以石英砂为基本岩块、黏性土为填充土,配置相似材料,分别控制不同填充土含量和含水率并进行三轴试验,研究不同埋深下填充土的含量和含水率对松散岩堆抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:填充土的含量和含水率是松散岩堆咬合力和内摩擦角的关键影响因素,咬合力受影响程度更大;填土中的水对于松散岩堆的剪切力起着削弱作用;岩堆剪切力随着埋深的增加而增加,不同埋深处岩堆有相同的最佳填充土含量和含水率;在恒定岩堆土重度情况下,抗剪强度和埋深呈线性关系。

西安近断层区黄土动力特性研究

为研究近断层区黄土的动剪切模量和阻尼比特性,以近骊山断层区黄土为研究对象,采用GDS动三轴试验仪进行动三轴试验,分析黄土动剪切模量和阻尼比在围压、饱和度、频率三种因素影响下的变化规律.结果表明:近断层区黄土动剪切模量和饱和度、固结比呈负相关关系,且降幅逐渐减小;与振动频率呈正相关关系,并且随着振动频率的增加,增幅逐渐减小.近断层区饱和黄土的动剪切模量出现反弹现象,其值高于非饱和黄土,其原因可能为断裂带黄土次生裂隙更为发育.其孔隙水溶解土骨架中的可溶盐增多,土体趋于软化,黏滞性增强,所需的动剪切应力增加.近断层区黄土阻尼比与饱和度、围压和固结比呈负相关关系,且降幅逐渐减小,最后趋于稳定.饱和度对黄土阻尼比影响最大,围压和固结比对阻尼比影响较小.近断层区原状黄土与重塑黄土阻尼比大致近似,近似可认为土体扰动对骊山山前断裂场地黄土影响较小.本文采用半对数坐标系下的线性函数来量化动剪切模量、阻尼比与动应变的关系,且拟合效果较好.这一研究结果可为近断层区的动力响应机制分析提供参考.

粉煤灰改良红层泥岩填料静三轴试验研究

红层泥岩的吸水软化和体积膨胀特性易造成路基翻浆冒泥现象及路基不均匀沉降等病害,在作为公路路基填料时应对其进行改良。本文选用粉煤灰作为改良剂,通过室内X射线衍射试验、化学成分测试和易溶盐等试验,分析红层泥岩和粉煤灰的成分组成及离子含量;通过无侧限抗压强度试验、室内变水头渗透试验和固结等试验分析了试样改良前后物理力学特性;通过常规三轴UU试验,研究了不同粉煤灰掺量对改良试样剪切应力-应变及抗剪强度的影响;分析了粉煤灰掺量为10%时,养护龄期对改良试验抗剪强度参数的影响。结果表明:该地区红层泥岩属低液限黏土,其易溶盐溶液中的SO42-离子含量最高,pH值呈碱性;三轴剪切试验中,改良和未改良试样均呈塑性破坏,试样粉煤灰掺量和龄期均对试样抗剪强度提高具有促进作用,且黏聚力增长幅度远大于内摩擦角;粉煤灰掺量为10%龄期28 d时,试样黏聚力较未改良未养护试样和10%掺量未养护试样分别提升37.9%和6.9%,内摩擦角分别增大了1.2°和0.7°。试样的静力学试验均验证了粉煤灰改良的可靠性。

雄安新区粉质黏土的动力特性试验研究

为分析雄安新区粉质黏土的动力特性,采用GDS多功能动态循环三轴试验系统,对雄安新区粉质黏土进行14种工况(不同围压、固结比和加载频率)下的动三轴试验,深入分析了动骨干曲线、动弹性模量、动剪切模量、阻尼比等在不同工况下的变化规律及相关参数。试验结果表明:随动应力幅值的增大,动应变呈非线性增长,且存在某一临界动应力值;随动应变的增大,动模量逐渐减小,且减小速率先快后慢、最后趋于稳定;随动剪应变增长,阻尼比呈非线性增长,且阻尼比最大值不超过0.12;随围压与固结比增大,动强度和动模量均明显增大;围压与固结比对阻尼比影响较小,具有归一性特征;随频率增大,动应力幅值、动弹性模量增大,但增长幅度并不明显。综合分析三变量对雄安新区粉质黏土动力特性的影响程度得出:围压影响最大、固结比次之、加载频率最小。

红石岩堰塞坝新堆积体动三轴试验研究

牛栏江上的红石岩堰塞坝新堆积体以石灰岩和白云岩为主,级配和密度离散性较大。同时,已有研究结果表明,红石岩新堆积体具有黏性粗粒土性质,静力参数具有明显的离散性,需开展其岩土料的动力参数研究,以为将其利用改建为水利枢纽提供基础材料数据。采用GDS动三轴仪,对红石岩新堆积体进行了动剪切模量比与阻尼比试验,研究新堆积体动应力应变特性及其影响因素。试验结果表明:随着剪应变的不断增大,新堆积体动剪切模量比不断减小,阻尼比随之增大。新堆积体动力特性受围压影响较为明显,最大动剪切模量随着围压的增大而增大。在相同剪应变条件下,随着围压、干密度、粗颗粒含量的增大,动剪切模量比逐渐增大,阻尼比逐渐减小。另一方面,新堆积体细粒含量较多,颗粒岩性复杂,风化程度差异明显,导致其动力特性具有一定的离散性,与人工筑坝堆石料存在明显差异。

间断级配散粒土侵蚀过程及强度演变机理研究

旨在探究相同应力条件下不同密实度间断级配散粒土管涌侵蚀机理及其侵蚀后强度变化特性,制备干密度为1.80,1.84,1.88 g/cm^(3)的3种土体试样,通过管涌三轴试验深入地探讨了干密度对其破坏临界水力梯度、累计涌砂量、体积变化量及侵蚀后强度变化的影响规律。研究表明:试样破坏临界水力梯度随其干密度增大而增大,且利用Terzaghi公式(F1)、毛昶熙公式(F2)及水利水电科学研究院公式(F3)对其渗流临界水力梯度进行分析,发现在该应力环境下各公式计算结果与试验结果均较接近(优劣度为F2>F3>F1)。试样累计涌砂量与体积变化量均与其干密度呈负相关性变化趋势,其涌砂速率随管涌侵蚀不断发展而逐渐衰减;土的强度受干密度与侵蚀率二者影响,表现为侵蚀后土体强度折减程度随侵蚀进行而逐渐增加,随干密度增大而减小。