Trimming在自行车锁创新设计中的应用研究

为了得到一种新型自行车锁,采用TRIZ理论进行自行车的一系列功能分析,了解自行车锁的有用功能,得出自行车各个主要组件的功能得分,再运用Trimming得出其他组件执行阻止自行车锁转动功能的方案,最终设计出一种新型自行车脚蹬子锁。选取一款普通自行车作为实验对象,通过测量现有自行车的脚蹬子来确定所设计的新型脚蹬子锁的结构,加工出模型装配在该自行车上。经过实践分析,证明该脚蹬子锁能实现锁车的功能。

Precision Balance Method for Cupped Wave Gyro Based on Cup-bottom Trimming

The mechanical balance process is the key process to eliminate the quadrature error and improve the performance of the cupped wave gyro. The conventional mechanical balance method for cupped wave gyro based on cup-wall trimming requires high control accuracy of trimming quantity, which increases the production cost and decreases the fabrication efficiency in large extent. However, it is hard to reach the high balance accuracy with the natural frequency split of mHz grade by using the conventional method. In this paper, the lumped mass dynamic model of the cupped wave gyro is built by discretization method, and the effects of different position trimming on the natural frequency are analyzed. It is pointed out that trimming off a tiny quantity of material from cup-wall causes large variation of the natural frequency is the main reason for the low accuracy of the conventional mechanical balance method. Then, a precision balance method for cupped wave gyro based on cup-bottom trimming is presented and the entire procedures of this method are given. The static balance process and dynamic balance process of the precision balance method are simulated by the finite element software. The simulation result shows that the precision balance method based on cup-bottom trimming brings less additional natural frequency split in the static balance process, minimizes the natural frequency split to mHz grade and rectify the angle of mode offset to 0.1° grade in the dynamic balance process, furthermore, the method decreases the requirement for control accuracy of trimming quantity evidently. The research work provides references for structure optimization design and balance process plan of the cupped wave gyro.

Suppressing the mechanical quadrature error of a quartz double-H gyroscope through laser trimming

In this paper, we introduce a z-axis quartz gyroscope using a double-H tuning fork, which has a high sensitivity. However, it also causes a large mechanical quadrature error. The laser trimming method is used to suppress this error at quartz level. The trimming law is obtained through the finite element method （FEM）. A femtosecond laser processing system is used to trim the gold balancing masses on the beams, and experimental results are basically consistent with the simulated ones. The mechanical quadrature error is suppressed by 96%, from 26.3° s-1 to 1.1° s-1. Nonlinearity changes from 1.48% to 0.30%, angular random walk （ARW） is reduced from 2.19° h-1/2 to 1.42° h-1/2, and bias instability is improved by a factor of 7.7, from 197.6° h-1 to 25.4° h-1.

QUANTITATIVE PREDICTION FOR SPRINGBACK OF UNLOADING AND TRIMMING IN SHEET METAL STAMPING FORMING

Based on the elastic-plastic large deformation finite element formulation as well as the shell element combined discrete Kirchhoff theoretical plate element (DKT) with membrane square element, deep-drawing bending springback of typical U-pattern is studied. At the same time the springback values of the drawing of patterns' unloading and trimming about the satellite aerial reflecting surface are predicted and also compared with those of the practical punch. Above two springbacks all obtain satisfactory results, which provide a kind of effective quantitative pre-prediction of springback for the practical engineers.

基于TRIZ理论的Trimming裁剪方法的产品优化设计

创新方法 TRIZ理论中的Trimming裁剪方法是按照功能分析的结果,对技术系统中各组件进行价值分析,找出价值最低的组件,实施系统裁剪,以达到降低成本、提高技术系统理想度的目的。通过掌握Trimming的几种裁剪方法,工程师可较容易地在产品优化设计上找到明确的方向。文中以实际测试中提高转速传感器支架的安置效率为例,介绍Trimming对工程师在思路创新上的启发。

Effect of Beak Trimming Stress on the Apoptosis and Its Related Protein Expression of Chicken Spleen

Beak trimming was a part of routine husbandry for poultry industry,which was the most efficient and economic way to reduce the incidence of cannibalism.However,the controversy about young chicken trimming still exits and it was drawing more concern recently along with the popular of animal behavior and welfare theory.To evaluate the influence of beak trimming on young chicken spleen development and find the key regulators of the spleen development,in this study,the electron microscope technique,flow cytometry and immunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the effects of beak trimming stress on the spleen development.The result of electronic microscope showed that significant stress response could be found in chicken spleen cells after beak trimming.Cell volume became larger,chromatin of cell nuclear agglutinated conglobation,cytoplasm formed more vacuole,and mitochondria emerged vacuolization phenomenon in splenic lymphocyte after beak trimming.From the flow cytometry,the lymphocyte of spleen in the control group and experimental group were mainly in G1 phase,and the remaining small amount was in S and M phases.Of interest,the number of the lymphocyte which are in G1 phase within immune organ in the experimental group were more than that in the control group,but the number of cells in S and M phases were less than that in the control group.And beak trimming decreased the lymphocytes proliferation index of spleen.Inmmuohistochemical result showed that the beak trimming stress did not affect the expression sites of two apoptosis-related genes,Bcl-2 and Bax,in the spleen.But the expression level of Bcl-2 decreased while Bax increased in chicken immune organs after beak trimming.Furthermore,the beak trimming increased spleen cell apoptosis with a time-dependant style.Our findings may make a contribution to the active precaution of stress response.

基于NVM修复的模拟电路Trimming技术

模拟电路Trimming技术用于改善工艺波动及版图失配带来的影响,提高电路精度,改善电路性能。介绍了Trimming对于芯片电路设计的意义,基于非易失性存储器(NVM)进行Trim-ming的三种方法:直接输出、内建测试与自校准,以及Trimming电路的设计要点。使用NVM修复的Trimming方式可以广泛应用于高精度的模拟电路设计中。

Stealth performance evaluation of helicopter against airborne early warning radar considering trimming control

Airborne pulse Doppler radar is a key threat to the military helicopter,and assessing the stealth performance of helicopter against airborne early warning radar is helpful to the helicopter’s stealth design and operational planning.In this paper,the Shooting and Bouncing Ray(SBR)and Uniform Theory of Diffraction(UTD)based high-frequency algorithms are used to calculate the Radar Cross Section(RCS)of helicopter,and the radar range equations are used to evaluate the stealth performance.In order to account for the effects of rotor flapping motions during actual flight,the aerodynamics model of whole helicopter is established and the attitudes and controls of helicopter at different flight states are trimmed and input into the RCS calculation module.The effects of helicopter flight speed,flying direction and operational environment on radar stealth performance are studied in focus.It is demonstrated by the results that the trimming control does have a great influence of more than 5 dB on the RCS of helicopter,and the introduction of the trim calculation brings the helicopter’s returns calculation closer to the reality.Variations in flight speed lead to the changes in the stealth performance of helicopter against Early Warning Aircraft(EWA),and the helicopter flight speed can be planned according to the operational requirements to minimize exposure distance or exposure time.Variations in flying direction mainly affect the detection properties of helicopter returns,and flying in the same direction with EWA usually gives the helicopter better low-observability than flying head-on.Variations in operational environment mainly affect the radar detection performance and the sensitivity of the detection performance to external factors;the same amount of change in some external factor causes a different amount of change in the helicopter’s detectability in different environments.

Laser trimming for lithography-free fabrications of MoS_(2)devices

Single-layer MoS_(2)produced by mechanical exfoliation is usually connected to thicker and multilayer regions.We show a facile laser trimming method to insulate single-layer MoS_(2)regions from thicker ones.We demonstrate,through electrical characterization,that the laser trimming method can be used to pattern single-layer MoS_(2)channels with regular geometry and electrically disconnected from the thicker areas.Scanning photocurrent microscope further confirms that in the as-deposited flake(connected to a multilayer area)most of the photocurrent is being generated in the thicker flake region.After laser trimming,scanning photocurrent microscopy shows how only the single-layer MoS_(2)region contributes to the photocurrent generation.The presented method is a direct-write and lithography-free(no need of resist or wet chemicals)alternative to reactive ion etching process to pattern the flakes that can be easily adopted by many research groups fabricating devices with MoS_(2) and similar twodimensional materials.

三结构域TRIM34蛋白的相关功能研究进展

三结构域蛋白(tripartite-motif proteins,TRIM)是由三段结构域组成并以其独特结构命名的基本蛋白,参与调节细胞信号传导、凋亡、免疫应答、炎症和肿瘤调控等多种生理病理过程。目前在人类中已知的TRIM蛋白有80多种,TRIM34蛋白是其蛋白家族的重要成员,既往对于TRIM34蛋白的研究相对局限。最近的研究表明,TRIM34在抗肿瘤治疗、预测肿瘤预后、抗HIV病毒和微生物感染、以及调控免疫应答等过程中发挥了重要作用。本文在简要总结TRIM34蛋白的分子结构和功能结构域特点的基础上,详细介绍了TRIM34蛋白的共性特征,聚焦荟萃了TRIM34蛋白的促进细胞凋亡、阻断炎症肿瘤通路、预测免疫治疗疗效、预防逆转录病毒感染和刺激多核细胞形成等功能,为全面认识该蛋白提供一定的理论参考。

高精度电压电流转换电路中电流镜校准技术

电流镜输出误差主要由3个不同失配源造成:漏源电压(V_(DS)),阈值电压(V_(th)),跨导系数(β)。其中,第一项V_(DS)失配通常是由有限输出阻抗引起的确定性误差,该误差可以通过使用级联结构以及增益提升技术避免,后两项V_(th)和β失配是由工艺引起的随机性误差。为解决电流镜因工艺失配现象导致的电压电流(Voltage to Current)转换电路精度、线性度较差的问题,提出了一种动态元件匹配(Dynamic Element Match,DEM)以及修调技术(TRIM)相结合的电流镜校准方法,该方法使用TRIM技术将待校准输出电流镜支路和基准电流镜支路之间的误差电流,通过电容与MOS管转换成校准电流后反馈流入待校准输出电流镜支路完成校准,并通过DEM技术切换多条待校准输出电流镜支路完成校准的同时使输出误差平均化。本文采用SMIC 0.18μm BCD工艺对所提出的V-I转换电路进行了电路设计,仿真结果表明,V-I转换电路的输出电流的失配误差从0.12%下降到了0.03%,有效位数ENOB达到了11.2 bit,总谐波失真THD为−72.6 dB。

过表达三结构域蛋白48调控p-ERK1/2抑制胶质瘤生长的作用机制

目的探究过表达三结构域蛋白48(tripartite motif protein,TRIM)对胶质瘤生长的影响及其相关机制。方法将12只裸鼠随机均分为2组,分别接种过表达TRIM48的U87胶质瘤稳转株(oeTRIM48组)及其对照细胞株(Vector组)。接种后每3 d测定肿瘤体积,4周后取出肿瘤组织并记录瘤重。肿瘤组织做HE染色,并通过免疫荧光法检测Ki-67的表达,使用Western blot和免疫组化分别检测裸鼠肿瘤和人胶质瘤组织芯片中的TRIM48、ERK1/2和p-ERK1/2水平。结果oeTRIM48组裸鼠肿瘤体积、重量比Vector组裸鼠明显降低(P<0.0001);HE染色结果显示oeTRIM48组细胞核减小、核分裂象减少;Ki-67阳性区域显著降低(P<0.0001),而且oeTRIM48组p-ERK1/2蛋白水平比Vector组显著降低(P<0.01)。组织芯片免疫组化显示,TRIM48和p-ERK1/2在癌旁组织分别呈高表达和低表达,在肿瘤组织则相反。结论过表达TRIM48能够抑制胶质瘤生长、增殖,其作用机制可能与ERK1/2信号通路有关。

TRIM21通过与ZSWIM1相互作用调节肺腺癌细胞的增殖和迁移

背景与目的 肺腺癌(lung adenocarcinoma, LUAD)是一种致病率和死亡率都极高的癌症,尽管现代医学的治疗手段在不断进步,但患者的5年生存率仍不高,因此我们想通过探究LUAD发生发展的分子机制进而鉴定新的治疗靶标。我们前期的研究报道了ZSWIM1(zinc finger SWIM-type containing 1)是一个促进LUAD细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭的新蛋白。本研究将着重探究E3泛素连接酶TRIM21(tripartite-motif protein 21)对ZSWIM1在LUAD细胞中促增殖、迁移功能的影响。方法 利用蛋白免疫共沉淀技术(co-immunoprecipitation,Co-IP)和免疫荧光技术(immunofluorescence, IF)验证TRIM21和ZSWIM1之间的相互作用和共定位;利用MTT和Transwell实验检测TRIM21及TRIM21、ZSWIM1协同对LUAD增殖、迁移的影响;利用蛋白印迹实验(Westernblot,WB)检测TRIM21和ZSWIM1对LUAD细胞上皮间充质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT)标志物表达的影响;利用Co-IP联合WB检测TRIM21对ZSWIM1泛素化的影响。结果 TRIM21与ZSWIM1存在相互作用和共定位。TRIM21的上调可以抑制LUAD细胞的增殖和迁移。过表达TRIM21能够降低ZSWIM1对LUAD细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的促进作用,并逆转ZSWIM1对E-cadherin和Vimentin表达的影响。敲低TRIM21则可以增强ZSWIM1对LUAD细胞增殖和迁移的促进作用。机制方面,我们发现过表达TRIM21可明显增强ZSWIM1的泛素化水平,下调ZSWIM1的蛋白表达量。结论 TRIM21通过结合并促进ZSWIM1的泛素化,进而降低ZSWIM1的蛋白表达,这抑制了ZSWIM1对LUAD细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭表型的促进作用。

TRIM家族在肝细胞癌中的研究进展

肝细胞癌(HCC)是最常见和最致命的恶性肿瘤之一。大多数三元基序(TRIM)家族蛋白具有E3泛素连接酶活性,参与了多种细胞生物学过程的调控,包括基因表达、细胞周期进展、凋亡、信号转导和癌变等。越来越多的研究发现,TRIM家族成员在促进HCC细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭中起着重要作用。本综述旨在讨论TRIM家族在HCC中的作用,为HCC寻找新的诊断及治疗靶点提供依据。

干扰TRIM59表达对慢性粒细胞白血病K562细胞柔红霉素化疗敏感性的影响及作用机制研究

目的:探讨干扰三元基序59(TRIM59)表达对慢性粒细胞白血病K562细胞柔红霉素(DNR)化疗敏感性的影响及相关分子机制。方法:采用RT-q PCR法检测慢性粒细胞白血病患者骨髓组织和K562细胞中TRIM59 m RNA表达水平。用脂质体转染法将TRIM59特异性小干扰RNA(si-TRIM59)转染至K562细胞,并用DNR处理细胞。CCK-8法检测细胞增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,Western blot法检测凋亡相关蛋白和Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关蛋白表达。结果:与初治时骨髓组织相比,化疗耐药时患者骨髓组织中TRIM59 m RNA表达水平升高(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,si-TRIM59组和DNR组细胞增殖抑制率、细胞凋亡率均显著升高(P<0.05);细胞中Bax、Caspase3、Cleaved-Caspase3蛋白表达量均显著升高,而Bcl-2、Wnt3α、GSK-3β蛋白表达量、p-β-catenin/β-catenin比值均显著降低(P<0.05)。与si-TRIM59组和DNR组比较,si-TRIM59+DNR组细胞增殖抑制率、细胞凋亡率均显著升高(P<0.05);细胞中Bax、Caspase3、Cleaved-Caspase3蛋白表达量均显著升高,而Bcl-2、Wnt3α、GSK-3β蛋白表达量、p-β-catenin/β-catenin比值均显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:干扰TRIM59表达可增强K562细胞对DNR的化疗敏感性,其作用机制可能与调控Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关。

TRIM32与相关神经系统疾病的研究进展

三结构域蛋白家族(tripartite motif protein,TRIM)是一类被广泛涉及于生物学过程中的蛋白质,其功能包含细胞生长、分化、发育、凋亡、免疫应答和肿瘤发生等方面。其中,TRIM32是一种E3泛素连接酶,隶属于TRIM蛋白家族。虽然关于TRIM32的相关研究较少,但其在维持神经系统的生理功能方面作用极为重要。因此,该文旨在综述TRIM32在神经系统疾病中的作用。

TRIM25通过EZH2介导巨噬细胞M2极化促进食管鳞状细胞癌细胞的增殖迁移和侵袭

目的:探讨TRIM25和EZH2在食管鳞状细胞癌(ESCC)相关巨噬细胞浸润中的作用及其可能的作用机制。方法:利用佛波酯诱导THP-1为M0巨噬细胞,将其与转染处理后的KYSE510细胞共培养,收集共培养巨噬细胞,分为Ctrl组、sh-NC组、sh-TRIM25组、sh-NC+oe-NC组、sh-TRIM25+oe-NC组、sh-NC+oe-EZH2组和sh-TRIM25+oe-EZH2组。收集共培养上清液,将其加入KYSE510细胞中,分为Ctrl组、TAM组、sh-NC+TAM组、sh-TRIM25+TAM组、sh-NC+oe-NC+TAM组、sh-TRIM25+oe-NC+TAM组、sh-NC+oe-EZH2+TAM组和sh-TRIM25+oe-EZH2+TAM组。qPCR法和WB法检测细胞中TRIM25、EZH2和Arg-1表达,放线菌酮蛋白合成抑制实验检测细胞EZH2蛋白稳定性,FCM检测F4/80+CD206+巨噬细胞比例,CCK-8法、克隆形成实验和Transwell实验分别检测细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力。结果:KYSE510细胞中TRIM25和EZH2 mRNA和蛋白表达均高于人食管鳞状上皮细胞HET-1A(P<0.01)。与sh-NC组和sh-NC+oe-NC组相比,sh-TRIM25组和sh-TRIM25+oe-NC组F4/80+CD206+巨噬细胞比例和Arg-1蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05),sh-NC+oe-EZH2组则升高(P<0.05)。与sh-NC+TAM组和sh-NC+oe-NC+TAM组相比,sh-TRIM25+TAM组和sh-TRIM25+oe-NC+TAM组KYSE510细胞活力、克隆形成数、迁移和侵袭细胞数均降低(P<0.05),sh-NC+oe-EZH2+TAM组则升高(P<0.05)。敲低TRIM25可通过抑制EZH2蛋白半衰期,降低EZH2蛋白稳定性。过表达EZH2可部分逆转sh-TRIM25对巨噬细胞和KYSE510细胞的影响。结论:TRIM25通过促进EZH2蛋白稳定性诱导巨噬细胞M2极化,从而促进ESCC细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭。

TRIM34的研究进展

泛素是一种含76个氨基酸的蛋白质,可通过一系列酶级联反应与底物蛋白结合。与泛素结合的底物蛋白更易被体内的蛋白酶体或细胞器识别,进而被降解或其亚细胞定位、功能被改变,这一过程即泛素化。泛素化过程主要涉及的酶有E1泛素激活酶、E2泛素结合酶、E3泛素连接酶和去泛素化酶,其中,E3泛素连接酶直接对底物特异性识别,并催化泛素转移到底物蛋白上。三方基序(tripartite motif,TRIM)蛋白,又称RBCC蛋白,是E3泛素连接酶的一个大家族,有80多个成员,本文重点研究的TRIM34即TRIM蛋白家族成员。有研究报道TRIM34与肿瘤发生和病毒感染高度相关,本文对TRIM34的结构、信号通路方面展开作一综述。

TRIMs家族蛋白在结直肠癌发病相关信号转导通路中的研究进展

结直肠癌(CRC)是人类第三大高发恶性肿瘤,也是常见的癌症相关死亡原因之一,2020年全球CRC新发病例193.16万,死亡病例93.52万,分别位于所有恶性肿瘤的第3位和第2位。CRC的发病机制主要归因于维持上皮完整性稳态的相关信号转导通路失调。目前研究表明CRC组织中许多TRIMs家族蛋白的高表达与病人的低生存率密切相关,并认为参与了CRC的发病机制。大多数TRIMs家族成员可通过直接干扰细胞周期调控、细胞凋亡、上皮间质转化(EMT)以及炎症反应,进而影响CRC的发生和发展。值得注意的是,在特定的肿瘤类型和微环境下,部分TRIMs家族成员被发现具有转录因子活性和RNA稳定的复杂生物学活性。该文通过文献回顾,研究和总结TRIMs家族蛋白在CRC发生发展过程中通过信号转导通路的靶向调控。

神经胶质瘤U251细胞中TRIM21和TRIM8之间相互作用研究

目的探讨TRIM21和TRIM8在神经胶质瘤U251细胞中的相互作用机制及其生物学效应。方法在U251细胞中分别过表达和敲低TRIM21或TRIM8,通过蛋白质印迹和RT-PCR法检测两者的蛋白和mRNA表达水平。利用免疫荧光实验分析TRIM21和TRIM8的亚细胞定位。通过免疫共沉淀实验验证TRIM21和TRIM8之间的相互作用。应用胞内泛素化实验检测TRIM21和TRIM8的泛素化修饰。蛋白酶体抑制剂MG-132用于抑制蛋白酶体活性。利用流式细胞术检测U251细胞凋亡。结果在U251细胞中,TRIM21负向调控TRIM8蛋白水平,反之,TRIM8也可以负向调控TRIM21蛋白水平,并且都能抑制细胞凋亡。机制研究显示,U251细胞中TRIM21和TRIM8之间存在相互结合,两者相互调控是通过催化泛素化介导的泛素-蛋白酶体依赖性降解途径实现的。结论U251细胞中TRIM21与TRIM8可以通过泛素化修饰促进泛素-蛋白酶体依赖性的蛋白质降解相互负向调控,提示体内细胞正常生长分化需要TRIM21-TRIM8之间蛋白质水平的相对稳态,也即可能存在E3泛素连接酶蛋白稳态,稳态失衡可能与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。