The three-dimensional structures of summer precipitation over the South China Sea (SCS) and the East China Sea (ECS) are investigated based on tropical rainfall measurement mission (TRMM). The primary results ar...The three-dimensional structures of summer precipitation over the South China Sea (SCS) and the East China Sea (ECS) are investigated based on tropical rainfall measurement mission (TRMM). The primary results are as follows. First, both the convective and stratiform precipitation rates in the SCS are much higher than those of the ECS. The contribution of the convective cloud precipitation to the surface precipitation is primarily over the SCS and the ECS with a proportion of about 70%, but the contribution of convective cloud precipitation is slightly larger in the SCS than the ECS. The contribution of stratus precipitation is slightly larger in the ECS than that in the SCS. Second, the content of cloud particles and precipitation particles in the ECS in June was greater than that in the SCS, while in July and August, the content of cloud and precipitation particles in the ECS was less than that in the SCS. Third, the latent heat profile of the ECS is quite different from that of the SCS. In June, the peak values of evaporation and condensation latent heating rates in the ECS are greater than those in the SCS. In July and August, however, the peak values of evaporation and condensation latent heating rates in the ECS are about 0.05°/h less than those in the SCS.展开更多
High-quality rainfall information is critical for accurate simulation of runoff and water cycle processes on the land surface. In situ monitoring of rainfall has a very limited utility at the regional and global scale...High-quality rainfall information is critical for accurate simulation of runoff and water cycle processes on the land surface. In situ monitoring of rainfall has a very limited utility at the regional and global scale because of the high temporal and spatial variability of rainfall. As a step toward overcoming this problem, microwave remote sensing observations can be used to retrieve the temporal and spatial rainfall coverage because of their global availability and frequency of measurement. This paper addresses the question of whether remote sensing rainfall estimates over a catchment can be used for water balance computations in the distributed hydrological model. The TRMM 3B42V6 rainfall product was introduced into the hydrological cycle simulation of the Yangtze River Basin in South China. A tool was developed to interpolate the rain gauge observations at the same temporal and spatial resolution as the TRMM data and then evaluate the precision of TRMM 3B42V6 data from 1998 to 2006. It shows that the TRMM 3B42V6 rainfall product was reliable and had good precision in application to the Yangtze River Basin. The TRMM 3B42V6 data slightly overestimated rainfall during the wet season and underestimated rainfall during the dry season in the Yangtze River Basin. Results suggest that the TRMM 3B42V6 rainfall product can be used as an alternative data source for large-scale distributed hydrological models.展开更多
Satellite-derived sea surface temperatures(SSTs) from the tropical rainfall measuring mission(TRMM)microwave imager(TMI) and the advanced microwave scanning radiometer for the earth observing system(AMSR-E) we...Satellite-derived sea surface temperatures(SSTs) from the tropical rainfall measuring mission(TRMM)microwave imager(TMI) and the advanced microwave scanning radiometer for the earth observing system(AMSR-E) were compared with non-pumped near-surface temperatures(NSTs) obtained from Argo profiling floats over the global oceans. Factors that might cause temperature differences were examined, including wind speed, columnar water vapor, liquid cloud water, and geographic location. The results show that both TMI and AMSR-E SSTs are highly correlated with the Argo NSTs; however, at low wind speeds, they are on average warmer than the Argo NSTs. The TMI performs slightly better than the AMSR-E at low wind speeds, whereas the TMI SST retrievals might be poorly calibrated at high wind speeds. The temperature differences indicate a warm bias of the TMI/AMSR-E when columnar water vapor is low, which can indicate that neither TMI nor AMSR-E SSTs are well calibrated at high latitudes. The SST in the Kuroshio Extension region has higher variability than in the Kuroshio region. The variability of the temperature difference between the satellite-retrieved SSTs and the Argo NSTs is lower in the Kuroshio Extension during spring. At low wind speeds, neither TMI nor AMSR-E SSTs are well calibrated, although the TMI performs better than the AMSR-E.展开更多
Continental water storage plays a major role in Earth's climate system. However, temporal and spatial variations of continental water are poorly known, particularly in Africa. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment ...Continental water storage plays a major role in Earth's climate system. However, temporal and spatial variations of continental water are poorly known, particularly in Africa. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission provides an opportunity to estimate terrestrial water storage (TWS) variations at both continental and river-basin scales. In this paper, seasonal and secular variations of TWS within Africa for the period from January 2003 to July 2013 are assessed using monthly GRACE coefficients from three processing centers (Centre for Space Research, the German Research Centre for Geo- sciences, and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory). Monthly grids from Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS)-I and from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)- 3B43 models are also used in order to understand the reasons of increasing or decreasing water storage. Results from GRACE processing centers show similar TWS estimates at seasonal timescales with some differences concerning inter-annual trend variations. The largest annual signals of GRACE TWS are observed in Zambezi and Okavango River basins and in Volta River Basin. An increasing trend of 11.60 mm/a is found in Zambezi River Basin and of 9 mm/a in Volta River Basin. A phase shift is found between rainfall and GRACE TWS (GRACE TWS is preceded by rainfall} by 2-3 months in parts of south central Africa. Comparing GLDAS rainfall with TRMM model, it is found that GLDAS has a dry bias from TRMM model.展开更多
Accurate estimates of precipitation are fundamental for hydrometeorological and ecohydrological studies,but are more difficult in high mountainous areas because of the high elevation and complex terrain.This study com...Accurate estimates of precipitation are fundamental for hydrometeorological and ecohydrological studies,but are more difficult in high mountainous areas because of the high elevation and complex terrain.This study compares and evaluates two kinds of precipitation datasets,the reanalysis product downscaled by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)output,and the satellite product,the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis(TMPA)product,as well as their bias-corrected datasets in the Middle Qilian Mountain in Northwest China.Results show that the WRF output with finer resolution perfonns well in both estimating precipitation and hydrological simulation,while the TMPA product is unreliable in high mountainous areas.Moreover,bias-corrected WRF output also performs better than bias-corrected TMPA product.Combined with the previous studies,atmospheric reanalysis datasets are more suitable than the satellite products in high mountainous areas.Climate is more important than altitude for the\falseAlarms'events of the TRMM product.Designed to focus on the tropical areas,the TMPA product mistakes certain meteorological situations for precipitation in subhumid and semiarid areas,thus causing significant"falseAlarms"events and leading to significant overestimations and unreliable performance.Simple linear bias correction method,only removing systematical errors,can significantly improves the accuracy of both the WRF output and the TMPA product in arid high mountainous areas with data scarcity.Evaluated by hydrological simulations,the bias-corrected WRF output is more reliable than the gauge dataset.Thus,data merging of the WRF output and gauge observations would provide more reliable precipitation estimations in arid high mountainous areas.展开更多
A summer-time shipboard meteorological survey is described in the Northwest Indian Ocean. Shipboard observations are used to evaluate a satellite-based sea surface temperature(SST), and then find the main factors th...A summer-time shipboard meteorological survey is described in the Northwest Indian Ocean. Shipboard observations are used to evaluate a satellite-based sea surface temperature(SST), and then find the main factors that are highly correlated with errors. Two satellite data, the first is remote sensing product of a microwave, which is a Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager(TMI), and the second is merged data from the microwave and infrared satellite as well as drifter observations, which is Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis(OSTIA). The results reveal that the daily mean SST of merged data has much lower bias and root mean square error as compared with that from microwave products. Therefore the results support the necessary of the merging infrared and drifter SST with a microwave satellite for improving the quality of the SST. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between an SST error and meteorological parameters, which include a wind speed, an air temperature, a relative humidity, an air pressure, and a visibility. The results show that the wind speed has the largest correlation coefficient with the TMI SST error. However, the air temperature is the most important factor to the OSTIA SST error. Meanwhile,the relative humidity shows the high correlation with the SST error for the OSTIA product.展开更多
The data assimilation technique, known as 3DVAR, of the WRF mesoscale modeling system has been used in order to perform the impact analysis of meteorological data assimilation in the weather forecasts over the Rio Gra...The data assimilation technique, known as 3DVAR, of the WRF mesoscale modeling system has been used in order to perform the impact analysis of meteorological data assimilation in the weather forecasts over the Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil. The consistency of the data assimilation has been analyzed by investigating and evaluating the model forecast results processed with and without data assimilations. Two different procedures of data assimilation have been conducted to perform the study. The forecasts of the accumulated rainfall model variable, spatially plotted over the model integration domains, have been compared and validated against the Tropical Rain Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite based data, as well as with the Canguçu city meteorological radar reflectivity data. The comparison has been made considering the total amount of the accumulated rainfall predicted by the model against the automatic weather station data and most of the conducted processing presented compatible results. It has also been observed that, the inclusion of assimilated data enabled an improvement in the intensity as well as in the location of the main convective cell. The radar reflectivity field showed a significant performance in all processed experiments with data assimilation. However, for some regions, more significant obtained results have been shown to be the case in which the spectral radiances were assimilated, as compared with the case in which the spectral radiances were not included. The evaluation of the vertical atmospheric profiles of temperature and dew point temperature showed only a small impact of data assimilation. However, both simulations coherently presented the two vertical profiles, when compared with the observed profiles. In short, the study shows that, although the forecasts presented some inconsistencies in the evaluated results, the 3DVAR assimilation improves significantly the forecasting of the Weather WRF model.展开更多
Rain cells are the most elementary unit of precipitation system in nature.In this study,fundamental geometric and physical characteristics of rain cells over tropical land and ocean areas are investigated by using 15-...Rain cells are the most elementary unit of precipitation system in nature.In this study,fundamental geometric and physical characteristics of rain cells over tropical land and ocean areas are investigated by using 15-yr measurements of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)Precipitation Radar(PR).The rain cells are identified with a minimum bounding rectangle(MBR)method.The results indicate that about 50%of rain cells occur at length of about 20 km and width of 15 km.The proportion of rain cells with length>200 km and width>100 km is less than1%.There is a a log-linear relationship between the mean length and width of rain cells.Usually,for the same horizontal geometric parameters,rain cells tend to be square horizontally and lanky vertically over land,while vertically squatty over ocean.The rainfall intensity of rain cells varies from 0.4 to 10 mm h-1 over land to 0.4–8 mm h-1 over ocean.Statistical results indicate that the occurrence frequency of rain cells decreases as the areal fraction of convective precipitation in rain cells increases,while such frequency remains almost invariant when the areal fraction of stratiform precipitation varies from 10%to 80%.The relationship between physical and geometric parameters of rain cells shows that the mean rain rate of rain cells is more frequently associated with the increase of their area,with the increasing rate over land greater than that over ocean.The results also illustrate that heavy convective rain rate prefers to occur in larger rain cells over land while heavy stratiform rain rate tends to appear in larger rain cells over ocean.For the same size of rain cells,the areal fraction and the contribution of convective precipitation are about10%–15%higher over land than over ocean.展开更多
Precipitation plays a crucial role in the water cycle of Northwest China.Obtaining accurate precipitation data is crucial for regional water resource management,hydrological forecasting,flood control and drought relie...Precipitation plays a crucial role in the water cycle of Northwest China.Obtaining accurate precipitation data is crucial for regional water resource management,hydrological forecasting,flood control and drought relief.Currently,the applicability of multi-source precipitation products for long time series in Northwest China has not been thoroughly evaluated.In this study,precipitation data from 183 meteorological stations in Northwest China from 1979 to 2020 were selected to assess the regional applicability of four precipitation products(the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate(ERA5),Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC),Climatic Research Unit gridded Time Series Version 4.07(CRU TS v4.07,hereafter CRU),and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM))based on the following statistical indicators:correlation coefficient,root mean square error(RMSE),relative bias(RB),mean absolute error(MAE),probability of detection(POD),false alarm ratio(FAR),and equitable threat score(ETS).The results showed that precipitation in Northwest China was generally high in the east and low in the west,and exhibited an increasing trend from 1979 to 2020.Compared with the station observations,ERA5 showed a larger spatial distribution difference than the other products.The overall overestimation of multi-year average precipitation was approximately 200.00 mm and the degree of overestimation increased with increasing precipitation intensity.The multi-year average precipitation of GPCC and CRU was relatively close to that of station observations.The trend of annual precipitation of TRMM was overestimated in high-altitude regions and the eastern part of Lanzhou with more precipitation.At the monthly scale,GPCC performed well but underestimated precipitation in the Tarim Basin(RB=-4.11%),while ERA5 and TRMM exhibited poor accuracy in high-altitude regions.ERA5 had a large bias(RB≥120.00%)in winter months and a strong dispersion(RMSE≥35.00 mm)in summer months.TRMM showed a relatively low correlation with station observations in winter months(correlation coefficients≤0.70).The capture performance analysis showed that ERA5,GPCC,and TRMM had lower POD and ETS values and higher FAR values in Northwest China as the precipitation intensity increased.ERA5 showed a high capture performance for small precipitation events and a slower decreasing trend of POD as the precipitation intensity increased.GPCC had the lowest FAR values.TRMM was statistically ineffective for predicting the occurrence of daily precipitation events.The findings provide a reference for data users to select appropriate datasets in Northwest China and for data developers to develop new precipitation products in the future.展开更多
Using high-quality hourly observations from national-level ground-based stations, the satellite-based rainfall products from both the Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM) Integrated Multisatellit E Retrievals for ...Using high-quality hourly observations from national-level ground-based stations, the satellite-based rainfall products from both the Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM) Integrated Multisatellit E Retrievals for GPM(IMERG) and its predecessor, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis(TMPA), are statistically evaluated over the Tibetan Plateau(TP), with an emphasis on the diurnal variation.The results indicate that:(1) the half-hourly IMERG rainfall product can explicitly describe the diurnal variation over the TP, but with discrepancies in the timing of the greatest precipitation intensity and an overestimation of the maximum rainfall intensity over the whole TP. In addition, the performance of IMERG on the hourly timescale, in terms of the correlation coefficient and relative bias, is different for regions with sea level height below or above 3500 m;(2) the IMERG products, having higher correlation and lower root-mean-square error, perform better than the TMPA products on the daily and monthly timescales; and(3) the detection ability of IMERG is superior to that of TMPA, as corroborated by a higher Hanssen and Kuipers score, a higher probability of detection, a lower false alarm ratio, and a lower bias. Compared to TMPA, the IMERG products ameliorate the overestimation across the TP. In conclusion,GPM IMERG is superior to TRMM TMPA over the TP on multiple timescales.展开更多
Based on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) precipitation radar observations, wide convection(WC) is defined as contiguous convective echoes over 40 d BZ, accompanied with a near surface rainfall area e...Based on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) precipitation radar observations, wide convection(WC) is defined as contiguous convective echoes over 40 d BZ, accompanied with a near surface rainfall area exceeding 1000 km^2. In Southeast China, the maximal occurrence frequency of WC takes place over the flat land region in the central plain of East China during the summer monsoon period of 1998–2010. When WC occurs in this region, the 500-h Pa atmospheric fields are categorized into three patterns by using an objective classification method, i.e., the deep-trough-control(DTr) pattern, the subtropical-highmaintenance(STH) pattern, and the typhoon-effect(Typh) pattern, which respectively accounts for 20.8%,52.8%, and 26.4% of the total WC occurrences. The DTr pattern starts to emerge the earliest(16–31 May)and occurs the most often in the second half of June; the STH pattern has a significant occurrence peak in the first half of July; the Typh pattern occurs mostly in July and August.Nearly all WC occurrences in this region are associated with thunderstorms, due to large convective available potential energy and abundant moisture. Among the three synoptic patterns, the DTr pattern features the driest and coldest air in the region, leading to the least occurrences of short-duration heavy rainfall. Strong winds occur the most often under the DTr pattern, probably owing to the largest difference in air humidity between the mid and low troposphere. Hail at the surface is rare for all occurrences of WC,which is probably related to the humid environmental air under all weather patterns and the high(〉 5 km)freezing level under the STH pattern.展开更多
In this paper, a hailstorm occurring on 9 May 1999 in Huanghuai region was studied by using the combined data from the precipitation radar (PR), microwave image (TMI), and visible infrared scanner (VIRS) on the ...In this paper, a hailstorm occurring on 9 May 1999 in Huanghuai region was studied by using the combined data from the precipitation radar (PR), microwave image (TMI), and visible infrared scanner (VIRS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. According to the 3-orbit observations of 5- h duration from the TRMM satellite, the variation characteristics of the precipitation structures as well as cloud top temperature and microwave signals of the precipitating cloud were comprehensively analyzed during the evolution of hailstorm. The results show that the precipitation is obviously converted from early hail cloud with strong convection into the later storm cloud with weak convection. For hail cloud, there exists some strong convective cells, and the heavy solid precipitation is shown at the middle-top levels so that the contribution of rainfall amount above the freezing-layer to the column precipitation amount is rather larger than that within the melting-layer. However, for storm cloud, the convective cells are surrounded by the large area of stratiform precipitation, and the precipitation thickness gradually decreases, and the rainfall above the freezing-layer obviously reduces and the contribution of rainfall amount within the melting-layer rapidly increases. Therefore, the larger ratio of rainfall amount above the freezing layer to column precipitation amount is, the more convective the cloud is; reversely, the larger proportion of rainfall below the melting layer is, the more stable the stratiform cloud is. The different changing trends of microwave signals at different precipitation stages show that it is better to consider the structures and stages of precipitating cloud to choose the optimal microwave channels to retrieve surface rainfall.展开更多
East Africa is so vulnerable to the impacts of precipitation extremes varying from frequent floods to prolonged droughts.However,systematic regional assessment of precipitation extremes across seasons has received lit...East Africa is so vulnerable to the impacts of precipitation extremes varying from frequent floods to prolonged droughts.However,systematic regional assessment of precipitation extremes across seasons has received little attention,and most previous studies of precipitation extremes have employed many indices and sparse gauge observations giving marginalized details.In this study,we use three precipitation extreme indices to examine the intensity of the highest single-day rainfall record(rx1day),prevalence of very heavy rainfalls(r30mm),and persistence of successive wet days(cwd)at both annual and seasonal scales over recent two decades(1998-2018)based on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis data.The results show that the most intensive and frequent precipitation extremes are noticeable from January to May across the areas extending from Madagascar to the Tanzanian coastal zone.These areas also exhibit patches of significant increasing trends in frequency,duration,and intensity of precipitation extremes annually and seasonally.However,significant declines in frequency and intensity of precipitation extremes are observed from western Ethiopia to Congo-Uganda,especially in June-September.The October-December season witnesses higher interannual variability amounting to overall weak and less significant trends.Further subregional assessment shows overall declining intensity and frequency of precipitation extremes in northern part of the study areas.Mean wetness duration increased,with persistence of moderate wet days and slight reduction of severe events.This study unveils higher susceptibility of the East African region to the widely observed hotspots of precipitation extremes posing threats to food security,water resource,and human well-being.The region should consider upscaling irrigation schemes in addition to planning resilient and supportive infrastructures to withstand the upsurging precipitation extremes,especially along the coastal zone.展开更多
The ability of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) for flooding and soil wetness detection has been demonstrated in this study.On the basis of TMI measurements,four methods,the classi...The ability of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) for flooding and soil wetness detection has been demonstrated in this study.On the basis of TMI measurements,four methods,the classification method,the soil wetness index (SWI) method. the polarization difference index (PDI) method,and the polarization ratio index (PRI) method, were brought out to monitor flooding and study soil wetness in the Changjiang and Huaihe River Basins during the summer 1998.Compared with the images provided by L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (L-SAR) and Radar Satellite (Radarsat) and the figures derived from daily rainfall data based on the Z-index method,the detection of flooding and soil wetness by TMI was proved to be feasible.展开更多
The ability of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager(TRMM/TMI)for cloud liquid water(CLW)retrieval has been demonstrated in this study.Due to the great sensitivity of the TMI 85.5 GHz channels to CL...The ability of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager(TRMM/TMI)for cloud liquid water(CLW)retrieval has been demonstrated in this study.Due to the great sensitivity of the TMI 85.5 GHz channels to CLW,the liquid water path(LWP)of nonprecipitating clouds over land can be successfully estimated using the VDISORT model based on the iteration steps.Both the vertical-polarized 85. 5 GHz single-channel method and the polarization-difference of 85.5 GHz method were applied to the LWP estimates over land regions during the Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment(HUBEX)in China.The retrieval results show reasonable agreement with the ground-based microwave radiometer measurements.When the surface emissivity or skin temperature is difficult to be made sure,the polarization-difference method shows advantages of providing estimates of LWP especially for low clouds because of its extremely insensitiveness to the surface skin temperature.展开更多
基金The National Key Basic Research Program of China under contract No.2014CB953903the National Basic Research Programof China under contract No.2011CB403500+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 40775066 and 41275145the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under contract No.13lgjc03
文摘The three-dimensional structures of summer precipitation over the South China Sea (SCS) and the East China Sea (ECS) are investigated based on tropical rainfall measurement mission (TRMM). The primary results are as follows. First, both the convective and stratiform precipitation rates in the SCS are much higher than those of the ECS. The contribution of the convective cloud precipitation to the surface precipitation is primarily over the SCS and the ECS with a proportion of about 70%, but the contribution of convective cloud precipitation is slightly larger in the SCS than the ECS. The contribution of stratus precipitation is slightly larger in the ECS than that in the SCS. Second, the content of cloud particles and precipitation particles in the ECS in June was greater than that in the SCS, while in July and August, the content of cloud and precipitation particles in the ECS was less than that in the SCS. Third, the latent heat profile of the ECS is quite different from that of the SCS. In June, the peak values of evaporation and condensation latent heating rates in the ECS are greater than those in the SCS. In July and August, however, the peak values of evaporation and condensation latent heating rates in the ECS are about 0.05°/h less than those in the SCS.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (the 973 Program,Grant No.2010CB951101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 50979022 and 50679018)+2 种基金the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Teams in Universities (Grant No. IRT0717)the Special Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering of Hohai University (Grant No. 1069-50986312)the Open Fund Approval of the State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering of Sichuan University (Grant No. SKLH-OF-0807)
文摘High-quality rainfall information is critical for accurate simulation of runoff and water cycle processes on the land surface. In situ monitoring of rainfall has a very limited utility at the regional and global scale because of the high temporal and spatial variability of rainfall. As a step toward overcoming this problem, microwave remote sensing observations can be used to retrieve the temporal and spatial rainfall coverage because of their global availability and frequency of measurement. This paper addresses the question of whether remote sensing rainfall estimates over a catchment can be used for water balance computations in the distributed hydrological model. The TRMM 3B42V6 rainfall product was introduced into the hydrological cycle simulation of the Yangtze River Basin in South China. A tool was developed to interpolate the rain gauge observations at the same temporal and spatial resolution as the TRMM data and then evaluate the precision of TRMM 3B42V6 data from 1998 to 2006. It shows that the TRMM 3B42V6 rainfall product was reliable and had good precision in application to the Yangtze River Basin. The TRMM 3B42V6 data slightly overestimated rainfall during the wet season and underestimated rainfall during the dry season in the Yangtze River Basin. Results suggest that the TRMM 3B42V6 rainfall product can be used as an alternative data source for large-scale distributed hydrological models.
基金The National Basic Research Program(973 Program)of China under contract No.2013CB430301the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41440039,41206022 and 41406022the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean under contract No.201305032
文摘Satellite-derived sea surface temperatures(SSTs) from the tropical rainfall measuring mission(TRMM)microwave imager(TMI) and the advanced microwave scanning radiometer for the earth observing system(AMSR-E) were compared with non-pumped near-surface temperatures(NSTs) obtained from Argo profiling floats over the global oceans. Factors that might cause temperature differences were examined, including wind speed, columnar water vapor, liquid cloud water, and geographic location. The results show that both TMI and AMSR-E SSTs are highly correlated with the Argo NSTs; however, at low wind speeds, they are on average warmer than the Argo NSTs. The TMI performs slightly better than the AMSR-E at low wind speeds, whereas the TMI SST retrievals might be poorly calibrated at high wind speeds. The temperature differences indicate a warm bias of the TMI/AMSR-E when columnar water vapor is low, which can indicate that neither TMI nor AMSR-E SSTs are well calibrated at high latitudes. The SST in the Kuroshio Extension region has higher variability than in the Kuroshio region. The variability of the temperature difference between the satellite-retrieved SSTs and the Argo NSTs is lower in the Kuroshio Extension during spring. At low wind speeds, neither TMI nor AMSR-E SSTs are well calibrated, although the TMI performs better than the AMSR-E.
基金supported by the Main Direction Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(KJCX2-EW-T03)Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Project(12DZ2273300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC) Project (11173050 and 11373059)
文摘Continental water storage plays a major role in Earth's climate system. However, temporal and spatial variations of continental water are poorly known, particularly in Africa. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission provides an opportunity to estimate terrestrial water storage (TWS) variations at both continental and river-basin scales. In this paper, seasonal and secular variations of TWS within Africa for the period from January 2003 to July 2013 are assessed using monthly GRACE coefficients from three processing centers (Centre for Space Research, the German Research Centre for Geo- sciences, and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory). Monthly grids from Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS)-I and from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)- 3B43 models are also used in order to understand the reasons of increasing or decreasing water storage. Results from GRACE processing centers show similar TWS estimates at seasonal timescales with some differences concerning inter-annual trend variations. The largest annual signals of GRACE TWS are observed in Zambezi and Okavango River basins and in Volta River Basin. An increasing trend of 11.60 mm/a is found in Zambezi River Basin and of 9 mm/a in Volta River Basin. A phase shift is found between rainfall and GRACE TWS (GRACE TWS is preceded by rainfall} by 2-3 months in parts of south central Africa. Comparing GLDAS rainfall with TRMM model, it is found that GLDAS has a dry bias from TRMM model.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42030501,41877148,41501016,41530752)Scherer Endowment Fund of Department of Geography,Western Michigan University and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.lzujbky-2019-98)。
文摘Accurate estimates of precipitation are fundamental for hydrometeorological and ecohydrological studies,but are more difficult in high mountainous areas because of the high elevation and complex terrain.This study compares and evaluates two kinds of precipitation datasets,the reanalysis product downscaled by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)output,and the satellite product,the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis(TMPA)product,as well as their bias-corrected datasets in the Middle Qilian Mountain in Northwest China.Results show that the WRF output with finer resolution perfonns well in both estimating precipitation and hydrological simulation,while the TMPA product is unreliable in high mountainous areas.Moreover,bias-corrected WRF output also performs better than bias-corrected TMPA product.Combined with the previous studies,atmospheric reanalysis datasets are more suitable than the satellite products in high mountainous areas.Climate is more important than altitude for the\falseAlarms'events of the TRMM product.Designed to focus on the tropical areas,the TMPA product mistakes certain meteorological situations for precipitation in subhumid and semiarid areas,thus causing significant"falseAlarms"events and leading to significant overestimations and unreliable performance.Simple linear bias correction method,only removing systematical errors,can significantly improves the accuracy of both the WRF output and the TMPA product in arid high mountainous areas with data scarcity.Evaluated by hydrological simulations,the bias-corrected WRF output is more reliable than the gauge dataset.Thus,data merging of the WRF output and gauge observations would provide more reliable precipitation estimations in arid high mountainous areas.
基金China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association Project under contract No.DY125-12-R-03the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41476021 and 41321004the Scientific Research Fund of Second Institute of Oceanography,State Oceanic Administration China under contract No.JT1205
文摘A summer-time shipboard meteorological survey is described in the Northwest Indian Ocean. Shipboard observations are used to evaluate a satellite-based sea surface temperature(SST), and then find the main factors that are highly correlated with errors. Two satellite data, the first is remote sensing product of a microwave, which is a Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager(TMI), and the second is merged data from the microwave and infrared satellite as well as drifter observations, which is Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis(OSTIA). The results reveal that the daily mean SST of merged data has much lower bias and root mean square error as compared with that from microwave products. Therefore the results support the necessary of the merging infrared and drifter SST with a microwave satellite for improving the quality of the SST. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between an SST error and meteorological parameters, which include a wind speed, an air temperature, a relative humidity, an air pressure, and a visibility. The results show that the wind speed has the largest correlation coefficient with the TMI SST error. However, the air temperature is the most important factor to the OSTIA SST error. Meanwhile,the relative humidity shows the high correlation with the SST error for the OSTIA product.
文摘The data assimilation technique, known as 3DVAR, of the WRF mesoscale modeling system has been used in order to perform the impact analysis of meteorological data assimilation in the weather forecasts over the Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil. The consistency of the data assimilation has been analyzed by investigating and evaluating the model forecast results processed with and without data assimilations. Two different procedures of data assimilation have been conducted to perform the study. The forecasts of the accumulated rainfall model variable, spatially plotted over the model integration domains, have been compared and validated against the Tropical Rain Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite based data, as well as with the Canguçu city meteorological radar reflectivity data. The comparison has been made considering the total amount of the accumulated rainfall predicted by the model against the automatic weather station data and most of the conducted processing presented compatible results. It has also been observed that, the inclusion of assimilated data enabled an improvement in the intensity as well as in the location of the main convective cell. The radar reflectivity field showed a significant performance in all processed experiments with data assimilation. However, for some regions, more significant obtained results have been shown to be the case in which the spectral radiances were assimilated, as compared with the case in which the spectral radiances were not included. The evaluation of the vertical atmospheric profiles of temperature and dew point temperature showed only a small impact of data assimilation. However, both simulations coherently presented the two vertical profiles, when compared with the observed profiles. In short, the study shows that, although the forecasts presented some inconsistencies in the evaluated results, the 3DVAR assimilation improves significantly the forecasting of the Weather WRF model.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91837310 and 41675041)National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC1507200 and 2017YFC1501402)+3 种基金Key Research and Development Projects in Anhui Province(201904a07020099)Third Tibetan Plateau Scientific Experiment Observations for Boundary Layer and Troposphere(GYHY201406001)Monitoring and Modelling Climate Change in WaterEnergy and Carbon Cycles in the Pan-Third Pole Environment in the Framework of the European Space Agency and Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(ID58516)。
文摘Rain cells are the most elementary unit of precipitation system in nature.In this study,fundamental geometric and physical characteristics of rain cells over tropical land and ocean areas are investigated by using 15-yr measurements of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)Precipitation Radar(PR).The rain cells are identified with a minimum bounding rectangle(MBR)method.The results indicate that about 50%of rain cells occur at length of about 20 km and width of 15 km.The proportion of rain cells with length>200 km and width>100 km is less than1%.There is a a log-linear relationship between the mean length and width of rain cells.Usually,for the same horizontal geometric parameters,rain cells tend to be square horizontally and lanky vertically over land,while vertically squatty over ocean.The rainfall intensity of rain cells varies from 0.4 to 10 mm h-1 over land to 0.4–8 mm h-1 over ocean.Statistical results indicate that the occurrence frequency of rain cells decreases as the areal fraction of convective precipitation in rain cells increases,while such frequency remains almost invariant when the areal fraction of stratiform precipitation varies from 10%to 80%.The relationship between physical and geometric parameters of rain cells shows that the mean rain rate of rain cells is more frequently associated with the increase of their area,with the increasing rate over land greater than that over ocean.The results also illustrate that heavy convective rain rate prefers to occur in larger rain cells over land while heavy stratiform rain rate tends to appear in larger rain cells over ocean.For the same size of rain cells,the areal fraction and the contribution of convective precipitation are about10%–15%higher over land than over ocean.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3206300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42477529,42371145,42261026)+2 种基金the China-Pakistan Joint Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(046GJHZ2023069MI)the Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Program(22ZD6FA005)the National Cryosphere Desert Data Center(E01Z790201).
文摘Precipitation plays a crucial role in the water cycle of Northwest China.Obtaining accurate precipitation data is crucial for regional water resource management,hydrological forecasting,flood control and drought relief.Currently,the applicability of multi-source precipitation products for long time series in Northwest China has not been thoroughly evaluated.In this study,precipitation data from 183 meteorological stations in Northwest China from 1979 to 2020 were selected to assess the regional applicability of four precipitation products(the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate(ERA5),Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC),Climatic Research Unit gridded Time Series Version 4.07(CRU TS v4.07,hereafter CRU),and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM))based on the following statistical indicators:correlation coefficient,root mean square error(RMSE),relative bias(RB),mean absolute error(MAE),probability of detection(POD),false alarm ratio(FAR),and equitable threat score(ETS).The results showed that precipitation in Northwest China was generally high in the east and low in the west,and exhibited an increasing trend from 1979 to 2020.Compared with the station observations,ERA5 showed a larger spatial distribution difference than the other products.The overall overestimation of multi-year average precipitation was approximately 200.00 mm and the degree of overestimation increased with increasing precipitation intensity.The multi-year average precipitation of GPCC and CRU was relatively close to that of station observations.The trend of annual precipitation of TRMM was overestimated in high-altitude regions and the eastern part of Lanzhou with more precipitation.At the monthly scale,GPCC performed well but underestimated precipitation in the Tarim Basin(RB=-4.11%),while ERA5 and TRMM exhibited poor accuracy in high-altitude regions.ERA5 had a large bias(RB≥120.00%)in winter months and a strong dispersion(RMSE≥35.00 mm)in summer months.TRMM showed a relatively low correlation with station observations in winter months(correlation coefficients≤0.70).The capture performance analysis showed that ERA5,GPCC,and TRMM had lower POD and ETS values and higher FAR values in Northwest China as the precipitation intensity increased.ERA5 showed a high capture performance for small precipitation events and a slower decreasing trend of POD as the precipitation intensity increased.GPCC had the lowest FAR values.TRMM was statistically ineffective for predicting the occurrence of daily precipitation events.The findings provide a reference for data users to select appropriate datasets in Northwest China and for data developers to develop new precipitation products in the future.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91437221 and 41775097)Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province(2017B020218003)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2016A030313140)
文摘Using high-quality hourly observations from national-level ground-based stations, the satellite-based rainfall products from both the Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM) Integrated Multisatellit E Retrievals for GPM(IMERG) and its predecessor, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis(TMPA), are statistically evaluated over the Tibetan Plateau(TP), with an emphasis on the diurnal variation.The results indicate that:(1) the half-hourly IMERG rainfall product can explicitly describe the diurnal variation over the TP, but with discrepancies in the timing of the greatest precipitation intensity and an overestimation of the maximum rainfall intensity over the whole TP. In addition, the performance of IMERG on the hourly timescale, in terms of the correlation coefficient and relative bias, is different for regions with sea level height below or above 3500 m;(2) the IMERG products, having higher correlation and lower root-mean-square error, perform better than the TMPA products on the daily and monthly timescales; and(3) the detection ability of IMERG is superior to that of TMPA, as corroborated by a higher Hanssen and Kuipers score, a higher probability of detection, a lower false alarm ratio, and a lower bias. Compared to TMPA, the IMERG products ameliorate the overestimation across the TP. In conclusion,GPM IMERG is superior to TRMM TMPA over the TP on multiple timescales.
基金Supported by the National(Key)Basic Research and Development(973)Program of China(2012CB417202)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41175049 and 41221064)+1 种基金National Science and Technology Support Program of China(2012BAC22B03)Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2012Y001)
文摘Based on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) precipitation radar observations, wide convection(WC) is defined as contiguous convective echoes over 40 d BZ, accompanied with a near surface rainfall area exceeding 1000 km^2. In Southeast China, the maximal occurrence frequency of WC takes place over the flat land region in the central plain of East China during the summer monsoon period of 1998–2010. When WC occurs in this region, the 500-h Pa atmospheric fields are categorized into three patterns by using an objective classification method, i.e., the deep-trough-control(DTr) pattern, the subtropical-highmaintenance(STH) pattern, and the typhoon-effect(Typh) pattern, which respectively accounts for 20.8%,52.8%, and 26.4% of the total WC occurrences. The DTr pattern starts to emerge the earliest(16–31 May)and occurs the most often in the second half of June; the STH pattern has a significant occurrence peak in the first half of July; the Typh pattern occurs mostly in July and August.Nearly all WC occurrences in this region are associated with thunderstorms, due to large convective available potential energy and abundant moisture. Among the three synoptic patterns, the DTr pattern features the driest and coldest air in the region, leading to the least occurrences of short-duration heavy rainfall. Strong winds occur the most often under the DTr pattern, probably owing to the largest difference in air humidity between the mid and low troposphere. Hail at the surface is rare for all occurrences of WC,which is probably related to the humid environmental air under all weather patterns and the high(〉 5 km)freezing level under the STH pattern.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 40605011the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology under Grant No. 2001CB309402.
文摘In this paper, a hailstorm occurring on 9 May 1999 in Huanghuai region was studied by using the combined data from the precipitation radar (PR), microwave image (TMI), and visible infrared scanner (VIRS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. According to the 3-orbit observations of 5- h duration from the TRMM satellite, the variation characteristics of the precipitation structures as well as cloud top temperature and microwave signals of the precipitating cloud were comprehensively analyzed during the evolution of hailstorm. The results show that the precipitation is obviously converted from early hail cloud with strong convection into the later storm cloud with weak convection. For hail cloud, there exists some strong convective cells, and the heavy solid precipitation is shown at the middle-top levels so that the contribution of rainfall amount above the freezing-layer to the column precipitation amount is rather larger than that within the melting-layer. However, for storm cloud, the convective cells are surrounded by the large area of stratiform precipitation, and the precipitation thickness gradually decreases, and the rainfall above the freezing-layer obviously reduces and the contribution of rainfall amount within the melting-layer rapidly increases. Therefore, the larger ratio of rainfall amount above the freezing layer to column precipitation amount is, the more convective the cloud is; reversely, the larger proportion of rainfall below the melting layer is, the more stable the stratiform cloud is. The different changing trends of microwave signals at different precipitation stages show that it is better to consider the structures and stages of precipitating cloud to choose the optimal microwave channels to retrieve surface rainfall.
基金Supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)—CAS Big Earth Data Science Engineering Program(XDA19030401)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0600303)。
文摘East Africa is so vulnerable to the impacts of precipitation extremes varying from frequent floods to prolonged droughts.However,systematic regional assessment of precipitation extremes across seasons has received little attention,and most previous studies of precipitation extremes have employed many indices and sparse gauge observations giving marginalized details.In this study,we use three precipitation extreme indices to examine the intensity of the highest single-day rainfall record(rx1day),prevalence of very heavy rainfalls(r30mm),and persistence of successive wet days(cwd)at both annual and seasonal scales over recent two decades(1998-2018)based on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis data.The results show that the most intensive and frequent precipitation extremes are noticeable from January to May across the areas extending from Madagascar to the Tanzanian coastal zone.These areas also exhibit patches of significant increasing trends in frequency,duration,and intensity of precipitation extremes annually and seasonally.However,significant declines in frequency and intensity of precipitation extremes are observed from western Ethiopia to Congo-Uganda,especially in June-September.The October-December season witnesses higher interannual variability amounting to overall weak and less significant trends.Further subregional assessment shows overall declining intensity and frequency of precipitation extremes in northern part of the study areas.Mean wetness duration increased,with persistence of moderate wet days and slight reduction of severe events.This study unveils higher susceptibility of the East African region to the widely observed hotspots of precipitation extremes posing threats to food security,water resource,and human well-being.The region should consider upscaling irrigation schemes in addition to planning resilient and supportive infrastructures to withstand the upsurging precipitation extremes,especially along the coastal zone.
基金the National Key Program of Science and Technology of China (2001BA610A-06-05)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40375001)the Science Foundation of China Meteorological Administration and Jilin Provincial Government Joint Laboratory for Weather Modification
文摘The ability of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) for flooding and soil wetness detection has been demonstrated in this study.On the basis of TMI measurements,four methods,the classification method,the soil wetness index (SWI) method. the polarization difference index (PDI) method,and the polarization ratio index (PRI) method, were brought out to monitor flooding and study soil wetness in the Changjiang and Huaihe River Basins during the summer 1998.Compared with the images provided by L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (L-SAR) and Radar Satellite (Radarsat) and the figures derived from daily rainfall data based on the Z-index method,the detection of flooding and soil wetness by TMI was proved to be feasible.
文摘The ability of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager(TRMM/TMI)for cloud liquid water(CLW)retrieval has been demonstrated in this study.Due to the great sensitivity of the TMI 85.5 GHz channels to CLW,the liquid water path(LWP)of nonprecipitating clouds over land can be successfully estimated using the VDISORT model based on the iteration steps.Both the vertical-polarized 85. 5 GHz single-channel method and the polarization-difference of 85.5 GHz method were applied to the LWP estimates over land regions during the Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment(HUBEX)in China.The retrieval results show reasonable agreement with the ground-based microwave radiometer measurements.When the surface emissivity or skin temperature is difficult to be made sure,the polarization-difference method shows advantages of providing estimates of LWP especially for low clouds because of its extremely insensitiveness to the surface skin temperature.