Determination of trophic levels of marine fish in the Yellow Sea and northern East China Sea using nitrogen stable isotope (δ^(15)N) analysis of otoliths

Fish otolithδ^(15) N(δ^(15) N_(oto))is a demonstrated source of information of dietary history for marine fi sh as it is available iN_(oto)lith archives and sedimentary deposits unlike white muscle tissue(WMT).WMT and stomach content data are insufficient for trophic level(TL)data of past fi shes which is important for the changes of marine fi shery resources over long time scales.To determine the correlation betweenδ^(15) N_(oto) and fi sh WMTδ^(15) N(δ^(15) N_(wmt))and the feasibility of usingδ^(15) N_(oto) in characterizing the TLs of marine fi shes,we conducted nitrogen stable isotope analysis(SIA)in the otolith and WMT of 36 marine fi sh species sampled from the Yellow Sea and northern East China Sea in 2011-2014.Bothδ^(15) N_(oto) andδ^(15) N_(wmt) were analyzed using an elemental analyzer coupled with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer(EA-IRMS).Multiple otoliths were combined to make each otolith measurement and were analyzed as-is without a carbonate dissolution pre-processing step.δ^(15) N_(oto) andδ^(15) N_(wmt) comparisons for species in the Yellow Sea and northern East China Sea are currently lacking and would be helpful for both regional studies and for increasing the number of species for whichδ^(15) N_(oto) andδ^(15) N_(wmt) have been compared.Additionally,to determine the relative accuracy of trophic level calculated usingδ^(15) N_(oto),we compared TL calculated fromδ^(15) N_(oto) to traditional trophic level metrics calculated usingδ^(15) N_(wmt).The results showed a positive and highly signifi cant correlation(R=0.780,P<0.001)betweenδ^(15) N_(oto) andδ^(15) N_(wmt).Trophic level estimation using WMT(TL wmt)and otolith(TL oto)showed congruence in our study,which is not entirely surprising given thatδ^(15) N_(oto) was regressed againstδ^(15) N_(wmt) and the resulting regression coefficient was used to convertδ^(15) N_(oto) toδ^(15) N_(wmt) prior to calculating TL oto.This conversion was required in order to be consistent with previousδ^(15) N_(wmt)-based calculations of TL for comparison.TL oto calculations resulted in TL values that were largely within 5%-10%of TL values calculated withδ^(15) N_(wmt).Our fi ndings show thatδ^(15) N_(oto) is a feasible technique for characterizing the TLs of marine fi sh and can also assist in food web and marine ecosystem studies.

Foodweb Trophic Level and Diet Inference Using an Extended Bayesian Stable Isotope Mixing Model

You are what you eat (diet) and where you eat (trophic level) in the food web. The relative abundance of pairs of stable isotopes of the organic elements carbon (e.g., the isotope ratio of 13C vs 12C), nitrogen, and sulfur, among others, in the tissues of a consumer reflects a weighted-average of the isotope ratios in the sources it consumes, after some corrections for the processes of digestion and assimilation. We extended a Bayesian mixing model to infer trophic positions of consumer organisms in a food web in addition to the degree to which distinct resource pools (diet sources) support consumers. The novel features in this work include: 1) trophic level estimation (vertical position in foodweb) and 2) the Bayesian exposition of a biologically realistic model [1] including stable isotope ratios and concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, isotopic fractionations, elemental assimilation efficiencies, as well as extensive use of prior information. We discuss issues of parameter identifiability in the complex and most realistic model. We apply our model to simulated data and to bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) feeding on several numerically abundant fish species, which in turn feed on other fish and primary producing plants and algae present in St. George Sound, FL, USA. Finally, we discuss extensions from other work that apply to this model and three important general ecological applications. Online supplementary materials include data, OpenBUGS scripts, and simulation details.

Food web structure and trophic levels in polyculture ricecrab fields

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were used to investigate nutrient pathways and trophic relationships from the rice-crab system in Panjin,Liaoning Province,China. Values of δ 13 C ranged from-27.38‰±0.44‰ to-18.34‰±0.26‰ and δ 15 N ranged from 1.10‰±0.88‰ to 9.33‰±0.57‰. Pseudorasbora parva(Stone moroko) had the highest δ 13 C and δ 15 N values. The lowest δ 13 C values were obtained for the macrophytes and the lowest δ 15 N value was found in sediments. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were used to determine the contribution of different food items to the diets of crabs. The δ 13 C results indicated that the P seudorasbora parva made the greatest contribution to the diet of E riocheir sinensis(Chinese mitten crab),while the δ 15 N results indicated that most food items contributed more than 10% to the diet of the crab. There were three trophic levels identified in the system(Levels 0–2). The crab Eriocheir sinensis,fish Pseudorasbora parva and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus(Oriental weatherfish),and the oligochaete L imnodrilus hoffmeisteri(Limnodrilus worm),were at the second level,zooplankton were at the first level and suspended particulate matter and macrophytes were at trophic position 0.

Food web structure and trophic levels in a saltwater pond sea cucumber and prawn polyculture system

The food sources of aquacultured Apostichopus japonicus and the trophic levels of organisms in a sea cucumber(A. japonicus) and prawn(Penaeus japonica) polyculture system in a saltwater pond in Zhuanghe, Liaoning Province were examined using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Across organisms, δ13C ranged from(–25.47±0.20)‰ to(–16.48±0.17)‰(mean±SD), and δ15N ranged from(4.23±0.49)‰ to(12.44±0.09)‰. The δ13C and δ15N contents of A. japonicus, P. japonica and Fenneropenaeus chinensis were comparatively higher than those of other organisms. Values of δ13C and δ15N revealed that P. japonica, Hemigrapsus sanguineus and Neomysis japonica comprised the largest component of the diet of A. japonicus. The mean trophic level of the organisms in this saltwater pond polyculture system was(2.75±0.08). P. japonica, A. japonicus, F. chinensis,Synechogobius hasta and Neomysis japonica were in the 3rd trophic level(2–3); jellyfish, H. sanguineus and zooplankton were in the 2nd trophic level(1–2); and Enteromorpha prolifera, benthic microalgae, periphyton and suspended matter primarily consisting of phytoplankton, bacteria and humus were in the primary trophic level(0–1).

A Pilot Study of Trophic Level and Human Origins at the Xiaoshuangqiao Site, China(ca. 1400 BC) Using 8D Values of Collagen

We present here a pilot study to examine trophic level effects and migration patterns at the middle Shang Dynasty site of Xiaoshuangqiao in Henan Province using δD results combined with δ^(13)C and δ^(15)N values. A total of 33 specimens(17 humans, 7 cattle, 5 pigs, 3 sheep, 1 dog) of bone collagen were isotopically analyzed for δ^(13)C, δ^(15)N, and dD values. A strong positive correlation(R^2 = 0.94)between mean δ^(15)N and δD values of herbivores(cattle and sheep), omnivores(pig), carnivores(dog)and humans was observed. The δD results were found to increase by ~10‰ to 20‰ from herbivores to omnivores to carnivorous, evidence that collagen δD results are a useful indicator for the study of trophic levels and dietary patterns at archaeological sites. The δD results were also used to examine the origins of two different groups of individuals buried at Xiaoshuangqiao. Individuals buried in sacrificial pits of district V had mean δD values(-47.0 ± 2.9‰, n = 11) that were significantly(p =0.049) elevated compared to the people buried in the stratigraphy of district IX(-51.3 ± 3.3‰, n = 3),indicating that they were ingesting water from different locations. In addition, the D values of the people buried in the stratigraphy were similar to the pigs(-54.5 ± 4.2‰, n = 5) at Xiaoshuangqiao,suggesting that they were most probably of the local population, and that the individuals buried in the sacrificial pits were most possibly from the coast and prisoners of the Dongyi("东夷")people. Thus,δD results have the potential to examine human origins and migration patterns and should be increasingly used in conjunction with δ^(13)C and δ^(15)N values at archaeological sites.

Mean trophic level of coastal fisheries landings in the Persian Gulf(Hormuzgan Province), 2002–2011

Fishing activities can alter the structure of marine food webs by the selective removal of some species. The changes in the marine food webs of the Hormuzgan waters of the Persian Gulf, Iran were assessed, based on estimates of the mean trophic index(MTI) and Fishing in Balance index(FiB), and on landing profile of the exploited marine community(49 species) during the period, 2002–2011. The total landings( Y_t)( R =0.88, P <0.001) increased gradually while the Y_t of carnivores has slightly declined, and the Y_t of herbivores, detritivores and omnivores has increased. Consequently, the MTI significantly decreased( R =-0.69, P <0.05) at a rate of 0.11 during this decade. The MTI showed a decreasing trend, which indicates exploitation of marine resources. The Fi B index also showed a downward trend and negative values from 2002 to 2009, which may be associated with unbalanced structure in the fisheries, but an upward trend from 2009 to 2011. The time variation of the landing profile showed two periods with significant differences in their species composition( R =0.88; P =0.005), and based on analysis of similarity, species have been identified as discriminator species, namely Thunnus albacores and Benthosema pterotum. Results indicate that changes in MTI reflected changes in the Hormuzgan landing structure. The examination of the MTI, FBI, and landing profile(LP) temporal pattern suggests that the status of fishery resources in Hormuzgan inshore waters is overexploited, and provides evidence of the probability that a fishing down process is occurring in this area, and that this trend may continue in the long-term. Therefore, environmental fisheries management and conservation programs should be prioritized for these valuable resources.

Algae functional group characteristics in reservoirs and lakes with different trophic levels in northwestern semi-humid and semi-arid regions in China

In order to study the differences in algae species and their biomass in water bodies in a region, three reservoirs and two lakes at the center of Guanzhong Plain were chosen to identify algae functional groups, measure biomass, and assess water quality, from January2013 to December 2014. The water bodies represented different trophic levels: one oligotrophic, three mesotrophic, and one eutrophic. Based on the Reynolds' functional groups, they had 10 groups in common—B, P, D, X1, M, MP, F, S1, J, and G, but the algae biomasses and proportions were different. In the oligotrophic reservoir, functional group B reached a peak biomass of 576 × 10~4 L^(-1), which accounted for 31.27%. In the eutrophic lake,functional group D reached a peak biomass of 3227 × 10~4 L^(-1), which accounted for only13.38%. When samples collected from other water bodies with similar trophic levels were compared, we found differences in the algae species functional groups. The potential reasons for the differences in algae functional group characteristics in the different water bodies in the region were water temperature and nutritional states.

基于长时间序列的中东大西洋渔获物平均营养级及资源状况变化分析

为了解中东大西洋渔业产区渔获物的资源状况,根据世界粮农组织(FAO)提供的该海域1950—2019年的渔获量数据,结合渔获种类的平均营养级(mean trophic level,MTL)信息,运用统计学方法分析70年间渔获物平均营养级和营养级平衡指数(fishing in balance,FiB)的变动规律,以掌握该海域渔业资源的可持续利用情况。结果显示,MTL大致可分为4个阶段,1950—1956年,MTL指数在3.20左右,无明显变化;1957—1963年,MTL指数迅速上升至3.44;1964—1996年,MTL在波动中趋于下降,历史最高值(3.54)出现在1985年;1997—2019年,MTL稳定在较高水平,其中2018年为该阶段最低点3.35。FiB指数整体呈上升趋势,1950—1956年,FiB指数呈小幅波动增加;1957—1974年,FiB指数显著上升;1975—1996年,FiB指数呈平稳波动状态;1997—2019年,FiB指数整体呈小幅增长趋势。结果表明,中东大西洋海洋生态系统相对稳定,但潜在的渔业资源量越来越少,开发潜力有限。

水体富营养化及物种入侵对星云湖食物网的影响

以云南浅水富营养化湖泊星云湖为研究区域,于2019~2020年对星云湖水质样品、初级生产者浮游植物(浮游碳源)、沉水植物(底栖碳源)、流域有机质(陆源)以及消费者浮游动物、底栖动物、鱼类等生物样品进行系统采集,甄别了星云湖初级生产者和消费者的碳、氮稳定同位素组成特征,并使用MixSIAR模型对消费者食物来源进行量化,对比分析以初级生产者(模式A)、以碳源贡献权重(模式B)和以初级消费者(模式C)3种不同氮稳定同位素基准计算的消费者营养级结果,进而构建适用于浅水富营养化湖泊的食物网结构,探讨富营养化以及外来入侵物种可能对星云湖食物网产生的影响.结果表明,MixSIAR模型结果显示浮游碳源、底栖碳源、陆源对消费者的贡献分别为77.3%、12.2%、10.5%,且沿岸带、敞水区不同生境鱼类的碳同位素信号不存在显著性差异,与浮游碳源的相近,指示浮游碳源是富营养湖泊消费者最主要的食物来源,其能量传输以浮游路径为主.对于不同食性的鱼类,杂食性鱼类的基础食物源(CR)跨度大,而肉食性鱼类营养长度(NR)更高,两者的核心生态位分离,且杂食性鱼类的核心生态位面积(3.79)高于肉食性鱼类(2.46),表明杂食性鱼类具有更高的适应性.模式B计算的营养级结果与消费者的食性较一致,可应用于星云湖消费者营养级计算.模式B结果显示,星云湖食物链长度为3.73,顶级掠食者为抚仙鲇,入侵物种太湖新银鱼营养级(3.37)次之,且与星云白鱼(3.01)在食物和生存空间上存在竞争.研究认为,富营养化导致的物源和能流的改变以及外来物种的入侵是造成星云湖土著鱼类资源衰退、食物网结构中生物多样性减少及生态系统功能弱化的主要原因.

淮河中游叶绿素a的时空分布特征及富营养化评价

为探究淮河中游水体中叶绿素a (Chl-a)浓度的时空分布特征及富营养化状况,分别于2019年6月(平水期)、9月(丰水期)和2020年2月(枯水期)在淮河中游水域设置28个采样断面进行水质调查分析,并运用主成分分析(PCA)和多元线性逐步回归分析方法探究了Chl-a的时空分布与环境因子的关系。结果表明:淮河中游Chl-a浓度呈现出明显的时空分布特征,Chl-a年平均值为(20.12±7.25)μg/L,变化范围为2.97~80.61μg/L,不同水文期Chl-a浓度变化明显,表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期;其空间变化特征为临淮岗闸上段>临淮岗至蚌埠闸河段>蚌埠闸下段;主成分分析显示,临淮岗闸上段Chl-a浓度与透明度(SD)、溶解氧(DO)呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)呈显著负相关(P<0.05),临淮岗闸至蚌埠闸河段Chl-a浓度与DO、pH呈显著正相关(P<0.05),蚌埠闸下段河流Chl-a浓度与化学需氧量(CODMn)和总磷(TP)呈显著正相关(P<0.05);多元线性回归分析显示,pH、TP和总氮(TN)是影响淮河中游Chl-a浓度的主要环境因子,pH为Chl-a浓度变化的被动因子,TN在不同水文期与Chl-a浓度相关性存在较大差异,TP可能是淮河中游浮游植物生长的限制营养因子;淮河中游水体以轻度富营养化为主,综合营养状态指数(TLI)时空变化特征与Chl-a浓度变化特征相近,其中临淮岗闸、淮河干流及颍河与涡河交汇口是水质变化的主要突变点。研究表明,淮河中游主要存在TN浓度超标的情况,水坝、支流汇入和面源污染所导致的河流水文情势的改变是引起TLI变化的主要影响因素。

基于特征脂肪酸和稳定同位素技术的新疆长身高原鳅摄食习性研究

长身高原鳅(Triplophysa tenuis)对维持木扎提河的水生态系统物质和能量流动具有重要作用。文章基于脂肪酸生物标记法和碳、氮稳定同位素(δ^(13)C、δ^(15)N)技术研究了长身高原鳅的食性和营养生态位特征。结果显示,其肌肉中共检测出22种脂肪酸,其中有8种饱和脂肪酸、6种单不饱和脂肪酸、8种多不饱和脂肪酸;由特征脂肪酸组成情况推测,长身高原鳅对浮游动物、硅藻、陆地植物或喜摄食硅藻的鱼虾均有摄食,表现为杂食性。长身高原鳅的δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N分别介于-27.09‰~-20.98‰和5.71‰~8.45‰,营养级介于2.68~3.48。雌雄样本间的δ^(13)C、δ^(15)N和营养级均不存在显著性差异(P>0.05);雄性样本核心生态位(Standard ellipse area,SEAc)和总生态位(Total area of convex hull,TA)均高于雌性。δ^(13)C与体长间表现为极显著正相关性(P<0.01),δ^(15)N和营养级与体长间不具有显著相关性。70~80 mm体长组与90 mm以上体长组SEAc面积不存在重叠且在聚类分析中被分为不同组。综上,长身高原鳅的食性为杂食性且食物组成随体长变化而不同,作为营养级偏高的捕食者,长身高原鳅能延长食物链长度,增加食物网复杂性,有利于维持水域生态系统的稳定性。

Trophic Ecology of Sharks in the Mid-East Pacific Ocean Inferred from Stable Isotopes

As apex predators, sharks are of ecological and conservation importance in marine ecosystems. In this study, trophic positions of sharks were estimated using stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen for five representative species caught by the Chinese longline fleet in the mid-east Pacific, i.e., the blue shark(Prionace glauca), the bigeye thresher shark(Alopias superciliosus), the silky shark(Carcharhinus falciformis), the scalloped hammerhead(Sphyrna lewini), and the oceanic whitetip shark(Carcharhinus longimanus). Of these species, oceanic whitetip shark has the lowest trophic level and mean δ15N value(3.9 and 14.93‰± 0.84‰), whereas bigeye thresher shark has the highest level/values(4.5 and 17.02‰± 1.21‰, respectively). The bigeye thresher shark has significantly higher δ15N value than other shark species, indicating its higher trophic position. The blue shark and oceanic whitetip shark has significantly higher δ13C values than bigeye thresher shark, silky shark and scalloped hammerhead, possibly due to different diets and/or living habitats. The stable isotope data and stomach content data are highly consistent, suggesting that stable isotope analysis supplements traditional feeding ecology study of sharks, and thus contributes to understanding their trophic linkage.

Trophic relationships in the Changjiang River estuarine salt marshes: preliminary investigation from δ^(13)C and δ^(15)N analysis

To obtain information on food web structure in salt marshes of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary, the δ13C and δ15N values of primary producers and consumers were determined. The mean δ13C values of 31 dominant consumers ranged from -23.13‰ to -14.37‰. Except for several species (Eriocheir sinensis, Sinonovacula constricta and Potamocorbula ustulata), consumers had intermediate δ13C values between those of benthic microalgae and Spartina alterniflora. The mean δ15N values of 31 dominant consumers varied between 6.87‰ and 13.33‰, which indicate three trophic levels in salt marshes of the Changjiang River Estuary. A total of 18 macroinvertebrates species and four fish species represented primary consumers with trophic levels ranging from 2.0 to 2.7. Secondary consumers included two macroinvertebrates and seven fishes with trophic levels varying between 3.0 and 3.9. The consumers were divided into three trophic guilds, i.e., detritivorous/algae feeders, omnivores and carnivores. The detrital food chain was the main energy flow pathway in the salt marsh food web of the Changjiang River Estuary, and the marsh vascular plants were at least as equally important as microphytobenthos for secondary production. The important trophic function of the salt marsh habitats in the estuary is revealed.

云南45个湖泊硅藻总磷转换函数及其定量重建评价

20世纪中期以来随着流域开发的增强,营养物质的流域输出与水体富集导致云南湖泊出现了持续的富营养化过程,对高原湖泊的生物群落构建和生态系统健康产生了重要影响。区域尺度上云南湖泊的现代监测时间较短(如<20年),无法为湖泊生态恢复提供可靠的营养水平背景值。因此,应用古湖沼学方法建立硅藻群落与营养水平指标的定量模型可为污染湖泊的富营养化历史重建与修复目标建立提供重要的定量分析手段。本文选取云南地区45个湖泊开展了表层沉积物硅藻群落的空间分布特征分析,结合湖泊水体的环境变量数据开展了影响硅藻群落构建的环境梯度识别,识别出水体总磷(TP)是驱动硅藻群落空间变化的关键环境因子(独立解释方差为4.54%,P<0.001)。进一步应用多元统计分析,建立了45个湖泊的表层沉积物硅藻与水体TP的转换函数。采用偏最小二乘加权平均回归(WA-PLS)方法建立的转换函数模型中,组分2的预测能力最强(R^(2)_jack=0.465,RMSEP=0.396)。进一步结合星云湖沉积物硅藻群落的演替序列,定量重建了近百年来水体TP值的变化历史。重建结果与多年监测数据具有显著的一致性(P<0.001,R^(2)=0.79,n=13),零模型检验进一步表明了水体TP浓度是驱动硅藻长期演替的显著因子。历史重建结果显示,在星云湖富营养化前的历史时期(约1950年前)水体TP的背景浓度约为12.8~29.3μg/L,可作为该污染湖泊开展环境修复的营养水平修复目标。研究表明,基于生物群落结构的湖泊营养水平定量重建方法可为建立云南污染湖泊的环境修复目标提供重要的分析手段。

Water Quality Assessment, Trophic Classification and Water Resources Management

Quantification of water quality (WQ) is an integral part of scientifically based water resources management. The main objective of this study was comparative analysis of two approaches applied for quantitative assessment of WQ: the trophic level index (TLI) and the Delphi method (DM). We analyzed the following features of these conceptually different approaches: A. similarity of estimates of lake WQ;B. sensitivity to indicating disturbances in the aquatic ecosystem structure and functioning;C. capacity to reflect the impact of major management measures on the quality of water resources. We compared the DM and TLI based on results from a series of lakes covering varying productivity levels, mixing regimes and climatic zones. We assumed that the conservation of aquatic ecosystem in some predefined, “reference”, state is a major objective of sustainable water resources management in the study lakes. The comparison between the two approaches was quantified as a relationship between the DM ranks and respective TLI values. We show that being a classification system, the TLI does not account for specific characteristics of aquatic ecosystems and the array of different potential uses of the water resource. It indirectly assumes that oligotrophication is identical to WQ improvement, and reduction of economic activity within the lake catchment area is the most effective way to improve WQ. WQ assessed with the TLI is more suitable for needs of natural water resources management if eutrophication is a major threat. The DM allows accounting for several water resource uses and therefore it may serve as a more robust and comprehensive tool for WQ quantification and thus for sustainable water resources management.

巢湖后生浮游动物群落及不同湖区营养状态评价

为了给巢湖水质管理及富营养化防治提供科学依据,根据水系特征,在巢湖东、西湖区湖心、裕溪河出湖口、丰乐河、派河和南淝河共设置8个采样点,2013年12月至2014年11月共采样12次,分别代表冬季(12月-次年2月)、春季(3-5月)、夏季(6-8月)和秋季(9-11月),对巢湖水体理化指标和后生浮游动物(枝角类、桡足类、轮虫)群落进行逐月周年调查。基于叶绿素(Chl-a)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、化学需氧量(COD_(Mn))、透明度(SD)等水体理化因子,运用综合营养状态指数(TLI)和生物多样性指数,对不同湖区受污染程度和营养状态进行综合评价。结果显示,巢湖共检出后生浮游动物42种(属),优势种矩形龟甲轮虫(Keratella quadrata)、萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为富营养化水体或有机质较多水体的常见种,不同季节的优势种存在较大差异;总体上,后生浮游动物全年平均丰度371.6个/L(191.5~600.0个/L)和全年平均生物量3.0 mg/L(2.0~4.6 mg/L)均呈现西半湖高于东半湖、夏秋季高于冬春季的时空分布特点;其群落结构也存在显著的季节差异和空间差异,矩形龟甲轮虫、萼花臂尾轮虫等是造成差异的主要种类。水温(WT)和Chl-a是影响枝角类丰度的重要因子,桡足类丰度与WT呈显著正相关,而轮虫丰度受TLI(∑)指数的显著影响。TLI(∑)指数均值为58.41(52.18~66.28),指示巢湖总体处于轻度至中度富营养化状态。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数表明,巢湖总体处于中度污染状态,不同湖区水体具有明显的不均衡性。

连云港主要入海河流叶绿素a及综合营养状态指数遥感定量反演

入海河流是陆源污染物向海洋输送过程的关键环节,其富营养化对区域生态环境及人类生活安全构成严重威胁。由于习近平生态文明思想的深入贯彻,“河长制”、“湾长制”等管理制度的广泛推行,以及污染防治攻坚战的全面打响,入海河流与近岸海域的水质状况得到稳步改善,但仍存在波动,污染防治形势依然严峻,实时有效的大范围遥感监测能力亟待加强。随着近年来高分卫星与无人机遥感技术的迅速发展,如何将定量遥感技术应用于河流水体的生态环境要素监测,从而推进污染防治水平进一步提升已成为该领域研究热点。基于2022年6月期间在连云港境内蔷薇河、临洪河、古泊善后河及灌河获取的叶绿素a、总磷、总氮浓度等实测数据,并采用Sentinel-2A MSI L2A卫星影像,开展了连云港主要入海河流叶绿素a及综合营养状态指数[TLI(Σ)]遥感定量反演研究。结果表明,叶绿素a浓度、综合营养状态指数与可见光波段反射率的相关性明显高于其他波段,尤以490、560、665 nm三个波段最佳,其中R(λ)与Chl a的相关系数分别为-0.697、-0.681、-0.693,R(λ)与TLI(Σ)的相关系数分别为-0.728、-0.744、-0.706,可作为建模的敏感波段;经反演模型的精度对比发现,以R(665)为自变量,在叶绿素a浓度对数坐标下的乘幂模型为其遥感定量反演的最优模型(R^(2)=0.67,MAPE=47.34%,RMSE=12.89μg·L^(-1)),而以R(560)为自变量的乘幂模型是综合营养状态指数遥感定量反演的最优模型(R^(2)=0.61,MAPE=4.36%,RMSE=3.45);将最优模型应用于2022年6月25日Sentinel-2A MSI L2A影像,得到连云港主要入海河流叶绿素a浓度和综合营养状态指数的空间分布结果,发现蔷薇河/临洪河、古泊善后河及灌河均处于富营养化状态,叶绿素a浓度和综合营养状态指数均以蔷薇河/临洪河最高,古泊善后河次之,灌河最低,且河流上游反演结果普遍高于下游。

Spatial changes and driving factors of lake water quality in Inner Mongolia, China

Lakes play important roles in sustaining the ecosystem and economic development in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China,but the spatial patterns and driving mechanisms of water quality in lakes so far remain unclear.This study aimed to identify the spatial changes in water quality and the driving factors of seven lakes(Juyanhai Lake,Ulansuhai Lake,Hongjiannao Lake,Daihai Lake,Chagannaoer Lake,Hulun Lake,and Wulannuoer Lake)across the longitudinal axis(from the west to the east)of Inner Mongolia.Large-scale research was conducted using the comprehensive trophic level index(TLI(Σ)),multivariate statistics,and spatial analysis methods.The results showed that most lakes in Inner Mongolia were weakly alkaline.Total dissolved solids and salinity of lake water showed obvious zonation characteristics.Nitrogen and phosphorus were identified as the main pollutants in lakes,with high average concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus being of 4.05 and 0.21 mg/L,respectively.The values of TLI(Σ)ranged from 49.14 to 71.77,indicating varying degrees of lake eutrophication,and phosphorus was the main driver of lake eutrophication.The lakes of Inner Mongolia could be categorized into lakes to the west of Daihai Lake and lakes to the east of Daihai Lake in terms of salinity and TLI(Σ).The salinity levels of lakes to the west of Daihai Lake exceeded those of lakes to the east of Daihai Lake,whereas the opposite trend was observed for lake trophic level.The intensity and mode of anthropogenic activities were the driving factors of the spatial patterns of lake water quality.It is recommended to control the impact of anthropogenic activities on the water quality of lakes in Inner Mongolia to improve lake ecological environment.These findings provide a more thorough understanding of the driving mechanism of the spatial patterns of water quality in lakes of Inner Mongolia,which can be used to develop strategies for lake ecosystem protection and water resources management in this region.