阿拉斯加苔原植被优势种地理分布的未来模拟

北极地区被认为是气候变化最为敏感的地区之一,苔原生态系统在北极生态系统中扮演着至关重要的角色。本研究利用生态位模型MaxEnt,基于物种分布点和环境数据,模拟阿拉斯加苔原植被六个优势种当前(1970—2000年)潜在分布,并预测2021—2040年SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP3-7.0、SSP5-8.5情景下的变化,根据各因子贡献率大小确定主导因素。研究结果表明:影响物种分布的最主要环境因子是温度,优势种适生区变化存在空间异质性。相较于当前气候,在2030年四种气候情景下,矮灌木优势种北极果面积均减小,地衣优势种鹿蕊和莎草优势种白毛羊胡子草总面积均增大。在低强迫情景(SSP1-2.6)下,北极果和匍匐矮灌木优势种仙女木适生区总面积增大,然而在中、中高和高辐射强迫情景下,全球变暖加剧,适生区面积减小。半匍匐矮灌木优势种四棱岩须和苔藓优势种塔藓在不同气候情景下适生区总面积无规律性变化,但低适生区面积均减小,向中、高适生区转移。同时,优势物种会向更高纬度和更高海拔地区移动。

Distribution patterns of typical enzyme activities in tundra soils on the Fildes Peninsula of maritime Antarctica

Soil enzyme activities can be used as indicators of microbial activity and soil fertility. In this paper, the activities of invertase （IA）, phosphatase （PA） and urease （UA） were investigated in tundra soils collected from marine animal colonies, areas of human activity and background areas on Fildes Peninsula, maritime Antarctica. Soil enzyme activities were in the range of 1.0- 82.7 mg·kg^-1.h^-1 for IA, 0.2-8.2 mg·kg^-1.h^-1 for PA and 0.2-39.8 mg·kg^-1.h^-1 for UA. The spatial distribution patterns for soil enzyme activities corresponded strongly with marine animal activity and human activity. Significantly higher soil IA and PA activities occurred in penguin colony soils, whereas seal colony soils showed higher UA activity. Statistical analysis indicated that soil IA activity was controlled by the levels of soil nutrients （TOC, TN and TP）, PA activity was closely related with TP, and UA activity was affected by the soil pH. Overall, the deposition amount of penguin guano or seal excreta could impact the distribution of enzyme activity in Antarctic tundra soils. Multiple stepwise regression models were established between the enzyme activities, soil physicochemical properties and heavy metals Cu and Zn （[IA]=0.7[TP]--0.2[Cu]＋22.3[TN]＋15.1, [PA]=0.3[TP]＋0.03[Mc]＋0.2, [UA]=16.7[pH]-0.5[Cu]＋ 0.4[Zn]-72.6）. These models could be used to predict enzyme activities in the tundra soils, which could be helpful to study the effects of marine animal activity and environmental change on tundra ecosystems in maritime Antarctica.

长白山苔原带土壤真菌与环境因子的相关性

【目的】探明长白山苔原带土壤真菌群落组成、多样性及其与土壤理化特性的关系,为深入了解长白山北坡苔原带土壤微生物群落特征及长白山苔原带变化规律提供参考。【方法】以长白山北坡苔原带土壤作为研究对象,基于真菌形态学观察鉴别,利用指标检测法分析不同海拔土壤的含水率、pH、有效磷、铵态氮,并深入分析长白山北坡苔原带不同海拔地区土壤真菌的群落变化特征及其与土壤理化特性的关系。【结果】在长白山北坡苔原带土壤中共获得3门5纲7目9科17属土壤真菌,在属水平上的优势类群为青霉属(Penicillium)、木霉属(Trichoderma)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、镰孢属(Fusarium)、毛霉属(Mucor)。根霉属(Rhizopus)、放射毛霉属(Actinomucor)、弯颈霉属(Tolypocladium)及毛壳属(Chaetomiua)在不同生境的分布存在显著差异。各海拔区内,土壤含水量、温度、pH、有效磷、硝态氮和铵态氮可能是影响长白山苔原带土壤真菌群落组成成分的关键性土壤环境因子。【结论】长白山苔原带随着海拔上升,土壤真菌多样性总体数量下降,土壤硝态氮、有效磷、铵态氮及含水率对土壤真菌群落特征影响较大。