Molecular characterization of secaloindoline genes in introduced CIMMYT primary hexaploid triticale

In order to widen gene germplasm for kernel hardness in triticale, 60 synthetic hexaploid triticales were tested by the single kernel characterization system(SKCS) and secaloindoline alleles were identified by sequencing. Phenot^ing showed that frequencies of soft, mixed and hard genotypes were 43.3%, 48.3%, and 8.4%, respectively. Genotyping identified three known secaloindoline-a alleles and four known secaloindoline-b alleles. Three new Sina-Rl alleles were designated Sina-Rld, Sina-Rle and Sina-Rlf. Compared to Sina-Dlc, Sina-Rld showed four point mutations causing changes in four amino acids, Sina-Rle had one point mutation causing an alanine to glycine substitution, and Sina-Rlf possessed five point mutations but produced the same amino add sequence as Sina-Rld. Two new Sinb-Rl alleles were discovered and designated Sinb-Rle and Sinb-Rl/. Compared to Sinb-Rla, Sinb-Rle possessed a triplet-code insertion and four point mutations causing a cysteine insertion and two amino acid substitutions, and Sinb-Rl/possessed three point mutations causing a cysteine insertion and a change of arginine to glycine.Association of hardness index with secaloindoline alleles indicated t±iat SKCS of the Sina-Rld genotype was significantly lower than that of Sina-Rle, and Sinb-Rle was significantly lower than that of the Sinb-Rld genotype. A total of eight allelic combinations of secaloindoline genes were identified; Sma-Rld/Sinb-Rle and Sina-Rle/Sinb-Rld were relatively prevalent in the triticales surveyed. The results provide valuable information for further use of these germplasms in triticale breeding program due to the diverse polymorphism in secaloindoline genes.

Feeding Effect of Triticale Fodder as Replacement of Straw on Production Performance of Dairy Cows

Twenty lactating cows of two to five parity having an average live weight of 290.00 to 330.00 kg and an average milk production of 4.54 kg/head/day to 4.66 kg/head/day were selected from the Central Cattle breeding Station and Dairy Farm. The four dietary treatment were： SlooTo （Straw 100： Triticale 0 as control）; $5oT5o （Straw 50： Triticale 50）; $25T75 （Straw 25： Triticale 75） and SoTloo （Straw 0： Triticale 100）. It was observed that the roughage dry matter intake （DMI） （2.61 ~ 0.07 kg） in percent live weight was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in $25T75 and the lowest （1.76 ~ 0.018 kg） in the control group （SlooTo） and the differences were significant among the dietary treatments except $5oT5o and SoTloo. The total DMI was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in SoT^oo （13.36 i 0.13 kg） followed by $25T75, $5oT5o and SlooTo, respectively. The digestibility of crude protein （CP） was slightly higher in $25T75 （75.48 ~ 0.96） compared to SoTtoo （75.31 ~ 1.45） and the difference was non-significant （P 〉 0.05）. Milk production was significantly （P 〈 0.05） the highest in $5oT5o and the lowest in SlooTo followed by SoTloo, $25T75, respectively. The percent increased in milk yield was also the highest in $5oT5o （67.68%） and the lowest in SlooTo （28.85%）. The 4% fat corrected milk was also significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in $5oT5o followed by SoTloo, $25T75 and SlooTo, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that triticale and straw at a ratio of 50：50 may be fed for better production performance of dairy cows.

Typical Correlation Analysis between Forage Type Triticale Production Performance and Different Pilot Ecological Factors

Domestic and foreign researches on triticale mainly focus on hereditary traits and excellent characteristics,but there are few reports on triticale yield and quality in the severe cold pastoral areas of Gansu and Qinghai.In this study,Gannong 2 triticale cultivars have been bred and planted in typical ecological areas according to the characteristics of different ecological regions.By studying the relationship between quality traits and various ecological factors,the effects of different ecological factors on the quality of Triticale hay have been clarified,which provides a reasonable basis for future triticale breeding and large-scale and targeted planting layout.The production performance and nutritional qualities of Triticale Trial in Maqu County,Gansu Province and Gannong No.2 in Dulan County,Qinghai Province are obviously superior to other pilot sites.Through reasonable fertilization,the production performance and nutritional quality of triticale are the best.Triticale production performance is significantly related to climatic factors in different pilots.The most suitable planting area for Gannong 2 is Maqu County,Gansu Province.

Characterization of a new hexaploid triticale 6D(6A) substitution line with increased grain weight and decreased spikelet number

Hexaploid triticale(×Triticosecale,AABBRR)is an important forage crop and a promising energy plant.Transferring D-genome chromosomes or segments from common wheat(Triticum aestivum)into hexaploid triticale is attractive in improving its economically important traits.Here,a hexaploid triticale 6D(6A)substitution line Lin 456 derived from the cross between the octoploid triticale line H400 and the hexaploid wheat Lin 56 was identified and analyzed by genomic in situ hybridization(GISH),fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH),and molecular markers.The GISH analysis showed that Lin 456 is a hexaploid triticalewith 14 rye(Secale cereale)chromosomes and 28 wheat chromosomes,whereas non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization(ND-FISH)and molecular marker analysis revealed that it is a 6D(6A)substitution line.In contrast to previous studies,the signal of Oligo-pSc119.2 was observed at the distal end of 6DL in Lin 456.The wheat chromosome 6D was associatedwith increased grain weight and decreased spikelet number using the genotypic data combined with the phenotypes of the F2 population in the three environments.The thousand-grain weight and grain width in the substitution individuals were significantly higher than those in the non-substitution individuals in the F2 population across the three environments.We propose that the hexaploid triticale 6D(6A)substitution line Lin 456 can be a valuable and promising donor stock for genetic improvement during triticale breeding.

Doubled haploid production in advanced back cross generations and molecular cytogenetic characterization of rye chromatin in triticale×wheat derived doubled haploid lines

The rye genome has shown potential for improvement of bread wheat,where wheat-rye substitutions and translocations have been and are frequently used in resistance breeding.Crosses belongs to different generations viz.,BC_(1)F_(1),BC_(1)F_(2),BC_(1)F_(3),BC_(1)F_(4)and BC_(2)F_(3)of triticale×wheat derived were used for different haploid induction parameters using Gogon grass(Imperata cylindrica)as a pollen source.The percentage of pseudo seed formation ranged from 34.55%for BC_(1)F_(2)to 63.77 for BC_(1)F_(1)crosses,the haploid embryo formation ranges from 9.43%for BC_(1)F_(1)to 30.2%for BC_(1)F_(2),the haploid plant generation ranges from 19.36%for BC_(1)F_(2)to 63.25%for BC_(1)F_(1).Four doubled haploids were developed from ITSN 105/58-VL 802-VL 802 of BC_(2)F_(3)underwent molecular cytogenetic analyses using the probes,viz.,rye genomic rDNA,pSc 119 and pAs1.FISH and GISH analysis revealed an IBL.1RS translocation and substitution of 5R chromosome instead of the 5D chromosomes in these doubled haploids.

Hungaro Durum Rye—Breeding, Genome Composition and Amino Acid Content of the First Triticale Cultivar for Human Consumption

Hungaro triticale cultivar was bred for human consumption and animal fodder in Kisvárda, Hungary. The breeding method applied for the recombinant secondary hexaploid triticale proved to be effective since the favourable traits of wheat, durum wheat and rye were successfully combined in the genome of the new cultivar. The first aim was to characterize the genome composition. Multicolour genomic in situ hybridization (mcGISH) was used for the genome compositional analysis. According to the results, the cultivar contains the wheat AB genome (AABB = 28 chromosomes) and the whole rye (R) genome (RR = 14 chromosomes). The presence of D genome, however, could not be detected within the detection limit of the GISH method. Hungaro is the very first triticale in Hungary that has been used for human consumption (milling industry, baking industry, pasta production). In this study, amino acid content of flours was measured. Amino acid investigations on Hungaro durum rye’s flour showed that the quantity of essential amino acids, especially of methionine and cysteine, are higher in Hungaro durum rye than in the also investigated Ryefood rye cultivar and the GK ?thalom wheat cultivar. The genes inherited from the wheat species ensure high yield and great baking and dough making qualities. Therefore, its flour is suitable in itself for pastry and dough production (without mixing it with other flours). Its characteristics inherited from rye guarantee excellent abiotic and biotic resistance.

Optimal Extraction,Purification and Activity Determination of Phytase from Triticale

[ Objective] This study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions of high-activity phytase from triticale. [ Method] Food and forage triticale 209 was used as an experimental material to investigate the optimal extraction conditions, including pH, solid-liquid ratio, extraction duration and active agent concentra- tion. The extracted phytase was purified with salting-out concentration method for SDS-PAGE eIectrophoresis Total protein content was measured using Bradford method; phytase activity was measured using vanadium ammonium molybdate method in accordance with the national standard GB/T 18634 -2009. [ Result] Phytase activity reached the highest under extraction conditions of pH 5.0, solid-liquid ratio 10, room temperature, shaking speed 200 r/min and shaking duration 1 h, without addition of active agems. [ Condusion] This study improved the extraction technology of phytase from wheat plants and was suitable for practical ap- plication.

Agronomic Behavior of a New Cereal （Primary 6x Tritipyrum： AABBEbEb） in Comparison with Modern Triticale and Iranian Bread Wheat Cultivars

The novel salt-tolerant cereal, primary Tritipyrnm, is the third artificially synthesized crop plant. The agronomic traits and grain yields of 13 primary 6x Tritipyrum lines were evaluated and compared with five modern 6x triticale lines and nine bread wheat cultivars at Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The primary Tritipyrum lines increased the grain yield per plant by 2.8% and 14.1% compared to triticale promising lines and Iranian bread wheat cultivars, respectively. Although the primary Tritipyrum lines were late maturing, they were shorter than the triticale lines and wheat cultivars and superior in many characters such as penultimate leaf area, flag leaf length, penultimate leaf length and time to milky ripeness. Genotypes were divided into four groups for agronomic and morphological traits and four groups for grain yield by cluster analyses. All clusters showed significant differences （a = 5%） for all traits and the first cluster, which comprised primary Tritipyrum lines, had a higher mean grain yield than the other clusters. The results of this first large-scale trial indicated the high adaptation of primary Tritipyrum lines to conditions in Kerman province in South-east of Iran.

Yielding of Winter Triticale Varieties in Different Protection Levels in Two Sequence Systems

Five-year trials （2011-2015） were accomplished in a continuous field experiment conducted at the Production and Research Station in Balcyny. The experiment was set up on a luvisol medium soil, derived from light loam with the objective of evaluating the response of two winter triticale varieties （Pigmej and Cyrkon） to cultivation without protection （O）, chemical weed control （H） and combined protection against weeds and fungi （HF）. Comparisons were made in two crop sequence systems： cultivation of winter triticale varieties in a 6-field crop rotation and cultivation in a 19-23-year-long monoculture. The results showed that the plant sequence system significantly differentiated the response of winter triticale varieties to the applied levels of field protection. Significantly higher grain yield gains of the winter triticale varieties in response to the application of herbicides or herbicides with fungicides were obtained in the monoculture than in the crop rotation. In the crop rotation, a higher increase in yields induced by the applied plant protection treatments was achieved by the variety Cyrkon. In the monoculture, the response of both varieties to the herbicides applied was nearly identical, while the combined application of herbicides and fungicides raised the yields of var. Pigmej higher than those of var. Cyrkon. Overall for the plant protection levels, var. Cyrkon yielded higher than var. Pigmej by 18.1% more in the crop rotation and by 26.9% in the monoculture. At the same time, var. Cyrkon demonstrated a weaker response to being grown in the monoculture than var. Pigmej did. The average yield of the former was reduced by 21.1%, whereas the latter yielded 26.6% less grain.

Evaluation Forage Clipping Stages and Different Levels of Nitrogen on Grain and Forage Yields of TRITICALE (×TRITICOSECALE WITTMACK)

In order to reach suitable forage clipping and estimate nitrogen fertilizer to most economical proficiency, an experiment was carried out at Saatlo Station in 2008-2009 seasons. A factorial experiment was done based on the randomized complete blocks design with 4 replications. The first factor was three levels of clipping stages including non-clipping, clipping at tillering and booting stages. Different levels of nitrogen fertilizer including 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg/ha were arranged at the second factor. Results showed that non-clipping and clipping at booting stage with 610.5 and 203.1 g/m2 had the most and the lowest grain yield, respectively. The highest economical proficiency (3743.06 $/ha) resulted with using 80 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer and non-clipping. With considering both forage and grain yield, it is necessary that the clipping should be done at tillering stage with using of 120 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer (3336.56 $/ha). At regression of economical proficiency traits of grain yield, straw and total dry matter remained at the final model. Economical proficiency had the significant positive correlation with spike per square meter (0.87**), grain yield (0.64**), total dry matter (0.65**), plant height (0.52**) and 1000-kernal weight (0.54**).

The association between the allelic state of <i>Vp</i>-1<i>B</i>and pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in red-seeded hexaploid triticale

The core collection of red-seeded winter hexaploid triticale with different pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) resistance has been evaluated for the allelic structure of the gene VIVIPAROUS-1B (Vp-1B) with STS molecular marker. The discovered structure of the collection was as follows: 50.0% and 41.7% of the collection carries Vp-1Bа and Vp-1Bc alleles, respectively, while 8,3% possesses both of them. As a result of the seed color estimation, the collection has been divided into two groups: with dark red seeds and light red seeds. The allele Vp-1Bc has appeared to be associated with PHS resistance while Vp-1Ba with PHS susceptibility in the triticale accessions with light red seeds only. The influence of the seed color and allelic state of Vp-1B on PHS resistance in triticale is discussed.

Zinc （Zn2＋） Bioavailability of NPKCaMg-Fertilization induced Rhizosphere Soils of Triticale （x Triticosecale W.）

The primary objective to these study was to test NPKCaMg-fertilization induced ＂Zn（2＋）＂ bioavailability in triticale rhizosphere soils. Soil and plant samples were taken from experimental sites randomly, and were analysed in laboratory to plant available Zn^2＋） content. Zinc ＂Zn（2＋）＂ concentrations showed a large variability to interactions with soil＇s pH values. It ranged from 0.4 and 1.36 mg kg1. Soil＇s ＂Zn（2＋）＂ contents had been significantly lower than International Soil Limit （ISL） value （70 mg kgl）, consequently. Plant available ＂Zn（2＋）＂ contents from triticale rhizosphere soils in Leaf＋Straw ranged from 10.1 to 38.4 mg kgl, and in Seed from 26.9 to 52.0 mg kg1. ＂Zn（2＋）＂s Actual Translocation Index （ATI） from rhizosphere soils to Leaf＋Straw had as average 23.6, and to grain 43. 1. ＂Zn（2＋）＂ Leaf＋Straw bioacummulation （g hal） had as average 13.4, Grain 23.2, and total （Leaf＋Straw＋Grain） 36.6. ＂Zn（2＋）＂translocation from soils to Leaf＋Straw was 37% lower than to Grain. Ultimately, within the range of experimental conditions tested these results are present that ＂Zn（2＋）＂ tends to accumulate to triticale organs to create the conditions for toxicity effects in Food Chane.

The Prosperity of Using Domestic Triticale Varieties in Kyrgyzstan

The present researches mentioned questions of economic use of domestic triticale and their influences on a phytosanitory condition and fertility of an irrigated arable land in the Chuy Valley of Kyrgyzstan. The result of the work consists of four tables, purpose of the work was to discover roots systems, nutrion value and the main laboratory testing of samples were conducted at the Humboldt University in Berlin, which was completed under the high and compliant standards of the world. The present research conducted on triticale varieties was firstly studied in Kyrgyzstan.

Hairy Vetch and Triticale Cover Crops for N Management in Soils

Over-application of fertilizer to cropland adversely affects both environmental and agricultural ecosystems. This study examined whether planting a legume-based winter cover crop mix offsets fertilizer application via natural nitrogen inputs. The influence of the cover crop mixture on available nutrients was also assessed. Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) and winter triticale (×triticosecale) cover crops were planted in fall and terminated in May. Soil fertility data was collected before and after planting the winter cover crop to determine the effect on fixing nitrogen and soil phosphorus, potassium and organic matter levels. Increases of soil ammonium were observed in plots with cover crop treatments. A triticale-hairy vetch cover crop mix was successful at scavenging P for future crops and appears to hold promise for long-term soil fertility benefits.

Effects of Tetcyclacis on Plant Growth and Development in Triticale cv. Lasko

Experiments with tetcyclacis applied as a seed-dressing carried out with triticale cv. lasko in pots in the glasshouse and in hand-sown plots in the field. The results showed that tetcyclacis significantly delayed seedling emergence and inhibited the elongating growth in plant seedling stage, but not affected the growth and development of the adult plant during the late stage of stem extension and the stage of grain expansion. No significant difference was found in fertile stem number, grain quality and yield between the treated plants with tetcyclacis and control.

Establishment of a transformation system in close relatives of wheat under the assistance of TaWOX5

Species closely related to wheat are important genetic resources for agricultural production,functional genomics studies and wheat improvement.In this study,a wheat gene related to regeneration,TaWOX5,was applied to establish the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation systems of Triticum monococcum,hexaploid triticale,and rye(Secale cereale L.)using their immature embryos.Transgenic plants were efficiently generated.During the transformation process,the Agrobacterium infection efficiency was assessed by histochemical staining forβ-glucuronidase(GUS).Finally,the transgenic nature of regenerated plants was verified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)-based genotyping for the presence of the GUS and bialaphos resistance(bar)genes,histochemical staining for GUS protein,and the QuickStix strip assay for bar protein.The transformation efficiency of T.monococcum genotype PI428182 was 94.4%;the efficiencies of four hexaploid triticale genotypes Lin456,ZS3297,ZS1257,and ZS3224 were 52.1,41.2,19.4,and 16.0%,respectively;and the transformation efficiency of rye cultivar Lanzhou Heimai was 7.8%.Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)and genomic in situ hybridization(GISH)analyses indicated that the GUS transgenes were integrated into the distal or near centromere(proximal)regions of the chromosomes in transgenic T.monococcum and hexaploid triticale plants.In the transgenic hexaploid triticale plants,the foreign DNA fragment was randomly integrated into the AABB and RR genomes.Furthermore,the transgene was almost stably inherited in the next generation by Mendel’s law.The findings in this study will promote the genetic improvement of the three plant species for grain or forage production and the improvement of cereal species including wheat for functional genomics studies.

Adding Value to Crop Production Systems by Integrating Forage Cover Crop Grazing

In addition to their value as cereal grains, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) are important cool-season annual forages and cover crops. Yearling steer (Bos taurus) performance was compared in the spring following autumn establishment as for age cover crops after soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grain harvest. Replicated pastures (0.4 ha) were no-till seeded in three consecutive years into soybean stubble in autumn, fertilized, and grazed the following spring near Ithaca, NE, USA. Each pasture (n = 3) was continuously stocked in spring with four yearling steers (380 ± 38 kg) for 17, 32, and 28 d in 2005, 2006, and 2007, respectively. In 2005, average daily gain (ADG) for steers grazing triticale exceeded the ADG for wheat by 0.31 kghd-1d-1. In 2006, wheat ADG exceeded that for triticale by 0.12 kghd-1d-1. In 2007, steers grazing wheat lost weight, while steers grazing triticale gained 0.20 kghd-1d-1. Based on the 3-year average animal gains valued at $1.32 kg-1, mean net return ($ ha-1 yr-1) was $62.15 for triticale and $22.55 for wheat. Since these grazed cover crops provide ecosystem services in addition to forage, grazing could be viewed as a mechanism for recovering costs and adds additional value to the system. Based on this 3-year grazing trial, triticale was superior to wheat and likely will provide the most stable beef yearling performance across years with variable weather for the western Cornbelt USA.

Study on Refined Triticale Straw Reinforced PP Composites

Triticale straw（TS） and refined triticale straw（RTS） were characterized by scanning electron micro- scope（SEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR） and thermogravimetric analysis（TGA） in detail, and their application in polypropylene（PP） composite was explored. RTS was obtained by refining TS with environmentally benign processes, by which hemicelluloses and lignin were effectively removed. This was proved by FTIR analysis. The effect of cellulose content on the composite thermal stability and mechanical properties was also examined. RTS has better thermal stability than TS because RTS has lower flammable noncellulose ratio. T5%（temperature with mass loss of 5%） of RTS could be more than 200 ℃. It is high enough to meet the requests of processing most polyolefin composites. Both TS and RTS acted as nucleating agents in PP crystallization process. TS was proved to be a filler of the composite, and RTS to be a reinforcing material for the composite. The flexural strength and modulus of RTS/PP increased about by 5% and more than 100%, respectively, compared with those of PP, when the mass fraction of RTS and compatibilizer were 30% and 2%, respectively. The thermal stability of RTS/PP composites was also better than that of TS/PP composites.

Trends of seasonal forage yield changes of triticale in the southern Great Plains of the United States

Background:The focus of triticale breeding in the southern Great Plains of the United States has been to increase forage yield for autumn-winter seasons when most other forage species are dormant.This study aims to estimate the trends of seasonal yield changes over time.Methods:Yield trials had been conducted in a randomized complete block design for up to two decades.Seasonal yield changes over time were estimated using linear regression analysis.Results:The analysis revealed a significant positive relation between autumn forage yield(relative to common checks)and calendar years when the trials were conducted.The estimated improvement of autumn forage yield was about 1.9%per year on medium and heavy soil at Ardmore,Oklahoma,and about 5.4%per year on light soil at Burneyville,Oklahoma.However,winter forage yield change was minimal and the spring forage yield increase was negative,although this decline was not significant.Total forage yield improvements were about 0.6%and 0.7%per year at Ardmore and Burneyville,respectively.Similar results were also observed when years of cultivars'introduction were used instead.Conclusions:The results indicate a significant gain in autumn forage yield,but a minor gain in the total forage yield due to the yield tradeoff between the autumn and spring seasons.

Factors influencing farmer willingness to plant forage triticale in winter fallow fields in Northern China:An example from central Shanxi Province

Background:Using winter fallow fields for plant forage is important to ensure food security.Forage triticale(×Triticosecale)has higher yields than other available forage crops and can be planted widely in winter fallow fields.Recently,the planted area of forage triticale in Shanxi Province,China,has exceeded 3500 ha;however,problems such as low farmer willingness to plant(WTP)winter forage still remain.Methods:A total of 219 farmers were surveyed in Taiyuan,Lvliang,and Jinzhong.We analyzed the factors influencing farmer WTP forage triticale,focusing on personal,family,land,and cognition characteristics.We used a binary logistic regression model to quantify the influence of various factors on farmer behavior and conducted a robustness check and heterogeneity analysis.Results:“Age”was negatively correlated with farmer WTP—farmers 50 years of age and older showed less WTP.“Land lease situation”was also negatively correlated with WTP.Factors that positively correlated with WTP were“land areas,”“raising of livestock,”“size of labor force,”and“development prospect.”Conclusions:Many farmers are over 50 years of age,land lessors,and have low WTP winter forage.Farmers who raise livestock and have large labor forces,huge land areas,and good cultivation prospects have a high WTP.This study identifies the factors influencing farmers'WTP to assist in the development of the forage triticale industry in the study region,improving land resource utilization and efficiency.The findings are likely to have wider relevance and application.