Determination of Wind Pressure Coefficients for Arc-Shaped Canopy Roof with Numerical Wind Tunnel Method

In this paper,the wind load on an arc-shaped canopy roof was studied with numerical wind tunnel method(NWTM) .Three-dimensional models were set up for the canopy roof with opened or closed skylights.The air flow around the roof under wind action from three directions was analysed respectively.Wind pressure coefficients on the canopy roof were determined by NWTM.The results of NWTM agreed well with those of wind tunnel test for the roof with opened skylights,which verified the applicability and rationality of NWTM.The effect of the closure of skylights was then investigated with NWTM.It was concluded that the closure of the skylights may increase the wind suction on the top surface of the roof greatly and should be considered in the structure design of the canopy roof.

Evaluation of new Austrian tunnelling method applied to Bolu tunnel’s weak rocks

Since the development of the new Austrian tunnelling method(NATM)in the 1960s,this technique has been applied successfully in many tunnels.However,opinions of NATM principles emerged till 2000,i.e.NATM is not a tunnelling method,but an approach covering all general principles of tunnelling.To investigate the general principles of the NATM,this study focused on tunnelling practises in the Bolu tunnel,and evaluated the conditions under which the NATM practises could be effective.The Bolu tunnel project was designed following the NATM principles.It is evident that practises adopted in this tunnel are important with respect to the NATM.In addition,it shows that the solutions to the problems encountered in this tunnel are consistent with the NATM principles.Finally,the study determines the ground types of the NATM principles and proposes associated updates.

Risk identification and risk mitigation during metro station construction by enlarging shield tunnel combined with cut-and-cover method

Constructing a metro station by enlarging shield tunnels combined with a mining/cut-and-cover method provides a new method to solve the contradictions of construction time limits of shield tunnels and stations. As a new-style construction method, there are several specific risks involved in the construction process. Based on the test section of Sanyuanqiao station on Beijing metro line 10, and combined with the existing methods of risk identification at present, including a review of world-wide operational experience of similar projects, the study of generic guidance on hazards associated with the type of work being undertaken, and discussions with qualified and experienced staff from the project team, etc., the specific risks during the construction process of the metro station constructed by enlarging shield tunnels combined with the cut-and-cover method are identified. The results show that the specific risks mainly come from three construction processes which include constructing upper enclosure structures, excavating the soil between shield tunnels and demolishing shield segments. Then relevant risk mitigation measures are put forward. The results can provide references for scheme improvement and a comprehensive risk assessment of the new-style construction method.

Assessment of strain bursting in deep tunnelling by using the finite-discrete element method

Rockbursting in deep tunnelling is a complex phenomenon posing significant challenges both at the design and construction stages of an underground excavation within hard rock masses and under high in situ stresses. While local experience, field monitoring, and informed data-rich analysis are some of the tools commonly used to manage the hazards and the associated risks, advanced numerical techniques based on discontinuum modelling have also shown potential in assisting in the assessment of rockbursting. In this study, the hybrid finite-discrete element method(FDEM) is employed to investigate the failure and fracturing processes, and the mechanisms of energy storage and rapid release resulting in bursting, as well as to assess its utility as part of the design process of underground excavations.Following the calibration of the numerical model to simulate a deep excavation in a hard, massive rock mass, discrete fracture network(DFN) geometries are integrated into the model in order to examine the impact of rock structure on rockbursting under high in situ stresses. The obtained analysis results not only highlight the importance of explicitly simulating pre-existing joints within the model, as they affect the mobilised failure mechanisms and the intensity of strain bursting phenomena, but also show how the employed joint network geometry, the field stress conditions, and their interaction influence the extent and depth of the excavation induced damage. Furthermore, a rigorous analysis of the mass and velocity of the ejected rock blocks and comparison of the obtained data with well-established semi-empirical approaches demonstrate the potential of the method to provide realistic estimates of the kinetic energy released during bursting for determining the energy support demand.

Hyperstatic reaction method for calculations of tunnels with horseshoe-shaped cross-section under the impact of earthquakes

Tunnels are now an integral part of the infrastructure in major cities around the world. For many reasons, these tunnels have horseshoe-shaped cross-sections with round top and flat bottom. This paper presents some improvements to the use of the Hyperstatic Reaction Method-HRM for analysing tunnels with horseshoe-shaped cross-sections when these tunnels operate under the influence of earthquakes, particularly in cases when the tunnel lining is a continuous lining. The analysis used parameters of a tunnel from the Hanoi metro system, as well as parameters of the strongest earthquake that may occur in the central Hanoi area in the improved HRM and 2 D numerical methods using the ABAQUS software. On the basis of the results obtained, the paper gives conclusions about the HRM methodology when it is used to calculate tunnels that have horseshoe cross-sections operating under the influence of earthquakes.

The Types of Tunnels Maintenance in Umbrella Arch Method

During tunneling in loose grounds, the ground deformation caused by drillings around the tunnel, leads to land subsidence and the adjacent tunnel which would affect tunnel structure and surrounding structures. In such situations it is necessary to improve the properties of the ground prior to drilling operations. In order to acquire tunnel face stability during excavation operations in areas with loose soil fault or areas with lack of adhesion, there are various methods such as split cross drilling, frame holder or auxiliary pre-holding methods such as umbrella arch method;pre-holding methods must provide safety when drilling and must be affordable, economically. In this study, we assessed the previous studies on methods and behaviors of umbrella arch strategy in reinforcing the concrete tunnels, reached the purpose with experimental and numerical methods and offered the latest design achievements, implementation progresses and analysis in relation with this method.

HSP超前探测技术在煤矿TBM掘进巷道中的应用研究

随着全断面掘进机TBM(Tunnel Boring Machine)逐渐应用于煤矿岩巷掘进,对不良地质构造进行超前准确快速预测的需求日益迫切。通过对主动源地震波超前探测方法的特点和TBM破岩震源超前探测技术的适用性进行分析,结合煤矿巷道地质和生产条件,提出了适用于煤矿巷道TBM掘进的HSP超前探测方法。以河南平顶山首山一矿TBM掘进底板瓦斯治理巷道为工程背景,选用防爆硬件一体化设计的探测仪器在煤矿巷道中进行应用。构建了空间型观测方式对煤矿巷道近水平煤线进行探测,优化了双护盾TBM掘进巷道狭小空间检波器阵列式布置参数;基于时频分析、互相关干涉处理、反射与散射联合反演等方法处理原始信号并进行探测结果成像。研究表明:采用空间型观测方式可实现与巷道小角度斜交煤线的识别,设计震源与首检波器间距离为15 m时最优。通过时频分析提取有效信号,利用互相关干涉法获取虚拟震源道和反射特征曲线,并结合反射与散射联合反演成像得到探测区域地层反射能量分布图,能够较准确地推测得到围岩存在的不良地质构造。通过比较现场开挖揭露情况与探测结果发现两者吻合度较高,表明HSP超前探测方法可实现掘进工作面前方100 m范围内超前无损地质预测,有助于提高煤矿岩巷TBM掘进速度。

钻爆法机械化施工隧道随钻地震波超前地质探测技术研究

为适应我国隧道建设机械化、智能化、无人化发展趋势,围绕钻爆法机械化施工隧道,提出以凿岩台车破岩振动为震源的钻爆法机械化施工隧道随钻地震波超前地质探测技术。针对凿岩台车多震源连续激发带来的地震数据波场混叠、有效信息难以识别问题开展相关研究,提出VMD-SVD-RobustICA三臂混合先导信号分离方法与脉冲反褶积-小波域互相关地震记录重构方法,可实现三臂混合先导信号的分离与有效反射信号的提取。工程实践证明,利用凿岩台车搭载式无线高精度探测装备,该技术可初步实现“边钻边探”,降低预报环节对钻爆法机械化施工隧道正常施工带来的影响。最后,明确该技术目前存在的问题及解决思路。

大东湖有压深隧淤积数值模拟研究

基于Godunov型有限体积法建立了能模拟有压管道冲淤的一维水动力-固体物输移-管道冲淤数学模型,并基于该模型模拟预测了大东湖深隧有压管道内的固体物淤积过程,探讨了深隧淤积后的水力冲刷效果。研究结果表明,深隧按现状条件下运行时,管道长期使用基本不会发生淤积,但当遇到极端情况致使固体物浓度达到一定程度时,管道发生明显淤积。当管道最大淤积厚度达到30 cm时,采用水力冲刷将前期淤积物全部冲刷完所需的时间约为16~24 h。

Simulation Analysis of CO Concentration Distribution in Beijing Yuntong Tunnel

In this paper, the concentration distribution of CO emitted by motor vehicles in Beijing Yuntong Tunnel is simulated and analyzed based on Fluent numerical simulation software. Firstly, the physical model of tunnel geometry is established. Secondly, the suitable control equations and boundary conditions are selected to describe the diffusion distribution of pollutants in the tunnel. At the same time, the reliability of the model is verified according to the measured data, and the distribution law of CO concentration in the tunnel is observed through the simulation results. The tunnel is unorganized at the entrance of the tunnel. In the simulation results, the CO concentration at the entrance of the tunnel is far more than the CO unorganized emission limit in Beijing. The CO emission of the tunnel should be purified to prevent pollution of the urban environment.

盾构法隧道开挖面稳定性下的多目标优化研究

盾构法隧道开挖过程中开挖面稳定性保持非常重要,开挖面稳定性下提升工程进度、保障工程质量等目标具有重要的工程意义。目前,针对开挖面稳定性下的多目标优化控制的研究不足。选择掘进效率作为工程进度的指标,选择掘进过程引起的最大地表沉降作为工程质量指标。采用分层序列法和NSGA-II多目标优化算法,将盾构开挖面稳定作为第一层优化目标,工程进度与工程质量作为第二层优化目标,研究盾构开挖面稳定下多目标优化。在一段连续穿越堤坝、空地、敏感建筑三个场景的施工隧道中应用本研究方法,结果表明,优化后的盾构推力维持在上下限区间内,提高了施工效率和减少了地表沉降。本文方法能够根据实际工况自适应的调整和优化控制策略,提高了在实际工程中的适应性和灵活性。为类似盾构隧道工程提供了参考和指导。

Structural mechanism and construction method of mud and water inrush in Xiangyun tunnel of Guangtong-Dali railway

Mud and water inrush in tunnel is a common problem in the construction process. Nowadays, the research and classification on this are mostly focused on karst situations. According to the characteristics of the surrounding rock and damage forms of the tunnel in the studied area, the author analyzed the geological and structural characteristics of mud and water inrush in tunnel and obtained their construction type. Meanwhile, the advanced water detection under the complex geological conditions was studied by using induced polarization method, transient electromagnetic method and three-dimensional seismic method, it can be concluded that the water-rich fracture zone exists within the detection range with a risk of large mud and water inrush disaster. The concrete construction treatment measures are put forward:①cement-water glass binary slurry is selected as the material for ground and hole grouting, its advantage is that the gel time can be controlled, and it has certain grout ability in the strata with large permeability coeffcient, which is conducive to excavate construction immediately after grouting.②applying the mature retrograde grouting construction can reduce grouting time and improve the excavation efficiency.

富水环境下盾构隧道最小覆盖层厚度设计与计算方法综述

覆盖层厚度设计是建设水下盾构隧道的关键环节之一。覆盖层厚度过小,围岩在施工扰动下易发生失稳,引起塌方、突水等灾害;覆盖层厚度过大,则会对工程预算与工期提出更高的要求。通过文献调研,结合已有实际水下盾构隧道工程案例,对现有合理覆盖层厚度设计和计算方法进行研究与总结。得出:1)水下盾构隧道设计方法主要分为理论分析法和数值模拟法;2)根据隧道结构稳定分析侧重点不同,理论分析法可分为考虑抗浮稳定性设计方法和考虑掌子面稳定性设计方法;3)现阶段水下盾构隧道合理覆盖层厚度的设计方法多基于数值模拟和理论分析,对实际工程工况进行一定程度的简化,且未能全面考虑复杂建(构)筑物环境、施工工艺以及隧道自身结构特性的影响,覆盖层厚度的研究深度和设计方法的适用性仍需进一步提高;4)目前,富水环境下盾构隧道最小覆盖层厚度的研究内容已较为丰富,但与实际工程的结合较为困难。未来的研究应进一步考虑施工的经济性、施工流程、复杂环境条件、结构寿命及智慧建造平台等方面。

超深勘察钻孔ASR法地应力测试技术应用

宝灵山隧道是某铁路先开段的重难点控制性工程,其中宝灵山DZ-06勘察钻孔深2118.00 m,是该段深度最大的控制性勘察钻孔。在钻孔的2072.53、2084.27 m深度选取合适岩心,采用ASR法(非弹性应变恢复法)开展了地应力测试,并与该钻孔采用水压致裂法获取的地应力结果进行对比,同时验证了ASR法对于估测超深钻孔的三维地应力大小和方向的实用价值。结果表明:在钻孔2072.53~2084.27 m深度范围,ASR法2个测点获取的最大主应力、中间主应力、最小主应力平均值分别为59.70、54.03、30.74 MPa,最大主应力近水平,方向近SN向,说明该区域以水平构造应力为主;ASR法的最大主应力测试结果均值与水压致裂法测试结果回归值一致性很好,最小主应力测试结果均值与水压致裂法测试结果回归值的一致性处于合理范围,两种方法的水平主应力方向测试结果基本一致。

块裂隧道围岩等效岩体变形参数研究

采用Voronoi离散单元方法建立块裂岩体隧道的随机DEM数值模型,通过大量随机数值计算结果验证采用岩体等效变形参数预测隧道收敛变形的可行性。在规则裂隙岩体等效变形参数计算方法的基础上,针对数值模拟揭示的深埋隧道变形特征提出改进的修正计算公式及相应的特征参数。通过与既有解答以及大量随机数值计算结果的对比和统计分析验证修正解的合理性,修正解较为合理改善既有规则裂隙岩体等效变形参数计算方法在反映随机块裂岩体在隧道卸荷条件下变形估算的较大误差。采用修正计算方法得到的岩体等效变形参数可以很好地预测随机块裂岩体中隧道开挖后收敛变形的数学期望值。提出的修正计算方法对当前深部岩体变形参数研究和隧道洞壁收敛位移的估算具有一定的参考价值。

钻爆法施工隧道超挖对于混凝土超耗的定量关系研究

混凝土超耗居高不下是目前钻爆法施工隧道面临的形势和现状,在影响混凝土超耗的诸多因素中,超挖是其主要因素之一。本文通过大量的样本隧道,采用3D激光扫描仪测量设备,对隧道实际超挖进行实测;采用统计分析法、误差极限值法、对比分析法等数据分析方法,分析出隧道超挖的影响因素,计算因此造成的隧道混凝土超耗情况,从而得出隧道实际超挖与现行规范允许超挖的差距对混凝土超耗的影响程度,为隧道施工超挖控制提供借鉴。

盾构隧道缓和曲线段管片组合轴线拟合计算方法

盾构隧道在缓和曲线部分存在管片拼装问题,因缓和曲线线型复杂,管片拼装点位多变,一直是施工过程中的一个难题。基于错缝拼装要求与楔形管片特点,提出一种在平面范围内,利用循环计算与误差控制的条件判定,综合比选标准环与楔形环组合,完成每环管片拼装施工,最终拟合出既满足规范与控制指标,又可保证线型较为均匀的管片拼装轴线的管片施工设计方法与验证方法。并根据实际工程需要,提出最大允许偏差控制方法和缓圆点附近的管片拼装优化措施,结合珠海市珠机线湾仔北站—湾仔站区间盾构隧道实例,证明了此方法的准确性与适用性,为缓和曲线上控制管片拼装质量提供理论依据。

高速公路隧道接近段视错觉控速标线信息感知研究

由于高速公路隧道洞口处存在黑洞效应,且隧道内外限速存在差异,因此,高速公路隧道洞口处成为事故高发路段。为了改善高速公路隧道洞口处行车的安全舒适性,常在隧道接近段布设视错觉控速标线给予驾驶员视觉冲击,起到提醒驾驶员安全减速的作用。本研究利用UC-win/Road软件建立仿真模型,通过室内模拟驾驶平台进行仿真试验,利用眼动仪对驾驶员视觉信息感知进行测量,选取物理指标速度降低率、最大减速度值和生理指标瞳孔直径变化率作为评价指标。基于加权RSR综合评价法,分别对行车道上不同闪现率的车速增加式视错觉控速标线(横向形、鱼刺形)和车道压缩式视错觉控速标线(正梳齿形、斜梳齿形)进行减速效果评价。结果表明:4种视错觉控速标线都具有影响驾驶员感知信息的能力,其影响程度从大到小为鱼刺形、横向形、正梳齿形、斜梳齿形;相同类型不同闪现率的视错觉控速标线减速效果存在差异性,相同闪现率下车速增加式视错觉控速标线减速效果较车道压缩式视错觉控速标线好;在满足行车舒适度要求下,快车道推荐布设闪现率为8 Hz的横向形视错觉控速标线,慢车道推荐布设闪现率为8 Hz的鱼刺形视错觉控速标线。

基于层次分析法的TBM滚刀评价方式

[目的]为了减少TBM(硬岩隧道掘进机)在高磨蚀性岩层中掘进时的换刀次数,以及选出最适用于高磨蚀性岩层的滚刀,提出一种基于层次分析法的滚刀评价方法。[方法]建立了滚刀磨损失效危害评价模型;选取7个磨损失效类型因素,基于层次分析法建立了滚刀磨损失效危害评价模型和比较判断矩阵,计算出各失效类型危害的占比;以广佛东环城际铁路大源站至太和站区间线路为例,对4个常用品牌的滚刀进行定量分析;建立风险评价分值表,分析4个品牌的滚刀在使用过程中的失效影响评价值。[结果及结论]高磨蚀岩层中的滚刀非正常磨损占比为23.29%,正常磨损占比为76.71%。c品牌和d品牌滚刀的失效影响评价值分别为7.141和4.816,远小于a品牌滚刀的失效影响评价值7.587和b品牌滚刀的失效影响评价值9.058。d品牌滚刀的相对磨损速率大于c品牌滚刀,因此c品牌滚刀最适用于高磨蚀性岩层。a品牌滚刀适用于硬度极大的岩层,b品牌滚刀不推荐使用,d品牌滚刀适用于硬度较小的岩层。

极高地应力硬岩隧道变形规律及施工优化研究

依托重庆市巫镇高速宝山隧道工程,采用数值模拟方法开展极高地应力无仰拱硬岩隧道的变形规律和施工优化研究,对不同施工工法、施工步距进行了比选。研究表明:1)不同施工工法隧道变形规律基本一致,竖向位移大于水平位移且基底隆起较拱顶沉降更明显,全断面法施工隧道变形收敛速度最快;2)不同施工工法均为基底应力释放程度最大,释放后基底应力仅为初始的55%,且全断面法拱脚处应力集中范围最小;3)隧道周围的岩体以拉伸破坏为主,部分位置存在剪切破坏,施工工法对塑性区的水平影响范围有限;4)该隧道选用全断面法施工可行且较经济。全断面法不同施工步距变形及应力分布基本规律相同,施工步距越大,水平竖向位移越大,拱脚处应力集中越显著,最小主应力值也越大,综合考虑现场施工建设速度、变形收敛情况、应力分布状态,采用1.6 m步距较经济合理。