Unconventional resources like shale gas has been the focus of intense research and development for two decades. Apart from intrinsic geologic factors that control the gas shale productivity (e.g. organic matter conten...Unconventional resources like shale gas has been the focus of intense research and development for two decades. Apart from intrinsic geologic factors that control the gas shale productivity (e.g. organic matter content, bedding planes, natural fractures, porosity and stress regime among others), external factors like wellbore orientation and stimulation design play a role. In this study, we present a series of true triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments conducted on Lushan shale to investigate the interplay of internal factors (bedding, natural fractures and in situ stress) and external factors (wellbore orientation) on the growth process of fracture networks in cubic specimens of 200 mm in length. We observe relatively low breakdown pressure and fracture propagation pressure as the wellbore orientation and/or the maximum in situ stress is subparallel to the shale bedding plane. The wellbore orientation has a more prominent effect on the breakdown pressure, but its effect is tapered with increasing angle of bedding inclination. The shale breakdown is followed by an abrupt response in sample displacement, which reflects the stimulated fracture volume. Based on fluid tracer analysis, the morphology of hydraulic fractures (HF) is divided into four categories. Among the categories, activation of bedding planes (bedding failure, BF) and natural fractures (NF) significantly increase bifurcation and fractured areas. Under the same stress regime, a horizontal wellbore is more favorable to enhance the complexity of hydraulic fracture networks. This is attributed to the relatively large surface area in contact with the bedding plane for the horizontal borehole compared to the case with a vertical wellbore. These findings provide important references for hydraulic fracturing design in shale reservoirs.展开更多
为获取金属材料颈缩后的真实本构关系,提出了一种新型的试验-数值耦合方法,即NE(Numerical and experimental)法。该方法的基本原理是将单轴拉伸试验的荷载-位移曲线作为目标,通过有限元迭代运算,不断修正输入的应力-应变曲线,直至荷载...为获取金属材料颈缩后的真实本构关系,提出了一种新型的试验-数值耦合方法,即NE(Numerical and experimental)法。该方法的基本原理是将单轴拉伸试验的荷载-位移曲线作为目标,通过有限元迭代运算,不断修正输入的应力-应变曲线,直至荷载-位移曲线的模拟结果与试验结果完全吻合或达到误差要求时,即得到真实应力-应变曲线。基于该原理,开发了一套数值模拟程序CONST以实现测试技术的自动化并节省操作时间。为验证NE法的有效性,将传统理论计算方法与NE法获得的材料真实本构关系进行对比,并对圆棒和矩形试件分别进行拉伸模拟,结果表明NE法对两种试件均适用,且NE法获得的荷载-位移曲线、颈缩变形特征等较理论计算方法更为精确。所提方法解决了金属材料单轴拉伸颈缩至断裂期间获取真实应力-应变曲线存在的困难,对材料性能评价及结构变形分析具有重要的理论及工程应用价值。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52064006 and 52004072)It was.also supported by the program(Grant No.202006050112)of China Scholarship Council(CSC)for the first author's visit at the Helm-holtz Centre Potsdam,GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences.
文摘Unconventional resources like shale gas has been the focus of intense research and development for two decades. Apart from intrinsic geologic factors that control the gas shale productivity (e.g. organic matter content, bedding planes, natural fractures, porosity and stress regime among others), external factors like wellbore orientation and stimulation design play a role. In this study, we present a series of true triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments conducted on Lushan shale to investigate the interplay of internal factors (bedding, natural fractures and in situ stress) and external factors (wellbore orientation) on the growth process of fracture networks in cubic specimens of 200 mm in length. We observe relatively low breakdown pressure and fracture propagation pressure as the wellbore orientation and/or the maximum in situ stress is subparallel to the shale bedding plane. The wellbore orientation has a more prominent effect on the breakdown pressure, but its effect is tapered with increasing angle of bedding inclination. The shale breakdown is followed by an abrupt response in sample displacement, which reflects the stimulated fracture volume. Based on fluid tracer analysis, the morphology of hydraulic fractures (HF) is divided into four categories. Among the categories, activation of bedding planes (bedding failure, BF) and natural fractures (NF) significantly increase bifurcation and fractured areas. Under the same stress regime, a horizontal wellbore is more favorable to enhance the complexity of hydraulic fracture networks. This is attributed to the relatively large surface area in contact with the bedding plane for the horizontal borehole compared to the case with a vertical wellbore. These findings provide important references for hydraulic fracturing design in shale reservoirs.
文摘为获取金属材料颈缩后的真实本构关系,提出了一种新型的试验-数值耦合方法,即NE(Numerical and experimental)法。该方法的基本原理是将单轴拉伸试验的荷载-位移曲线作为目标,通过有限元迭代运算,不断修正输入的应力-应变曲线,直至荷载-位移曲线的模拟结果与试验结果完全吻合或达到误差要求时,即得到真实应力-应变曲线。基于该原理,开发了一套数值模拟程序CONST以实现测试技术的自动化并节省操作时间。为验证NE法的有效性,将传统理论计算方法与NE法获得的材料真实本构关系进行对比,并对圆棒和矩形试件分别进行拉伸模拟,结果表明NE法对两种试件均适用,且NE法获得的荷载-位移曲线、颈缩变形特征等较理论计算方法更为精确。所提方法解决了金属材料单轴拉伸颈缩至断裂期间获取真实应力-应变曲线存在的困难,对材料性能评价及结构变形分析具有重要的理论及工程应用价值。
