The Relationship Between Developmental Accumulation of Leaf Soluble Proteins and Vernalization Response of Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.em. Thell)

The relationship between vernalization requirement and quantitative and qualitative changes in total leaf soluble proteins were determined in one spring （cv. Kohdasht） and two winter （cvs. Sardari and Norstar） cultivars of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） exposed to 4℃. Plants were sampled on days 2, 14, 21 and 35 of exposure to 4℃. The final leaf number （FLN） was determined throughout the vernalization periods （0, 7, 14, 24, and 35 d） at 4℃. The final leaf number decreased until days 24 and 35 in Sardari and Norstar eultivars, respectively, indicating the vernalization saturation at these times. No clear changes were detected in the final leaf number of Kohdash cultivar, verifying no vernalization requirement for this spring wheat cultivar. Comparing with control, clear cold-induced 2-fold increases in proteins quantity occurred after 48 h following the 4℃-treatment in the leaves of the both winter wheat cultivars but, such response was not detected in the spring cultivar. However, the electrophoretic protein patterns showed between-cultivar and between-temperature treatment differences. With increasing exposure time to 4℃, the winter cultivars tended to produce more HMW polypeptides than the spring cultivar. Similar proteins were induced in both Sardari and Norstar winter wheat cultivars, however, the long vernalization requirement in Norstar resulted in high level and longer duration of expression of cold-induced proteins compared to Sardari with a short vernalization requirement. These observations indicate that vernalization response regulates the expression of low temperature （LT） tolerance proteins and determines the duration of expression of LT- induced proteins.

Combining Phytate/Ca^(2+) Fractionation with Trichloroacetic Acid/Acetone Precipitation Improved Separation of Low-Abundant Proteins of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Leaf for Proteomic Analysis

Proteomic assessment of low-abundance leaf proteins is hindered by the large quantity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase （Rubisco） present within plant leaf tissues. In the present study, total proteins were extracted from wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） leaves by a conventional trichloroacetic acid （TCA）/acetone method and a protocol first developed in this work. Phytate/Ca2＋ fractionation and TCA/acetone precipitation were combined to design an improved TCA/acetone method. The extracted proteins were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis （2-DE）. The resulting 2-DE images were compared to reveal major differences. The results showed that large quantities of Rubisco were deleted from wheat leaf proteins prepared by the improved method. As many as （758±4） protein spots were detected from 2-DE images of protein extracts obtained by the improved method, 130 more than those detected by the TCA/acetone method. Further analysis indicated that more protein spots could be detected at regions of pI 4.00-4.99 and 6.50-7.00 in the improved method-based 2-DE images. Our findings indicated that the improved method is an efficient protein preparation protocol for separating low-abundance proteins in wheat leaf tissues by 2-DE analysis. The proposed protocol is simple, fast, inexpensive and also applicable to protein preparations of other plants.

Agronomic Trait and Protein Component of F_2 Hybrid Originated from Intergeneric Somatic Hybridization Between Triticum aestivum and Agropyron elongatum

Protoplasts derived from common wheat (Triticum aestivum L,. cv. Jinan 177) were fused with UV-treated protoplasts of Agropyron elongatum. (Host) Nevski by PEG method, and fertile asymmetric somatic hybrid plants resembling wheat morphology were obtained. The F-2 hybrid plants could be divided into 3 types according to their morphology. Type I hybrids had high and loosely standing stalks with big spikes and grains. Type ii hybrids were dwarf and compact in shape with high tillering ability and smaller spikes. Type III hybrids were similar to type I as a whole but had more compact and erect spikes. All the F-2 hybrid lines were superior to wheat in seed protein content, although some difference existed between themselves. Protein analysis of immature embryos and flag leaves from hybrids by two-dimensional electrophoresis showed that they possessed characteristic proteins of both parents and some new proteins. There existed also some different kinds of proteins in different lines.

Expression Pattern Analysis of Zinc Finger Protein Genes in Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) Under Phosphorus Deprivation

Zinc finger protein（ZFP） genes comprise a large and diverse gene family, and are involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants. In this study, a total of 126 ZFP genes classified into various types in wheat were characterized and subjected to expression pattern analysis under inorganic phosphate（Pi） deprivation. The wheat ZFP genes and their corresponding GenBank numbers were obtained from the information of a 4×44K wheat gene expression microarray chip. They were confirmed by sequence similarity analysis and named based on their homologs in Brachypodium distachyon or Oriza sativa. Expression analysis based on the microarray chip revealed that these ZFP genes are categorized into 11 classes according to their gene expression patterns in a 24-h of Pi deprivation regime. Among them, ten genes were differentially up-regulated, ten genes differentially downregulated, and two genes both differentially up- and down-regulated by Pi deprivation. The differentially up- or down-regulated genes exhibited significantly more or less transcripts at one, two, or all of the checking time points（1, 6, and 24 h） of Pi stress in comparison with those of normal growth, respectively. The both differentially up- and down-regulated genes exhibited contrasting expression patterns, of these, TaWRKY70;5 showed significantly up-regulated at 1 and 6 h and down-regulated at 24 h whereas TaAN1AN20-8;2 displayed significantly upregulated at 1 h and downregulated at 6 h under deprivation Pi condition. Real time PCR analysis confirmed the expression patterns of the differentially expressed genes obtained by the microarray chip. Our results indicate that numerous ZFP genes in wheat respond to Pi deprivation and have provided further insight into the molecular basis that plants respond to Pi deprivation mediated by the ZFP gene family.

Genetic Diversity of Recurrent Selection Populations with Ms2 Gene Assessed by Gliadins in Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The male-sterile lines with Ms2 gene were highly evaluated in recurrent selection in wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. Three populations C6 （population after six cycles of selection）, C7 （population after seven cycles of selection）, and C8 （population after eight cycles of selection） were constructed through recurrent selection with 12 parental materials （P）. Acid polyacrymide gel electrophoresis （A-PAGE） analysis was used to identify gliadin patterns and evaluate the genetic diversity in 12 parents and three populations. A total of 63 bands were identified, of which 17 polymorphic bands and 7 unique bands were present in populations and seven polymorphic bands and four unique bands were present in parents. The number of polymorphic and unique bands decreased gradually from C6 to C8, especially for to- and y-gliadins. The genetic distances in C6, C7, and C8 were calculated. The distributions of genetic distance were different in three recurrent selection populations. From C6 to C8, the genetic distance was 0.2687, 0.2652 and 0.1987, respectively. Statistically significant differences were detected between C7 and C8 with the T value of 37.9718. The result of cluster analysis based on genetic similarity matrix of three populations fitted well to those of principle coordinates analysis （PCoA）. Compared with 12 parents, almost all individuals of three populations are new genotypes. Most of the individuals from C6 and C7 could be divided into two groups, while most individuals of C8 were in one cluster. In conclusion, the results indicated that the genetic diversity was decreased severely according to the information revealed by A-PAGE, although some variations could be created in the recurrent selection. It was necessary to introduce diverse germplasm based on the genetic database of recurrent population to maintain and improve the breeding efficiency in the further program.

Expression and functional analyses of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascade genes in response to phytohormones in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)

Mitogen-activated protein kinase （MPK） cascades consist of a set of kinase types （MPKKKs, MPKKs, MPKs） to establish conserved signal-transducing modules mediating plant growth, development as well as responses to internal and external cues. In this study, the expression patterns of six MPKKK, two MPKK, and 11 MPK genes in wheat in responses to external treatments of phytohormones, including naphthylacetic acid （NAA）, abscisic acid （ABA）, 6-benzyladenine （6-BA）, gibber- ellin （GA3）, salisylic acid （SA）, jasmonic acid （JA）, and ethylene （ETH）, were investigated. Expression analysis revealed that several of the MPK cascade genes are responses to the external phytohormone signaling. Of which, TaMPKKKA;3 is induced by 6-BA and NAA while TaMPK4 repressed by ETH, GA3, SA, and JA; TaMPKKKA, TaMPKKKA;3 and TaMPK1 are down-regulated by ETH and GA3whereas TaMPK9 and TaMPK12 repressed by ETH and JA in addition that TaMPK12 also repressed by GA3; TaMPK12;1 is down-regulated by ABA, GA3 and SA while TaMPK17 repressed by all exogenous phytonormones examined. TaMPK4, a MPK type gene previously characterized to mediate tolerance to phosphate （Pi） deprivation, was functionally evaluated for its role in mediation of responses of plants to exogenous GA3, ETH, SA, and JA. Results indicated that overexpression and antisense expression of TaMPK4 in tobacco dramatically modify the growth of seedlings upon treatments of GA3, SA and JA, in which the overexpressors behaved deteriorated growth feature whereas the seedlings with antisense expression of TaMPK4 exhibited improved seedling phenotype. The growth behaviors in lines overexpressing or antisensely expressing TaMPK4 are closely associated with the biomass and the corresponding hormone-associated parameters. These results demonstrated that TaMPK4 acts as a critical player in mediating the phyto- hormone signaling. Our findings have identified the phytohormone-responsive MPK cascade genes in wheat and provided a connection between the phytohormone-mediated responses and the MPK cascade pathways.

条锈病对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)叶片光合功能及光合功能蛋白D1表达的影响

测定了小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)感染小麦条锈病后的光合常数,以及叶绿素含量、类囊体膜光合电子传递速率和光合反应中心D1蛋白的变化。实验显示,条锈病侵染导致感病小麦叶片净光合速率与叶绿素含量降低;抗病小麦经侵染后净光合速率却有恢复过程,叶绿素含量先降后升。此外,感病小麦叶片被侵染后全链电子传递速率受到抑制,PSII电子传递速率的变化与全链电子传递速率的变化趋势相似,但PSI电子传递速率受到的影响较小;抗病小麦小麦叶片被侵染后电子传递速率所受影响较小。同时发现,病程中,感病和抗病小麦PSII的光合反应中心D1蛋白含量变化总是与PSII电子传递速率的变化类似,推测D1蛋白的表达量变化是引起PSII电子传递活性与全链电子传递速率变化的主要因素之一。

Variations in Phytic Acid Content and Their Relationship with Protein Content and Kernel Morphological Characters of Chinese Winter Wheat Cultivars

[Objective] The aim of this study was to determine the variation of phytic acid content （PAC） and its frequency distribution, as well as the relationship between PAC and protein content, kernel characteristics in 161 Chinese winter wheat cultivars from four regions. [Method] One hundred and sixty-one winter wheat varieties from China Wheat Zones I, II, III and IV （Table 1） were grown in a randomized block de- sign, in the 2009-2011 cropping season; and then the indexes for describing the grain morphological characteristics such as the thousand kernel weight （TKW）, kernel length （KL）, kernel width （KW） and kernel thickness （KT） were measured; the phytic acid content （PAC）, protein content and sedimentation value were also determined; finally, the relationship between PAC and protein content, kernel characteristics were analyzed. [Result] The PAC in the cultivars tested ranged from 0.92% to 1.95% with a mean value of 1.41%. Protein content ranged from 12.60% to 19.20%, with a mean of 15.24%. Most （53.4%） of the wheat genotypes had a PAC value in the range of 1.25% to 1.55%. No significant correlation was found between PAC and protein content, sedimentation value, while protein content and SDS sedimentation value was significant correlated, which suggested the possibility of breeding wheat cultivars that have a low PAC but a high protein content and good gluten quality. There was a high correlation between TKW and KW （,.=0.79）, KL （r=0.50） and KT （r=0.64）. PAC was found having no significant correlation with TKW, KW, KL and KT. [Conclusion] The result suggests the possibility of breeding wheat cultivars that have a low PAC but high kernel weight.

TaCML36, a wheat calmodulin-like protein,positively participates in an immune response to Rhizoctonia cerealis

Sharp eyespot,mainly caused by the soil-borne fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis,affects wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)production worldwide.In this study,we isolated TaCML36 gene encoding a wheat calmodulin-like protein,and studied its defense role in protection against R.cerealis.Transcription of TaCML36 was significantly elevated by both R.cerealis infection and exogenous ethylene treatment.Transcription was higher in resistant wheat lines than in susceptible ones.There were copies of TaCML36 on chromosomes 5A,5B,and 5D.The TaCML36 protein is composed of 183 amino acids and contains two calcium-binding EFhand domains.Subcellular localization assays in wheat indicated that TaCML36 localizes in both the cytoplasm and nucleus.Virus-induced gene silencing and disease assessment indicated that compared to the controls,TaCML36-silenced wheat plants displayed significantly reduced resistance to R.cerealis and had greater fungal biomass,suggesting that knockdown of TaCML36 impaired host resistance.Knockdown of TaCML36 also significantly repressed expression of pathogenesis-related genes such as Chitinase 1,PDF35,and PR17C,the ethylene response factor-encoding gene TaPIE1,and ethylene biosynthesis gene ACO2.Collectively,our results suggest that TaCML36 positively participates in the innate immune response to R.cerealis infection by modulating expression of defense-associated genes possibly in the ethylene signaling pathway.

New transcriptomic insights in two RNAi wheat lines with the gliadins strongly down-regulated by two endosperm specific promoters

The gluten proteins of wheat grain are responsible for visco-elastic properties of flour,but they also trigger the immune-response of celiac disease.In this work,two low-gliadin RNA interference(RNAi)wheat lines that differ for the promoter driving the silencing(D-hordein andγ-gliadin promoters for D783 and D793 lines,respectively),were characterized at transcriptomic,and protein fraction levels in the grain.Silencing of gliadins provides a readjustment in the grain protein fractions that also affects to the nongluten proteins(NGP),which were increased in both RNAi lines.Determination of wheat gluten by means of the R5 monoclonal antibody also showed a strong reduction in the content of gluten in both RNAi lines.Moreover,fructans,an oligosaccharide linked with the development of non-celiac wheat sensitivity(NCWS)were also significantly decreased in RNAi lines.The down-regulation of gliadins fractions also impacts to other metabolic processes,particularly on carbohydrate metabolism,enzyme regulator activity and response to stress.Genes and transcription factors regulated by ABA were up-regulated,which could suggest the implication of this phytohormone on the stress response observed in the RNAi lines.

A catalog of gliadin alleles:Polymorphism of 20th-century common wheat germplasm

A new, improved version of the catalog of 182 alleles at the six Gli loci of common wheat(T.aestivum L.) shown in electrophoregrams of 128 standard genotypes was used for analysis of1060 cultivars and lines bred in the 20 th century. The most frequent alleles in the studied germplasm occurred with frequencies of 18%–40%, with 30 unique alleles, one in each cultivar. Extremely high genetic diversity was found(average H for the six main Gli loci was0.870 ± 0.046), nearly identical in winter(H = 0.831) and spring(H = 0.856) wheats but differing among 28 groups of cultivars released in 22 countries. Each country or region was characterized by its own specific set of the most frequent Gli alleles, and the 28 cultivar groups formed five main relationship clusters if polymorphism at the six Gli loci was considered. However, different levels of similarity between groups of cultivars were found if polymorphism of the A, B, or D genomes of common wheat was tested separately. In general, the 20 th century germplasm of common wheat was differentiated and structured by country or region and cultivar type(spring or winter). Each elemental genome(in particular, A and D) contributed to the structure of the polymorphism studied. We propose that the structure of the wheat germplasm was a result of natural selection under the ecoclimatic conditions of cultivation specific to each country or region. As many as 27.4% of cultivars studied violated the requirement of the DUS rules for uniformity, being represented by mixtures of two or more closely related genotypes. However, the composition of a cultivar as a set of related but different genotypes may contribute to its adaptivity, and thereby to the known high plasticity of common wheat.

Two-Dimensional Electrophoretic Analysis of Soluble Leaf Proteins of a Salt-sensitive （Triticum aestivum） and a Salt-tolerant （T. durum） Cultivar in Response to NaCI Stress

In this research, 3-day-old etiolated wheat seedlings of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Ceyhan-99 （salt-sensitive） and T. durum Desf. cv. Firat-93 （salt-tolerant） were grown in control and salt （150 mmol/L NaCl） treatments at a 15/25℃ temperature regime in the light for 12 days. Soluble proteins extracted from the first leaf tissues of two cultivars were analyzed by twodimensional （2-D） electrophoresis in order to detect NaCl-induced changes. The soluble leaf protein profiles of cultivars were observed to be similar. However, quantitative differences in 74 proteins were detected in the salt treatment group, compared to the control. Among the 74 protein spots, 14 were common for two cultivars. As a result of NaCl treatment, two low-molecular-weight （LMW） proteins （28.9 and 30.0 kDa） and one intermediate-molecular-weight （IMW） protein （44.3 kDa） in cv. Ceyhan-99 and six LMW proteins （18.6, 19.4, 25.7, 25.9, 26 and 27.6 kDa） in cv. Firat-93 were newly synthesized. The newly synthesized proteins were specific to each cultivar. In the Firat-93 cultivar, four proteins with LMW （24.8-27.9 kDa） were completely lost in NaCl treatment. Moreover, these four protein spots were not observed in both protein profiles of cv. Ceyhan-99. Most of these proteins were in acidic character （pl 〈6.0-6.9） and low molecular weight （〈31.6 kDa）. It is suggested that the newly synthesized or completely lost LMW proteins may be important for cultivars differing in sensitivity towards NaCl.

Heterogeneous Expression and Purification of the Wheat VRN1 K-Box Domain Suggest the Formation of a Tetramer of the VRN1 Protein

In cereal species such as wheat (Ttiticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), many studies have indicated that VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1) functions as a flowering promoter, which activates florigen gene expression. The wheat florigen gene Wheat FLOWERING LOCUS T (WFT, which is identical to VRN3) is an integrator of the vernalization, photoperiod and autonomous pathways in wheat flowering, and the WFT expression is correlated with the VRN1 expression. VRN1 encodes an APETALA1/FRUITFULL-like MADS-box transcription factor which expression is induced by vernalization, leading to flowering thorough up-regulation of WFT. In Arabidopsis, it has been reported that protein-protein interactions are keys for MADS-box protein function and MADS-box transcription factors must dimerize to bind to the target gene. In this study, by using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with purified VRN1 protein, we indicated the possibility that VRN1 protein exists as tetramer-like as flowering homeotic MADS-box proteins in Arabidopsis.

Wheat kinase TaSnRK2.4 forms a functional module with phosphatase TaPP2C01 and transcription factor TaABF2 to regulate drought response

SNF1-related protein kinase 2(SnRK2)family members are essential components of the plant abscisic acid(ABA)signaling pathway initiated by osmotic stress and triggering a drought stress response.This study characterized the molecular properties of TaSnRK2.4 and its function in mediating adaptation to drought in Triticum aestivum.Transcripts of TaSnRK2.4 were upregulated upon drought and ABA signaling and associated with drought-and ABA-responsive cis-elements ABRE and DRE,and MYB and MYC binding sites in the promoter as indicated by reporter GUS protein staining and activity driven by truncations of the promoter.Yeast two-hybrid,BiFC,and Co-IP assays indicated that TaSnRK2.4 protein interacts with TaPP2C01 and an ABF transcription factor(TF)TaABF2.The results suggested that TaSnRK2.4 forms a functional TaPP2C01-TaSnRK2.4-TaABF2 module with its upstream and downstream partners.Transgene analysis revealed that TaSnRK2.4 and TaABF2 positively regulate drought tolerance whereas TaPP2C01 acts negatively by modulating stomatal movement,osmotic adjustment,reactive oxygen species(ROS)homeostasis,and root morphology.Expression analysis,yeast one-hybrid,and transcriptional activation assays indicated that several osmotic stress-responsive genes,including TaSLAC1-4,TaP5CS3,TaSOD5,TaCAT1,and TaPIN4,are regulated by TaABF2.Transgene analysis verified their functions in positively regulating stomatal movement(TaSLAC1-4),proline accumulation(TaP5CS3),SOD activity(TaSOD5),CAT activity(TaCAT1),and root morphology(TaPIN4).There were high correlations between plant biomass and yield with module transcripts in a wheat variety panel cultivated under drought conditions in the field.Our findings provide insights into understanding plant drought response underlying the SnRK2 signaling pathway in common wheat.

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of Triticum aestivum squamosa-promoter binding protein-box genes involved in ear development

Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） is one of the most important crops in the world. Squamosa-promoter binding protein （SBP）-box genes play a critical role in regulating flower and fruit development. In this study, 10 novel SBP-box genes （TaSPL genes） were isolated from wheat （（Triticum aestivum L.） cultivar Yanzhan 4110）. Phylogenetic analysis classified the TaSPL genes into five groups （G1-G5）. The motif combinations and expression patterns of the TaSPL genes varied among the five groups with each having own distinctive characteristics： TaSPL20/21 in G1 and TaSPL17 in G2 mainly expressed in the shoot apical meristem and the young ear, and their expression levels responded to development of the ear; TaSPL6/15 belonging to G3 were upregulated and TaSPL1/23 in G4 were downregulated during grain development; the gene in G5 （TaSPL3） expressed constitutively. Thus, the consistency of the phylogenetic analysis, motif compositions, and expression patterns of the TaSPL genes revealed specific gene structures and functions. On the other hand, the diverse gene structures and different expression patterns suggested that wheat SBP-box genes have a wide range of functions. The results also suggest a potential role for wheat SBP-box genes in ear development. This study provides a significant beginning of functional analysis of SBP-box genes in wheat.

种子生产过程中不同施氮量下产出小麦种子的活力变化

为了探究氮肥对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)种子活力的影响,找出最佳施肥量,试验选用小麦品种济麦22号为试验材料,收获不同施氮量下的种子进行标准发芽试验,并测定了产出种子的发芽情况、苗期生长及生理指标。结果表明,纯氮施用量为154、220 kg/hm2时小麦产量和产出小麦种子活力指数最高,适宜高活力小麦种子生产;在不施氮下,种子的产量和活力指数均最低,种子含水量高,发芽速率最快,说明不施氮产出的种子质地变得松散,在发芽时更容易吸收水分,从而加快发芽进程。在各施氮水平下,种子萌发指数变化不大。种子蛋白质绝对含量与幼苗干重间存在着极显著的相关性(P<0.01)。

花后干旱和渍水下氮素供应对小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积聚关键调控酶活性的影响

防雨池栽条件下,设置渍水、干旱和对照3个水分处理,每个水分处理下再设置2个施氮水平,研究了花后渍水和干旱逆境下氮素对两个籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)品种籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积聚关键调控酶活性的影响。研究结果表明,与对照相比,花后干旱和渍水均降低旗叶谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性,但水分逆境下增施氮肥可以提高旗叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)、GS和GPT活性。灌浆期籽粒-蔗糖合成酶(SS)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、结合态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)、GS和GPT活性均呈下降趋势,水分逆境下小麦籽粒SS和GS活性降低,干旱提高GPT活性,而渍水使其降低。土壤水分适宜或亏缺条件下增施氮肥可以提高籽粒SS活性,而渍水下增施氮肥降低SS活性。干旱和渍水下增施氮肥可以提高籽粒SSS、GBSS、GS和GPT活性。干旱处理提高直链淀粉积累速率和蛋白质含量,而渍水使其降低。土壤干旱和渍水下增施氮肥降低直链淀粉和支链淀粉积累速率,提高了蛋白质含量,且适宜水分或亏缺条件下增施氮肥可以提高蛋白质积累量,而渍水下增施氮肥不利于蛋白质积累。

灌溉条件对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分积累及其品质的影响

利用防雨池栽方式研究土壤水分对 2个品质类型品种蛋白质积累及品质影响。结果表明 ,籽粒灌浆过程中蛋白质含量的动态变化呈“V”字型曲线。花后 7d和 14d均以水分亏缺严重处理最高 ,但至花后 35d ,济南 17以水分亏缺最严重的最低 ,鲁麦 2 1则以该处理最高。干旱能促进清蛋白和球蛋白含量在灌浆初期的积累 ,但至灌浆末期转为降低。土壤水分亏缺严重或过多均不利于贮藏蛋白的积累。籽粒中谷蛋白大聚合体 (GMP)含量在开花 7d后随着灌浆进程而增加 ,花后 14d土壤水分亏缺有促进积累的作用 ,而后 ,土壤水分严重亏缺或过多均不利于形成较多的GMP。适宜的灌水处理有利于籽粒积累较多的贮藏蛋白和GMP ,从而改善品质。严重水分亏缺降低籽粒容重、面筋含量、沉降值、面团形成时间、稳定时间和评价值 ,但一定程度土壤水分亏缺反而促其升高。

中国冬小麦品种Waxy蛋白分析及分子标记研究

利用SDS-PAGE分析了国内外306份小麦品种(系)Waxy蛋白的缺失类型,筛选出缺失Wx-B1蛋白亚基的材料46份;通过对济麦19×豫麦47的120个F2单株Waxy蛋白亚基分析,发现缺失Wx-B1的比例接近1/4,符合孟德尔分离规律。利用3个STS标记和1个SSR标记对不同Waxy蛋白缺失类型进行鉴定,验证其在分子标记辅助育种中的有效性。结果表明,Wx-7A位点的STS引物在野生型中扩增出1条1172bp的特异带,而缺失Wx-A1蛋白亚基的突变材料中没有扩增出该特异带;Wx-4A位点的STS引物在野生型中扩增出1条440bp的特异带,缺失Wx-B1蛋白亚基的突变材料中没有该扩增片段;Wx-7D位点的STS引物在野生型中扩增出1条940bp的特异带,而在缺失Wx-D1蛋白亚基的突变材料中则扩增出1条360bp的特异带;Wx-7D位点的SSR引物在野生型中扩增出1条204bp的特异带,在缺失Wx-D1蛋白亚基的突变材料中没有扩增出该特异带。这4个标记可以用于分子标记辅助育种。

氮素水平对藁城8901和山农1391籽粒品质的调控效应

选用强筋小麦品种藁城8901(GC8901)和弱筋小麦品种山农1391(SN1391),在池栽条件下,分别施纯氮12、24和36 gm-2,研究了氮素水平对小麦籽粒品质的影响。结果表明,氮素水平对2个类型小麦品种籽粒淀粉、蛋白质性状和加工品质有较大影响。与12 gm-2处理相比,24 gm-2处理明显提高籽粒支链淀粉含量,降低直链淀粉含量和直支比,促进淀粉积累,改善淀粉的糊化特性。当氮素水平增加至36 gm-2时,籽粒的支链淀粉含量降低,直链淀粉含量提高,淀粉积累量降低。随氮素水平提高,GC8901籽粒清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白、总蛋白含量和蛋白质产量提高,而醇溶蛋白含量降低。SN1391以24 gm-2处理的醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白和总蛋白含量最低;随氮素水平提高球蛋白含量提高,而清蛋白含量降低。适量施氮能提高籽粒硬度,但过量施氮则使其降低。籽粒容重随氮素水平提高而降低。增施氮肥能提高GC8901面粉白度,但SN1391以12 gm-2处理最高,24 gm-2处理最低。氮素水平从12 gm-2增加到24 gm-2,GC8901面筋含量、质量提高,面团形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积和延伸度增加,这有利于提高强筋专用品质;SN1391面团形成时间和稳定时间显著降低,筋力变弱,拉伸面积减小,弱筋专用品质得以改善。当氮素水平增加至36 gm-2时,2个品种加工品质有变劣的趋势。表明改变淀粉、蛋白质及其各组分含量,是氮素水平影响小麦加工品质的重要途径。