Contribution to the Full 3D Finite Element Modelling of a Hybrid Stepping Motor with and without Current in the Coils

The paper presents our contribution to the full 3D finite element modelling of a hybrid stepping motor using COMSOL Multiphysics software. This type of four-phase motor has a permanent magnet interposed between the two identical and coaxial half stators. The calculation of the field with or without current in the windings (respectively with or without permanent magnet) is done using a mixed formulation with strong coupling. In addition, the local high saturation of the ferromagnetic material and the radial and axial components of the magnetic flux are taken into account. The results obtained make it possible to clearly observe, as a function of the intensity of the bus current or the remanent induction, the saturation zones, the lines, the orientations and the magnetic flux densities. 3D finite element modelling provide more accurate numerical data on the magnetic field through multiphysics analysis. This analysis considers the actual operating conditions and leads to the design of an optimized machine structure, with or without current in the windings and/or permanent magnet.

Conversion between solid and beam element solutions of finite element method based on meta-modeling theory:development and application to a ramp tunnel structure

In this study, a new method for conversion of solid finite element solution to beam finite element solution is developed based on the meta-modeling theory which constructs a model consistent with continuum mechanics. The proposed method is rigorous and efficient compared to a typical conversion method which merely computes surface integration of solid element nodal stresses to obtain cross-sectional forces. The meta-modeling theory ensures the rigorousness of proposed method by defining a proper distance between beam element and solid element solutions in a function space of continuum mechanics. Results of numerical verification test that is conducted with a simple cantilever beam are used to find the proper distance function for this conversion. Time history analysis of the main tunnel structure of a real ramp tunnel is considered as a numerical example for the proposed conversion method. It is shown that cross-sectional forces are readily computed for solid element solution of the main tunnel structure when it is converted to a beam element solution using the proposed method. Further, envelopes of resultant forces which are of primary importance for the purpose of design, are developed for a given ground motion at the end.

Multiscale Hybrid-Mixed Finite Element Method for Flow Simulation in Fractured Porous Media

The multiscale hybrid-mixed(MHM)method is applied to the numerical approximation of two-dimensional matrix fluid flow in porous media with fractures.The two-dimensional fluid flow in the reservoir and the one-dimensional flow in the discrete fractures are approximated using mixed finite elements.The coupling of the two-dimensional matrix flow with the one-dimensional fracture flow is enforced using the pressure of the one-dimensional flow as a Lagrange multiplier to express the conservation of fluid transfer between the fracture flow and the divergence of the one-dimensional fracture flux.A zero-dimensional pressure(point element)is used to express conservation of mass where fractures intersect.The issuing simulation is then reduced using the MHM method leading to accurate results with a very reduced number of global equations.A general system was developed where fracture geometries and conductivities are specified in an input file and meshes are generated using the public domain mesh generator GMsh.Several test cases illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach by comparing the multiscale results with direct simulations.

Bending of small-scale Timoshenko beams based on the integral/differential nonlocal-micropolar elasticity theory: a finite element approach

A novel size-dependent model is developed herein to study the bending behavior of beam-type micro/nano-structures considering combined effects of nonlocality and micro-rotational degrees of freedom. To accomplish this aim, the micropolar theory is combined with the nonlocal elasticity. To consider the nonlocality, both integral (original) and differential formulations of Eringen’s nonlocal theory are considered. The beams are considered to be Timoshenko-type, and the governing equations are derived in the variational form through Hamilton’s principle. The relations are written in an appropriate matrix-vector representation that can be readily utilized in numerical approaches. A finite element (FE) approach is also proposed for the solution procedure. Parametric studies are conducted to show the simultaneous nonlocal and micropolar effects on the bending response of small-scale beams under different boundary conditions.

Free vibration characteristics of sectioned unidirectional/bidirectional functionally graded material cantilever beams based on finite element analysis

Advancements in manufacturing technology,including the rapid development of additive manufacturing(AM),allow the fabrication of complex functionally graded material(FGM)sectioned beams.Portions of these beams may be made from different materials with possibly different gradients of material properties.The present work proposes models to investigate the free vibration of FGM sectioned beams based on onedimensional(1D)finite element analysis.For this purpose,a sample beam is divided into discrete elements,and the total energy stored in each element during vibration is computed by considering either the Timoshenko or Euler-Bernoulli beam theory.Then,Hamilton’s principle is used to derive the equations of motion for the beam.The effects of material properties and dimensions of FGM sections on the beam’s natural frequencies and their corresponding mode shapes are then investigated based on a dynamic Timoshenko model(TM).The presented model is validated by comparison with three-dimensional(3D)finite element simulations of the first three mode shapes of the beam.

Beam Approximation for Dynamic Analysis of Launch Vehicles Modelled as Stiffened Cylindrical Shells

A beam approximation method for dynamic analysis of launch vehicles modelled as stiffened cylindrical shells is proposed.Firstly,an initial beam model of the stiffened cylindrical shell is established based on the cross-sectional area equivalence principle that represents the shell skin and its longitudinal ribs as a beam with annular cross-section,and the circumferential ribs as lumped masses at the nodes of the beam elements.Then,a fine finite element model(FE model)of the stiffened cylindrical shell is constructed and a modal analysis is carried out.Finally,the initial beam model is improved through model updating against the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the fine FE model of the shell.To facilitate the comparison between the mode shapes of the fine FE model of the stiffened shell and the equivalent beam model,a weighted nodal displacement coupling relationship is introduced.To prevent the design parameters used in model updating from converging to incorrect values,a pre-model updating procedure is added before the proper model updating.The results of two examples demonstrate that the beam approximation method presented in this paper can build equivalent beam models of stiffened cylindrical shells which can reflect the global longitudinal,lateral and torsional vibration characteristics very well in terms of the natural frequencies.

梁桁组合结构高铁斜拉桥的收缩徐变分析——以西十高铁汉江特大桥为例

梁桁组合结构高铁斜拉桥中,混凝土收缩徐变对桥面线性的平顺性及行车的舒适性有直接影响,是桥上能够铺设无砟轨道的关键因素。因此,为分析收缩徐变对梁桁组合结构受力和变形的影响,依托新建西安至十堰高铁汉江特大桥工程,采用CEB-FIP90徐变计算模型,通过建立有限元模型分析收缩徐变影响下主要构件的内力和变形,评价各主要受力构件刚度变化对徐变变形的贡献程度,研究改善收缩徐变变形措施。结果表明:(1)收缩徐变引起主梁跨中下挠、桥塔向跨中侧偏移,同时引起主梁和桥塔的压缩变形,5年完成的收缩徐变变形占前10年的70%以上,且主梁产生的收缩徐变贡献超过50%;(2)收缩徐变引起斜拉索索力松弛,运营30年的最大变化率在5%以内;(3)收缩徐变引起主梁应力及上下缘应力差变化,随着运营时间增加主梁跨中区域应力差增大明显,主要表现在下缘压应力储备降低;(4)随着桥塔刚度、主梁刚度、加劲钢桁刚度增大,收缩徐变引起的变形有所减小,而斜拉索刚度则产生相反的趋势。(5)延长铺轨时间、适当增加底板钢束面积、增加斜拉索索力以及在跨中加劲钢桁上弦灌注混凝土可有效降低主梁跨中徐变下挠。

双参数层状地基中水平动荷载和扭转振动组合作用下受荷桩受力变形分析

为了更准确地分析桩顶在承受水平动荷载H(t)和扭转振动T(t)组合荷载作用下的受力变形特性,基于Pasternak模型,考虑多向荷载间的相互作用,建立层状地基中H(t)-T(t)受荷桩简化分析模型。利用有限杆单元法推导出桩身内力位移数值解,并与已有相关理论解、模型试验和有限元模拟结果进行对比验证。参数分析表明:(1)与Winkler模型计算结果相比,考虑土体剪切效应后,桩顶水平位移和桩身最大弯矩分别减小了11.8%和10.5%。(2)增大外荷载无量纲频率可减小桩身水平位移和弯矩,但同时会减小H(t)-T(t)耦合刚度。(3)在层状地基中,表层土对桩身内力位移的影响最大,且存在临界影响深度,表层硬土的临界影响厚度是表层软土临界影响厚度的3.5~6.5倍。(4)采用杆单元模型可减少单元划分数量和计算时间,有效提高计算效率。

基于混合建模的新型微槽刀具外冷通道结构优化设计

这里提出了一种有限元法(FEM)和计算流体力学(CFD)的混合建模方法。通过单因素试验生成响应曲面,分析了喷嘴的直径、角度、压力对刀具最高温度的单因素和交互影响规律。采用正交试验设计方法,以刀具最高温度为评价指标,以微流道的截面形状、宽度,深度和微流道分布的角度为影响因素,通过仿真分析,研究以上四个因素对刀具降温的影响。研究表明,截面宽度较大的矩形微流道对刀具降温效果较好,微流道的角度、深度影响次之,微流道的形状影响最小。通过对模型的验证,证明了模型的有效性。

基础激励下裂纹梁结构疲劳寿命预测模型

为了发展基于模型的裂纹梁结构疲劳寿命预测方法,提出了一种新的三维裂纹梁单元刚度矩阵。基于该刚度矩阵,建立基础激励下裂纹梁结构的三维有限元模型。推导三维裂纹梁单元的应力强度因子,建立三维裂纹梁单元的疲劳裂纹扩展模型。采用振动响应与裂纹扩展增量交互计算方法,计算循环载荷作用下裂纹梁结构的疲劳寿命。研究结果表明:裂纹梁结构寿命预测模型较好地体现了疲劳裂纹扩展寿命与基础激励参数、结构参数和裂纹参数之间的内在关系,反映了基础激励对裂纹梁结构疲劳寿命的影响。最后通过实验对模型进行了验证。

带钢筋桁架楼承板的PRC连梁抗震性能试验研究及数值分析

为适应超高层建筑以及现代工业化住宅建筑体系迅速发展的需要,提出了一种带钢筋桁架楼承板的新型钢板-混凝土组合(plate-reinforced composite,PRC)连梁。通过拟静力试验,分析了不考虑楼板作用、带普通钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)楼板及带钢筋桁架楼承板PRC连梁的破坏形态、承载能力、变形能力和耗能能力等。在此基础上,采用ABAQUS软件分析在不同峰值荷载作用下钢筋桁架楼承板PRC连梁的混凝土、钢板和钢筋骨架的应力发展情况。研究结果表明:钢筋桁架楼承板的设置能显著提高小跨高比PRC连梁的受剪承载力、耗能能力和延性,设置楼板能显著提高连梁的峰值荷载,且带钢筋桁架楼承板对PRC连梁承载力的提升比带普通RC楼板更强,其连梁试件PRC-S3的正向峰值荷载比不带楼板连梁PRC-NS1和带普通RC楼板连梁PRC-S2分别提升了31%和18%,但带楼板连梁在梁板交界处产生通缝之后连梁的刚度退化较为严重;带钢筋桁架楼承板的PRC连梁具有优越的耗能能力,在连梁跨度范围内均出现了显著的对角压杆,主压杆及其衍生压杆共同构成桁架作用来承受剪力;楼承板桁架上下弦钢筋以及连梁纵筋均在连梁根部位置出现应力集中,且连梁试件PRC-S3破坏点对应的累积耗能是不带楼板试件PRC-NS1的1.39倍。

用于液体容器内液位测量的金属薄壁梁振动模态仿真研究

为实现用于液体容器内液位测量的金属薄壁梁振动模态的准确模拟,构建金属薄壁梁的有限元圆梁模型。该模型采用有限元法对金属薄壁梁纵向振动模型的特征频率进行分析,从而对金属薄壁梁暴露于外部刺激时所产生的纵向振动进行准确模拟。在所开展研究中,对薄壁梁采用圆梁分布质量模型,分析模型的前4种振动模态的特征频率。为验证该模型的有效性,将该模型对金属薄壁梁前4种纵向振动模态的模拟结果与理论模型结果、实际金属薄壁梁试验结果及其他两种仿真模型的模拟结果进行了对比。对比结果表明,所构建圆梁模型对金属薄壁梁纵向振动模态的模拟结果与理论、试验分析结果高度一致,且模拟结果效果明显优于其他两种模型。

FRP筋-钢筋混合配筋的超高性能混凝土梁受弯有限元分析

研究配筋率、混合配筋等效配筋率、FRP筋面积比、UHPC抗拉强度、钢筋配置形式对UHPC梁受弯性能的影响。分析各参数对UHPC梁屈服荷载、峰值荷载、挠度及破坏形式的影响。结果表明:随着配筋率的增加,纯钢筋UHPC梁刚度、屈服荷载、峰值荷载及对应的挠度均得到不同程度提高;UHPC混合配筋梁随FRP筋面积比的增大,峰值荷载及峰值荷载挠度增大,UHPC混合配筋梁的抗变形能力变差;随UHPC抗拉强度的提升,UHPC梁的开裂荷载、屈服荷载和峰值荷载增大,对应的挠度减小;采用双层布置的UHPC混合配筋梁比单层布置梁屈服荷载、峰值荷载小。本文为FRP-钢筋混合配筋UHPC结构的工程应用提供参考。

基于数据驱动的桁架优化设计方法

针对目前圆管带式输送机桁架有限元分析和优化方法中存在的过程繁琐以及仿真速度、目标性差等问题,提出了利用数据驱动方法来优化改进圆管带式输送机桁架的方法,从而简化有限元分析和优化过程,减少分析和优化时间。首先明确桁架的加载方式及荷载值,运用控制变量法、数值模拟法及工程经验选取桁架最终构型并进行有限元分析。其次以实际仿真值作为输入值,建立基于数据驱动的优化网络模型。最终在不超过最大应力的条件下,利用优化网络模型获得桁架质量的寻优结果。结果表明,基于数据驱动的优化方法在圆管带式输送机桁架优化上具有快速性和准确性的优势,能够满足工程需要。

湿式连接装配式混凝土梁柱子结构连续倒塌的精细数值分析

为研究湿式连接预制装配式混凝土梁柱子结构的抗连续倒塌性能,采用LS-DYNA有限元软件对前期工作中的三个试件建立了精细化有限元模型。混凝土采用实体单元和CSCM材料模型模拟,钢筋采用梁单元和分段线性塑性材料模型模拟。在梁柱节点区1.5倍梁高范围内考虑钢筋和混凝土的粘结滑移,利用LS-DYNA提供的单元失效功能模拟钢筋断裂和混凝土开裂。机械套筒连接模拟时考虑钢筋尺寸缩减,锚固板模拟按等面积法在梁柱节点建模内并利用关键字*CBIS定义接触防止穿透。数值模拟所得的承载力与试验之间的误差不超过15%,各试件的受力行为和破坏模式与试验一致。

UHPC-RC节段组合梁的抗弯性能分析

为研究低预应力度条件下,不同节段接缝的超高性能混凝土-钢筋混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete-reinforced concrete,UHPC-RC)组合梁的抗弯性能,文章基于ABAQUS有限元软件,建立UHPC-RC节段组合梁的基准有限元模型,并利用已有的试验数据验证该模型的合理性。节段接缝分别为平面干接缝、平面胶接缝、齿键干接缝和齿键胶接缝,在基准有限元模型的基础上,进一步研究节段接缝类型对组合梁抗弯性能的影响。研究发现,在四点受弯加载方式下,接缝的几何特征(平面或齿键)对组合梁的极限荷载和开裂荷载影响较小,环氧树脂胶的使用对组合梁的抗弯性能影响较大。

波形钢腹板组合板梁桥负弯矩区抗弯性能研究

针对波形钢腹板组合板梁桥,为研究负弯矩区关键设计参数和极限抗弯承载能力计算方法,以某三跨波形钢腹板组合板梁桥为背景,采用ABAQUS软件建立有限元模型,探讨波形钢腹板组合板梁桥负弯矩区的受力性能,基于参数敏感性分析明确了负弯矩区钢梁设计参数的合理取值范围,揭示了波形钢腹板组合板梁桥负弯矩区抗弯特性,提出适用于波形钢腹板组合板梁桥的负弯矩区抗弯计算方法。结果表明:支点波形钢腹板厚度由抗剪及屈曲强度控制,负弯矩区受压下翼缘板宽厚比不宜大于28,波形钢腹板抗弯贡献仅约5.7%,实际工程中负弯矩区抗弯承载力计算可忽略波形钢腹板影响。

多胞子弹冲击泡沫夹芯梁的动力学响应分析

为了研究均匀/梯度多胞子弹冲击泡沫夹芯梁的耦合响应过程和多胞子弹对夹芯梁的加载效果,对该冲击过程开展了理论分析、数值模拟和试验研究:通过将泡沫夹芯梁等效为单梁以简化分析,基于多胞子弹的冲击波模型和泡沫夹芯梁的等效单梁响应模型,构建了多胞子弹冲击泡沫夹芯梁的耦合分析模型,给出了冲击过程中各响应阶段的控制方程,并结合龙格-库塔方法对方程进行了数值求解;基于三维Voronoi技术,开展了均匀/梯度多胞子弹冲击泡沫夹芯梁的细观有限元模拟;在多胞子弹的冲击测试平台上进行了试验研究,结合高速摄影技术获取了多胞子弹和泡沫夹芯梁的速度响应。结果表明:耦合分析模型可以准确地预测多胞子弹和泡沫夹芯梁的速度历程曲线以及多胞子弹产生的冲击压强;在初始动量相同但密度分布或初速度不同的多胞子弹冲击下,同一构型的泡沫夹芯梁展现出不同的力学响应,这说明多胞子弹的加载不能简单地等效为脉冲加载,多胞子弹与夹芯梁之间的耦合效应不可忽略;相较于均匀多胞子弹,梯度多胞子弹的冲击压力波形更加尖锐,在其衰减过程中展现出更强的非线性特征。

小半径曲线梁桥的无缝线路有限元模型简化研究

为更简便地建立小半径曲线梁桥的无缝线路有限元模型,降低计算成本并保证计算精度的可靠性,本文比较分析不同简化程度的模型。首先,依据已有桥上无缝线路模型的形式,通过不同程度简化桥梁上部结构,由简到繁确立了单刚臂模型、多刚臂模型、准梁格模型、平面壳模型、空间壳模型、实体模型共6种模型,并通过扣件横向和纵向阻力试验取得了模型的关键参数;其次,以曲线半径为200 m的(40+50+50+40) m连续梁桥为实例,计算了桥上无缝线路在伸缩、挠曲、制动和断轨等其他组合工况下的结果;最后,以实体模型的计算结果为基准,将前5种模型的计算结果与实体模型的进行对比,通过欧几里得距离量化分析了各模型的计算精度。研究结果表明:综合考虑模型复杂程度和计算精度,多刚臂模型和准梁格模型相比于空间壳模型性价比更高,梁格法在桥梁工程中被大量用于异形桥梁计算,且支座分布以及边界条件更符合实际情况。因此,推荐在进行小半径曲线梁桥的无缝线路计算时采用准梁格模型。

并列式双转子混合自励磁电机励磁源参数优化设计和磁场调节特性分析

针对永磁同步电机气隙磁场不可调以及传统电励磁电机的效率低等问题,提出了一种新型并列式双转子混合自励磁电机。首先,该电机利用谐波激励原理,通过调节谐波电压可灵活调整励磁电流,在中高速域更容易实现弱磁扩速。其次,保证功率不变的前提下,先分析两部分各占的比重,再分别对励磁源参数进行优化设计。最后,通过调节励磁电流的大小与方向且利用二维有限元模型对所提电机的性能进行验证。仿真结果证明:所提电机具有较好的调磁能力,在弱磁情况下,反电动势幅值接近于0,可以有效实现转速调节。