阿维菌素对广赤眼蜂(Trichogramma evanescens)不同发育阶段的毒性和实验种群动态的影响

研究了阿维菌素对广赤眼蜂不同发育阶段的毒性和实验种群动态的影响。结果表明,阿维菌素田间推荐剂量喷雾处理可显著降低米蛾卵内广赤眼蜂的羽化率;除卵期外,其它3种发育阶段经该药处理,羽化后的雌蜂寿命显著缩短,其中预蛹和蛹期处理雌蜂前翅畸形率高达43.3%～47.2%,影响程度随着其生长发育的进行呈增大趋势。根据药膜法剂量与效应测定结果,广赤眼蜂成蜂对阿维菌素比较敏感,LC50值为2.1991mg·L-1。温室盆栽试验表明,1.8%阿维菌素乳油对广赤眼蜂成蜂的持效期为10d,具有一定程度的残留毒性。广赤眼蜂的蛹经阿维菌素亚致死剂量LC35处理后,发育至成蜂,除羽化后的雌蜂产卵量显著减少外,雌蜂寿命、子代羽化率和子代性比与对照并无显著差异。生命表参数显示,LC35处理后的广赤眼蜂净增值率和世代平均历期明显地低于对照,但内禀增长率、周限增长率和种群倍增时间与对照差异不明显。可以认为阿维菌素亚致死剂量对广赤眼蜂的种群没有重要影响。

玉米螟赤眼蜂(Trichogramma ostriniae)寄主标记信息素和学习经历对产卵行为的影响

报道了标记信息素和雌蜂经历对玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae产卵行为的影响。研究结果表明,玉米螟赤眼蜂的寄主标记信息素是在其产卵过程中的收场阶段由产卵器产生的,并且标记在寄主卵表的化学物质;玉米螟赤眼蜂对标记信息素的识别不具有先天性,其必须先用产卵器插入寄生卵来检测是否被寄生,然后其触角不停地敲击,通过学习获得对标记信息素的识别能力,从而放弃了对寄生卵的选择,学习对初始放弃时间有着重要影响,改善了其对寄主搜索效率,这种学习行为是与寄主联系在一起学习的,它能根据寄主被寄生与否而对标记信息素作出反应与不反应。该研究丰富了生态学理论,为其在生防中更好的应用提供了科学依据。

Infection of Wolbachia in Trichogramma cacoeciae

Wolbachia is a symbiotic bacterium that alters reproductive behavior of numerous arthropods. It is the most advanced way to study phytogeny and classification based on sequences of the wsp gene. The presence of Wolbachia in a lab strain of the thelytokous Trichogramma cacoeciae was firstly identified based on amplification and sequencing part of the wsp gene. Aligned the resulting sequence with the published ones, the phylogenetic relationships among Wolbachia which was found in T. cacoeciae, T. dendrolimi and other insects were established. The Wolbachia that found in T. cacoeciae and in T. dendrolimi belong to the Kue group and the Pip group, respectively.

Olfactory Response of Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to Volatiles Emitted by Mungbean Plants

Intercropping maize with the prostrate variety of mungbean, Vigna radiata （L.） Wilczek which grows flat along the ground can increase parasitism of the eggs of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis （Guenée）, a crucial insect pest of maize in China, by Trichogramma ostriniae Pang Chen. This study investigated the behavioural responses of T. ostriniae to plant volatiles emitted from whole plants, leaves, and flowers of prostrate and erect varieties of mungbean in a 4-armed olfactometer. Female parasitiods were significantly attracted to the odours from some varieties of prostrate mungbean when the visit duration and the number of visits were considered, but were not attracted to the odours from any erect varieties. The attractive odours were shown to emanate from the leaves, rather than from the flowers of prostrate mungbean plants. These results have implications for the augmentation of Trichogramma parasitoids in bio-control of O. furnacalis and other crop pests.

Determination and evaluation on field control efficacy of Trichogramma dendrolimi against Ostrinia furnacalis

The results of evaluation on field control efficacy of Trichogramma dendrolimi against Ostrinia furnacalis showed that the correction rates of Ostrinia furnacalis egg mass parasitism were 71.75% and 73.57%,the average control effect were 65.85% and 70.24%,the restoration yield loss rates were 6.78% and 7.97%,input-output ratio at 1:27.8 and 1:33.5 in Longjiang county of Heilongjiang province in 2009 and 2010,respectively.The technology is a integration of advanced,practical,environmental safety,effective biocontrol measures,embodies the "public plant protection,green plant protection" fully,has significant economic,social and ecological benefits.

The Utility of Specific Markers Based on ITS2 Sequences for Molecular Identification and Detection of Trichogramma spp.

The technology based on specific PCR amplification using internal transcribed spacer 2 of nuclear ribosomal DNA for molecular identification and detection of Trichogramma species was studied. Firstly the ITS2s of six Trichogramma species were cloned and sequenced, and the interspecific sequence variation was analyzed. Secondly the ITS2 regions of six geographical populations of T. dendrolimi were cloned and sequenced, and the intraspecific sequence identity was analyzed. The results show that the interspecific variation and intraspecific similarity of ITS2 sequences are very suitable for designation of specific primers at species-level. Screening of specific primers for T. dendrolimi leads to final sensitive and stable diagnostic primers. This system lets non-specialists can not only identify adults (males and females), but also identify eggs in parasitized hosts rapidly and accurately, which is impossible by conventional methods. Further development of this protocol can create a complete set of specific primers for different species of the whole genus Trichogramma .

用麦蛾卵大量繁殖甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂(Trichogramma brassicae)

在2000年建成的麦蛾生产线基础上,经多次试验后完成了具有日生产赤眼蜂200万头生产能力的繁蜂设备,2001年最高日繁蜂量120万头。通过改进生产工艺和设备,扩大规模,提高繁蜂效率,日繁甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂1100万头,生产能力提高了5.5倍。生产成本比原来降低了47.3％。

Effect of Insecticides on <i>Trichogramma</i>Parasitoids Used in Biological Control against <i>Prays oleae</i>Insect Pest

This study investigated the direct effect of the insecticides deltamethrin and spinosad on three egg parasitoids species: Trichogramma oleae, T. cacoeciae and T. bourarachae. The parasitoid pupae were exposed to pesticide residues on fresh olive tree leaves at recommended concentrations (RC) at different time intervals: 3, 10, 17, 24 and 31 days after pesticide applications. Parasitism viability (% emergence from parasitized eggs) and adult emergence time (developmental time from pupa to adult emergence) were evaluated. Regarding to the International Organization of Biological Control (IOBC) guidelines, results of toxicity effects of insecticides show that: Deltamethrin was moderately harmful to all Trichogramma species at RC (Decis&reg;100 milliliters·ha&minus;1), however, spinosad was harmless to moderately harmful at RC (Tracer&reg;20 milliliters·ha&minus;1). Trichogramma species revealed differences with regard to adult emergence time and exhibited significant changes in parasitism viability with increasing time after pesticide treatment. While deltamethrin residues affected parasitism viability 31 days after the product application, spinosad displayed similar viability for almost species 24 days after the application. The usefulness of Trichogramma parasitoids used as biological control agents, in olive tree ecosystem, was discussed in integrated pest management programs for Prays oleae control when parasitoid species were exposed during pupal stage to the insecticide residue.

赤眼蜂Trichogramma sp.nr.mwanzai的寄主嗜好性试验研究

采用选择性试验与非选择性试验两种方法,对肯尼亚的一种新记录的赤眼蜂Trichogramma sp.nr. mwanzai作了寄主嗜好性的初步观察研究。结果表明:该蜂对玉米禾螟、Busseola fusca和Eldana succhrina的卵均能寄生,但最喜欢玉米禾螟的卵。对家蚕卵不能寄生。在自然条件下也不能寄生Busseola fusoa产在叶鞘下的卵。在非选择性试验中,该蜂在玉米禾螟卵和粉螟卵上的单雌产子数与子代蜂雌雄性比差异均不显著。

Assessment of Two <i>Trichogramma</i>Species with <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>var. krustaki for the Control of the Tomato Leafminer <i>Tuta absoluta</i>Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Iran

In this study, we investigated the efficiency of T. brassicae and T. embryophagum in combination with bacterial suspension of B. thuringiensis against the tomato leafminer T. absoluta eggs in cage inside greenhouse (semi field) experiments. Four treatments were used (T. brassicae or T. embryophagum + T. absoluta) (T1), (B. thuringiensis + T. absoluta) (T2), (T. brassicae or T. embryophagum + B. thuringiensis + T. absoluta) (T3) and control (T4). The lowest number of T. absoluta mines (6.1, 0.5 mine per plant) were recorded in T3 for T. brassicae and T. embryophagum were significantly lower than those of all other treatments which were followed by T1 and T2, while the highest number of mines per plant (50.70) were recorded in control (T4). In addition, the parasitism rate, adults’ emergence, the number of females and adult longevity of two parasitoids were investigated. According to the obtained results, the highest parasitism rate was obtained for T. embryophagum when treated with Bt reared in the T. absoluta eggs (31.18%). However, no significant differences were detected between T. brassicae and T. embryophagum in mortality and adult emergence rates were found when they were treated with/ without Bt reared in the T. absoluta eggs in cage inside greenhouse. Also, the longevity of T. embryophagum was significantly better than T. brassicae p = 0.000. This is the first study to investigate T. embryophagum in cage inside greenhouse for parasitizing the eggs of T. absoluta and results of present study suggested that T. embryophagum with Bt could be more efficient for biocontrol of T. absoluta.

禾螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma sp.nr.mwanzai实验种群生命表

1986～1989年在国际昆虫生理生态中心的研究表明,在肯尼亚和非洲,禾螟赤眼蜂是目前记录的Chilopartellus卵的唯一的优势种寄生蜂。作者在室内研究该寄生蜂的实验种群生命表,结果表明,在35、30、25、20和15℃恒温条件下,该蜂的净生殖率R_0值依次为25.1、31.9、35.9、7.3和0; 内禀增长率rm值依次为0.4603、0.4075、0.3337、0.1101和0。在30℃和35℃时较高的R_0和r_m值表示该蜂对高温的适应性,这一特性与田间自然种群研究结果一致。对世界上某些赤眼蜂的r_m值,与本试验结果进行了比较,初步认为,肯尼亚本地产的禾螟赤眼蜂是目前最有希望的可用于Chilo partellus生物防治的优势寄生蜂。

松毛虫赤眼蜂(Trichogramma dendrolimi)几个种群间繁殖性状的杂交效果分析

应用完全双列杂交设计,对松毛虫赤眼蜂几个种群间繁殖性状的杂交效果进行了研究。通过杂种优势率的统计检验及亲本一般配合力、特殊配合力的分析,得出10个杂交组合中的最优组合为JNYT11×LT,JNYT11×XT。

Quality assessment of local Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera, Tri- chogrammatidae) to control the olive moth Prays oleae Bern. (Lepidop- tera, Yponomeutidae)

Assessment of quality of biological control agents is an important step for the success of any biocontrol program.Experiments were carried out to select candidate Trichogramma species for use in biological control of the olive moth Prays oleae Bern(Lepidoptera,Yponomeutidae).Thirteen local strains were preselected on the basis of the geographical origin and the availability from mass production of the rearing host Ephestia kuehniella ZELL.(Lepidoptera,Pyralidae) under laboratory conditions.Selection tests were focusing on acceptance and preference for P.oleae eggs.In the acceptance test,a single parasitoid female was offered P.oleae eggs on "tricho-card" for 6 hours at 25°C,70% HR and L16:D9 and assessed for parasitism after 6 days.The preference was determined by offering the choice and observing contacts with eggs of the target pest P.oleae and eggs of the host E.kuehniella.Parasitism was therefore assessed 6 days after the experiment under similar laboratory conditions.In host acceptance test,most eggs of P.oleae were parasited by strains belonging to the species T.oleae,T.bourarachae and T.cacoeciae.These strains also showed a high number of contacts with olive moth eggs in preference tests.However,a small number of T.bourarachae observed ovipositions resulted in successful parasitism.Therefore,T.oleae and T.cacoeciae were selected as candidates for further experiments.

Main Rice Pests Control with Trichogramma japonicum

This study used Trichogramma japonicumto to control Chilo suppressalis （Walker） and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis（Guenée）, and tested the effects of different control methods on main rice pests, natural enemies and rice yield. The results revealed that the parasitism of Trichogramma japonicum in the eggs of Chilo suppressalis （Walker） and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis （Guenée） reached 60.3% and 57.1%, and the control efficacy was up to 70.8 % and 91.99%, respectively. The control efficacy for Cnaphalocrocis medinalis （Guenée） was much better. This biological control method could be equivalent to chemical control method in the control effects on main pests in rice. The yield under the biological control was 26.5% higher than that of the control group, and the biological control had a signifcant increase in the number of natural enemies such as spider, up to 400 per 100 plants. Therefore, the sustainable prevention and control were achieved in the presentence with natural enemy organism.

Efficacy of Trichogramma evanescens and Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki to Control Lesser Date Moth Batrachedra amydraula Merck

Efficacy of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens and the bio-pesticide bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki （Btk） in reduction of lesser date moth, Batrachedra amydraula infestations were studied during seasons of 2011 and 2012. The result of 2011 showed that the release of egg parasitoid by rate of 500 and 1,000 parasitoids/palm tree achieved 55.06% and 67.45% reduction in infestation percentage, respectively. Meanwhile high reduction in infestation was achieved by Btk （78.65%） at dose rate of 6 g Btk powder/kg talc powder. The result of 2012 showed that the highest control efficacy （58.78%） was achieved at the first time of the control process, using Btk at dose rate of 6 g/kg talc powder. This result was not different significantly from the release of egg parasitoid by rate of 1,000 parasitoids/palm tree which achieved 53% reduction in infestation percentage. At the second time （after one week from the first application）, the efficacy of Btk at dose rate of 6g/kg talc powder was increased to 78.78%, which differ significantly with the release of egg parasitoid by the same rate of 1,000 parasitoids/palm tree, having 61.79% efficacy. Reapplication of the control method achieved an increase in efficacy of the control agents, such increase was significant for both the release of the parasitoid at rate of 1,000/palm tree and for Btk at a dose of 6 g/kg talc powder.

The Impact of Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） Spray, Trichogramma pretiosum and Spinosad on the Lepidoptera： Crambidae, European Corn Borer （Ostrinia nubilalis）

The research cxamined the effects of microbial and novel insecticidal control strategies and also Irichogramma pretiosum on the I,epidoptera： Crambidae, the European corn borer （ECB）, （Ostrinia nubilalis）. The treatments included ~ino^d, from bacteria the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum, and foliar applied Bt spray, and t^vo combinations Bearveria bassiana plus Bt spray and Trichogramma pretiosum and spinosad. The infestations by the European corn borer larvae on stalks of corn were very＂ severe in all the control treatments both 2006 and 2007. The microbial treatments caused various levels of European corn borer mortality. In all the parameters there was a significant difference between the control and other treatments with a P 〈 0.00 l. In this research, treatment with spinosad emerged as the most effective biological agent in the control of the European corn borer. The treatments had no significant effects on the relative abundance and composition of non-target arthropods （P 〉 0.05）. This research is relevant in boosting underutilized control strategies and increasing stakeholder adoption of integrated pest management practices and thereby＇ reducing the use of conventional insecticides especially for orgamc thrmers. This is very important especially in certain countries where the commumities are skeptical about consuming transgenic crops.

松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi个体发育的组织化学研究

用组织化学方法研究松毛虫赤眼蜂个体发育,在卵子时期,内部物质已有所分化,RNA 呈区域性分布,与卵子早期发育前途有关。在其胚胎发育过程中有胚外膜形成,胚盘中央的一些小颗粒是退化的消黄细胞核。幼虫阶段没有马氏管,其排泄器官为一位于中、后肠之间由八个大细胞组成的结构。马氏管芽出现于预蛹期,随后幼虫排泄器官溶解消失。幼虫阶段,碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶及脂酶主要分布于中肠、唾腺和排泄器官。蛹期以后,两种磷酸酶分布于生长中的器官芽和神经系统,酯酶分布于肠、脂肪体、卵巢和输卵管。用人工模拟卵培养的赤眼蜂和用自然寄主卵培养的同种赤眼蜂在组织化学方面未发现显著差异。

不同蜂卵比条件下松毛虫赤眼蜂对梨小食心虫卵的寄生效果

为了明确不同蜂卵比条件下松毛虫赤眼蜂对梨小食心虫卵的寄生效果,采用室内试验方法,研究了不同蜂卵比(1∶5、1∶10、1∶15、1∶20、1∶30)条件下松毛虫赤眼蜂对梨小食心虫卵的寄生率、寻找效应,以及松毛虫赤眼蜂后代羽化率的影响。结果表明:随着单蜂供卵比例的增加,松毛虫赤眼蜂对梨小食心虫卵的寄生率逐渐降低、寻找效应呈先增加后降低的变化,其中,蜂卵比为1∶5时寄生率最高,蜂卵比为1∶20时寻找效应最大,且与其他处理差异均达到了显著水平;松毛虫赤眼蜂后代羽化率逐渐增加,其中蜂卵比为1∶(5~15)时羽化率差异不显著。对不同蜂卵比处理下的寄生率、寻找效应和羽化率进行综合,认为蜂卵比为1∶(10~15)时,松毛虫赤眼蜂对梨小食心虫卵的寻找和寄生效果较好。研究结果为松毛虫赤眼蜂的田间应用提供了理论依据。

苏云金芽胞杆菌G033A对三种赤眼蜂寄生番茄潜叶蛾能力的影响

为探究苏云金芽胞杆菌G033A(Bt G033A)对番茄潜叶蛾不同龄期幼虫的毒力大小及对赤眼蜂寄生番茄潜叶蛾能力的影响,本研究采用浸叶法和饲料混毒法分别对番茄潜叶蛾及三种赤眼蜂进行处理,测定了Bt G033A对番茄潜叶蛾不同龄期幼虫和三种赤眼蜂成虫的室内毒力,同时分析Bt G033A对三种赤眼蜂寄生量及功能反应的影响。结果表明,BtG033A对番茄潜叶蛾1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、4龄幼虫的LC50分别为25.381、19.537、17.406和15.772 g/L,而对三种赤眼蜂均为低毒。在Bt G033A田间推荐浓度处理后,虽然玉米螟赤眼蜂、螟黄赤眼蜂、松毛虫赤眼蜂对番茄潜叶蛾卵的寄生功能反应模型仍符合HollingⅡ型,但三种赤眼蜂的寄生能力均有所降低。其中,玉米螟赤眼蜂在药剂对照组的寄生量(25粒/皿:18.600粒)、处理猎物时间(0.012d)、控害效能(84.833)、日寄生上限(83.333粒)和搜寻效应均表明其对番茄潜叶蛾的寄生能力强于螟黄赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂。此外,在药剂处理后,玉米螟赤眼蜂各项寄生参数同样优于其他两种赤眼蜂。因此,玉米螟赤眼蜂可作为番茄潜叶蛾的优选寄生性天敌之一,并可联合Bt G033A对番茄潜叶蛾进行协同防控。

氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量对螟黄赤眼蜂寄生功能及主要解毒酶活性的影响

为了明确氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量对螟黄赤眼蜂Trichogramma chilonis Ishii寄生功能及主要解毒酶活性的影响,在实验室条件下观察氯虫苯甲酰胺处理后的螟黄赤眼蜂生长发育和寄生状况,并使用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定了解毒酶活性。结果表明经氯虫苯甲酰胺处理后,螟黄赤眼蜂子代的羽化率从91.59%降至84.49%,发育历期由11.19 d缩短至9.92 d。螟黄赤眼蜂子代寄生卵数和寄生率均有不同程度的降低,其中子代寄生率在26.67%~38.00%。细胞色素P450酶活性和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的酶活性均显著高于对照,其中细胞色素P450酶活性增加了19.23%,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性增加了33.75%。氯虫苯甲酰胺对细胞色素P450和谷胱甘肽转移酶有诱导作用,这两种解毒酶可能参与螟黄赤眼蜂对氯虫苯甲酰胺的代谢解毒。