Bioinspired Polarized Optical Flow Enables Turbid Underwater Target Motion Estimation

Underwater target motion estimation is a challenge for ocean military and scientific research.In this work,we propose a method based on the combination of polarization imaging and optical flow for turbid underwater target detection.Polarization imaging can reduce the influence of backscattered light and obtain high-quality images underwater.The optical flow shows the motion and structural information of the target.We use polarized optical flow to obtain the optical flow field and estimate the target motion.The experimental results of different targets under varying water turbidity levels illustrate that our method is realizable and robust.The precision is verified by comparing the results with the precise displacement data and calculating two error measures.The proposed method based on polarized optical flow can obtain accurate displacement information and a good recognition effect.Moving target segmentation based on the Otsu method further proves the superiority of the polarized optical flow under turbid water.This study is valuable for target detection and motion estimation in scattering environments.

Assessment of Nitrates and Nitrites in Borehole Water from the Southern and the Northern Region of Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa)

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of water from village boreholes by measuring physicochemical parameters such as nitrates, nitrites, and total organic carbon (TOC). Forty-five (45) village pumps from the Southern (Basse Côte) and the Northern (Korhogo) region of Cte d’Ivoire (west Africa) were sampled. Physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, conductivity at 25˚C, and turbidity were determined in situ, while nitrite and nitrate were analyzed according to ISO 10304-1 (2007) standard and total organic carbon (TOC) by NF EN 1484 (1997) standard. The results showed that the borehole waters of the Basse Côte and Korhogo analyzed are acidic, with an average temperature of 27.51˚C ± 0.16˚C and 29.95˚C ± 0.51˚C respectively for the Basse Côte and Korhogo regions. The borehole waters of the Basse Côtedo not contain nitrites, while those of Korhogo have average nitrite contents of 0.32 mg/l. The average nitrate rate in the waters of the Basse Côte and Korhogo are 12.08 ± 2.11 mg/l and 11.03 ± 3.18 mg/l respectively. The average TOC concentration of the waters of the Basse Côte is 1.28 ± 0.32 mg/l and that of Korhogo is 0.56 ± 0.09 mg/L. The study showed that the borehole waters of the Basse Côte and Korhogo have average temperatures between 27.4˚C and 29.95˚C with a slightly acidic pH value and acceptable salinity. The TOC concentrations obtained at the different sampling points were all below the French standard (2 mg/L) except for certains pumps of the Basse Côte. The water samples from the Basse Côte were devoid of nitrite. On the other hand, those from Korhogo revealed the presence of nitrite. Also, the borehole waters of the regions of the Basse Côte and Korhogo contain relatively high nitrate contents, presumably due to anthropometric activity. Overall, our study on the quality of drinking water showed that the waters analyzed are in compliance with international standards and safe for consumption.

Dynamics of Potable Well Water Quality in Key Mining Chiefdoms in Kono District, Eastern Sierra Leone

Groundwater is increasingly being used due to its universal availability and generally good quality. However, the risk of contamination of groundwater due to various human activities such as mining is equally increasing across the globe. In this study, the physical parameters of potable well waters in the key mining areas in Nimikoro and Tankoro Chiefdoms in Kono District were analyzed for compliance with drinking water quality standard. To do this, both unpurged and purged well water samples were collected once every month for a period of one year. Some of the well water properties like temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) were measured on site and others determined in the laboratory. The data collected from the laboratory analyses were statistically analyzed in MS Excel, SPSS and ArcGIS environments for quality trends in time-space fabric. The results showed that well water quality in the study area generally fell short of drinking water quality standards of Sierra Leone and WHO. There were high temperature and turbidity during the dry season and then high TDS and EC during the rainy season. Temperature and turbidity also significantly influenced well water quality in the study area, much more than TDS and EC. The implications for drinking water of lower quality than the standard could be huge for the local population and therefore needs the attention of stakeholders in the study area and decision makers in the country.

Sedimentary Facies Characteristics of Chang 6 and Chang 7 Members of Yanchang Formation in Heshui Area, China

This paper takes Chang 6 and Chang 7 of Yanchang Formation in Heshui area of China as the research object. This study first divides the strata of Chang 6 and Chang 7. According to the review data, significant geological activities have caused a large settlement of the strata in this area. During the Chang 6 period, a lacustrine basin sedimentary system developed, reaching its peak in the Chang 7 period. The Chang 6 and Chang 7 members primarily feature deep-water gravity flow sedimentary systems, which can be categorized into three subfacies: outer fan, middle fan, and inner fan. These systems also exhibit turbidite fan sedimentary patterns, ranging from deep lake to semi-deep lake facies. By examining these sedimentary models, we can identify different types of turbidite deposits. Understanding the process of gravity flow deposition and the evolution of ancient lakes is crucial for guiding oil and gas exploration and conducting paleogeographic research.

Two Kinds of Waves Causing the Resuspension of Deep-Sea Sediments:Excitation and Internal Solitary Waves

The resuspension of marine sediments plays a key role in the biogeochemical cycle and marine ecology system.Internal solitary waves are considered to be important driving forces of the resuspension of bottom sediments.In this paper,the movement of turbidity currents,the generation and the effects on the bottom bed of internal solitary waves and excitation waves are studied by flume tests and numerical simulations,and the sediment resuspension are analyzed.The results show that the excitation wave can lead to the resuspension of the bottom sediments under all the conditions,while the internal solitary wave can lead to the resuspension of the sediment only under some special conditions,such as high amplitude or large underwater slope.Under the experimental conditions,the change in the near-bottom velocity caused by the excitation wave is close to three times that of the internal solitary wave.

The failure propagation of weakly stable sediment:A reason for the formation of high-velocity turbidity currents in submarine canyons

The long-distance movement of turbidity currents in submarine canyons can transport large amounts of sediment to deep-sea plains.Previous studies show obvious differences in the turbidity current velocities derived from the multiple cables damage events ranging from 5.9 to 28.0 m/s and those of field observations between 0.15 and 7.2 m/s.Therefore,questions remain regarding whether a turbid fluid in an undersea environment can flow through a submarine canyon for a long distance at a high speed.A new model based on weakly stable sediment is proposed(proposed failure propagation model for weakly stable sediments,WS S-PFP model for short)to explain the high-speed and long-range motion of turbidity currents in submarine canyons through the combination of laboratory tests and numerical analogs.The model is based on two mechanisms:1)the original turbidity current triggers the destabilization of the weakly stable sediment bed and promotes the destabilization and transport of the soft sediment in the downstream direction and 2)the excitation wave that forms when the original turbidity current moves into the canyon leads to the destabilization and transport of the weakly stable sediment in the downstream direction.The proposed model will provide dynamic process interpretation for the study of deep-sea deposition,pollutant transport,and optical cable damage.

Noninvasive Fetal Lung Maturity Prediction Based on Amniotic Fluid Turbidity Using Ultrasonic Histogram Measurement Function

Background: Amniotic fluid turbidity increases with fetal lung maturation due to vernix and lung surfactant micelles suspended in the amniotic fluid. This study focused on this phenomenon and evaluated the presence or absence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)/transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) by quantitatively assessing the brightness of the amniotic fluid turbidity using a noninvasive ultrasound histogram measurement function. Methods: We included cases of singleton pregnancies managed at the Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital between November 2020 and March 2022. Histograms of amniotic fluid turbidity were measured at the center of the amniotic fluid depth, avoiding the fetus, placenta, and umbilical cord, with the gain setting set to 0, and the average value was obtained after three measurements. Histograms of fetal urine in the bladder were measured similarly. The value obtained by subtracting the fetal bladder brightness value from the amniotic brightness value based on histogram measurements was used as the final amniotic fluid brightness value. Results: We included 118 cases (16 of RDS/TTN and 102 of control). The gestational age of delivery weeks was correlated with amniotic fluid brightness (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was 0.344;p = 0.00014). Amniotic fluid brightness values were significantly lower in the RDS/TTN group than in the control group (RDS/TTN: 16.2 ± 13.5, control: 26.3 ± 16.3;p = 0.020). The optimal cutoff value of amniotic fluid brightness to predict RDS/TTN was 20.3. For predicting RDS/TTN, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 91.7%, 69.6%, 26.2%, and 94.1%, respectively. Conclusions: The quantitative value of the amniotic fluid brightness by histogram measurements may provide an easy and objective index for evaluating the presence or absence of RDS/TTN.

Treatment for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with type 2 diabetes by traditional Chinese medicine:a case report and experience

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes are common comorbidities or target organ damage,which can lead to adverse metabolism and increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.In the management plan of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes,there is no drug with significant efficacy or both.The dialectical idea of traditional Chinese medicine has a good curative effect and significant advantages in treating metabolic disorders.The author now reviewed a case of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis combined with type 2 diabetes.In this case,the method of invigorating the spleen and eliminating turbidity was effective,which effectively prevented the progression of liver disease in the patient,and T2DM was alleviated by maintaining within the standard range after the use of insulin was stopped.It can be said that“killing two birds with one stone”,more fully reflects the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine in the integrated treatment of metabolic-related diseases.

Interaction of Soybean Phospholipids Based Lipo-Vesicle and Surfactants of Bile Salts In Vitro

Liposomes were prepared with natural soybean phospholipids by extrusion method after rotating-film evaporating technique. Transmission electron micrography was used to detect the appearances of the prepared liposomes, and the liposome diameter was also measured. The prepared liposomes were sphere in shape with the mean diameter of 217 nm and span of 0.838. The phospholipid bilayer structure, suitable for entrapping various effector molecules, could be seen clearly under transmission electron microscopy. The bile salts of sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate were used as the surfactants to investigate their interaction with liposomes. The turbidities for the mixture of bile salts and liposomes were evaluated by the visible spectrometry method at the wavelength of 500 nm. And the diameter changes of liposomes were also tested to examine the effect of bile salts on liposomes. At the beginning, the diameters and turbidities of liposomes increased a little as the result of mixed micelles formation during the different stages for the structure changes of surfactant-liposomes micelles. The further added bile salts decreased the diameters and turbidities of liposomes. The liposome suspension underwent several rearrangements before small mixed micelles formed. And the diameter of liposomes changed regularly. The interaction of bile salts and liposomes is important for the further study of the behaviors of liposomes in vivo. The drug loaded and release properties of liposomes can also be well reflected by the interaction of liposomes and surfactants.

Distribution of Turbidity and Fluorescence of SPM in Adjacent Waters of Taiwan Bank in Summer

The turbidity and fluorescence of suspended particulate matter （SPM） in the Taiwan Bank and adjacent waters were investigated during July-August, 2004, to examine the effects of the marine sediments re-suspension and sedimentary processes on the turbidity and fluorescence distribution of SPM. The results show that the turbidity of SPM is affected by the re-suspension of marine sediment in the near shore and continental shelf outer fringe, but not obvious in the shoal. The enrichment of phytoplankton has some effects on the turbidity in the continental shelf outer fringe, but not evident in the near shore. This is helpful for better understanding the distribution of turbidity and fluorescence in the adjacent waters of Taiwan Bank.

Application of AVO and Seismic Attributes Techniques for Characterizing Pliocene Sand Reservoirs in Darfeel Field, Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt

Mediterranean Sea considered as a main hydrocarbon province in Egypt as a huge reservoirs have been discovered till now. Port Fouad marine is a gas and condensate field located in Eastern Mediterranean Sea about 30 KM off Egyptian coast, in a water depth of about 30 m. The Concession is operated by PETROBEL on behalf of Petrosaid (Port Said Petroleum Company). The field was put on production on April 1996, from the Miocene turbidities sands of Wakar Formation plus Pilocene Kafr EL Sheikh Formation. Darfeel field is located within Port Fouad Concession, seven wells have been drilled till now and producing from Pliocene section (Kafr El Sheikh Formation). Pliocene is the main reservoir in Darfeel field which characterized by turbidities sand stone. The aim of this work is to identify the distribution of turbidities sand and characterize sand reservoirs using AVO (amplitude verses offset) and seismic attributes techniques. The workflow is starting from conventional seismic interpretation, maps (time, depth, and amplitude), depositional environments, and finally structure setting. In addition to use some of unconventional seismic interpretation such as seismic attributes. AVO analysis and attributes had been applied in a temp of differentiate between gas sand reservoirs and non-gas reservoirs. The final result aid to identify the reservoir distribution and characterization of sand reservoirs through the field. So, the use of different seismic techniques is powerful techniques in identifying reservoir distribution.

Status and Trends in Research on Deep-Water Gravity Flow Deposits

Deep-water gravity flows are one of the most important sediment transport mechanisms on Earth. After 60 years of study, significant achievements have been made in terms of classification schemes, genetic mechanisms, and depositional models of deep-water gravity flows. The research history of deep-water gravity flows can be divided into five stages： incipience of turbidity current theory; formation of turbidity current theory; development of deep-water gravity flow theory; improvement and perfection of deep-water gravity flow theory; and comprehensive development of deep-water gravity flow theory. Currently, three primary classification schemes based on the sediment support mechanism, the rheology and transportation process, and the integration of sediment support mechanisms, rheology, sedimentary characteristics, and flow state are commonly used.Different types of deep-water gravity flow events form different types of gravity flow deposits. Sediment slump retransportation mainly forms muddy debris flows, sandy debris flows, and surge-like turbidity currents. Resuspension of deposits by storms leads to quasi-steady hyperpycnal turbidity currents （hyperpycnal flows）. Sustainable sediment supplies mainly generate muddy debris flows, sandy debris flows, and hyperpycnal flows. Deep-water fans, which are commonly controlled by debris flows and hyperpycnal flows, are triggered by sustainable sediment supply; in contrast, deep-water slope sedimentary deposits consist mainly of debris flows that are triggered by the retransportation of sediment slumps and deep-water fine-grained sedimentary deposits are derived primarily from fine- grained hyperpycnal flows that are triggered by the resuspension of storm deposits. Harmonization of classification schemes, transformation between different types of gravity flow deposit, and monitoring and reproduction of the sedimentary processes of deep-water gravity flows as well as a source-to-sink approach to document the evolution and deposition of deep-water gravity flows are the most important research aspects for future studies of deep-water gravity flows study in the future.

The Suspended Sediment Concentration Distribution in the Bohai Sea,Yellow Sea and East China Sea

The distribution of the suspended sediment concentration （SSC） in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea （BYECS） is studied based on the observed turbidity data and model simulation results. The observed turbidity results show that （i） the highest SSC is found in the coastal areas while in the outer shelf sea areas turbid water is much more difficult to observe, （ii） the surface layer SSC is much lower than the bottom layer SSC and （iii） the winter SSC is higher than the summer SSC. The Regional Ocean Modeling System （ROMS） is used to simulate the SSC distribution in the BYECS. A comparison between the modeled SSC and the observed SSC in the BYECS shows that the modeled SSC can reproduce the principal features of tlte SSC distribution in the BYECS. The dynamic mechanisms of the sediment erosion and transport processes are studied based on the modeled results. The horizontal distribution of the SSC in the BYECS is mainly determined by the current-wave induced bottom stress and the fine-grain sediment distribution. The current-induced bottom stress is much higher than the wave-induced bottom stress, which means the tidal currents play a more significant role in the sediment resuspension than the wind waves. The vertical mixing strength is studied based on the mixed layer depth and the turbulent kinetic energy distribution in the BYECS. The strong winter time vertical mixing, which is mainly caused by the strong wind stress and surface cooling, leads to high surface layer SSC in winter. High surface layer SSC in summer is restricted in the coastal areas.

甲硝唑注射液灭菌后混浊原因探讨

甲硝唑注射液为抗厌氧菌的首选药物。1990年正式收载入中国药典的甲硝唑注射液,每100ml 含甲硝唑0.5g,并以适量氯化钠作等渗调节剂。我厂在生产250ml 规格注射液时,曾发现灭菌后偶有混浊现象,且混浊机率随灭菌温度升高及受热时间增加而增大。在配滤工序发现,滤机渗出的药液接触不锈钢材料时间较长后,

Spatio-temporal variability of phytoplankton assemblages and its controlling factors in spring and summer in the Subei Shoal of Yellow Sea, China

The Subei Shoal is a special coastal area with complex physical oceanographic properties in the Yellow Sea.In the present study,the distribution of phytoplankton and its correlation with environmental factors were studied during spring and summer of 2012 in the Subei Shoal of the Yellow Sea.Phytoplankton species composition and abundance data were accomplished by Utermohl method.Diatoms represented the greatest cellular abundance during the study period.In spring,the phytoplankton cell abundance ranged from 1.59×10^3 to 269.78×10^3 cell/L with an average of 41.80×10^3 cell/L,and Skeletonema sp.and Paralia sulcata was the most dominant species.In summer,the average phytoplankton cell abundance was 72.59×10^3 cell/L with the range of 1.78×10^3 to 574.96×10^3 cell/L,and the main dominant species was Pseudo-nitzschia pungens,Skeletonema sp.,Dactyliosolen fragilissima and Chaetoceros curvisetus.The results of a redundancy analysis(RDA)showed that turbidity,temperature,salinity,pH,dissolved oxygen(DO),the ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to silicate and SiO4-Si(DIN/SiO4-Si)were the most important environmental factors controlling phytoplankton assemblages in spring or summer in the Subei Shoal of the Yellow Sea.

Characteristics of the Heat Island Effect in Shanghai and Its Possible Mechanism

The characteristics of the urban heat island effect and the climate change in Shanghai and its possible mechanism are analyzed based on monthly meteorological data from 1961 to 1997 at 16 stations in Shanghai and its adjacent areas. The results indicate that Shanghai City has the characteristics of a heat island of air temperature and maximum and minimum air temperature, a cold island of surface soil temperature, a weak rainy island of precipitation, and a turbid island of minimum visibility and aerosols, with centers at or near Longhua station (the urban station of Shanghai). Besides theses, the characteristics of a cloudy island and sunshine duration island are also obvious, but their centers are located in the southern part of the urban area and in the southern suburbs. A linear trend analysis suggests that all of the above urban effects intensified from 1961 to 1997. So far as the heat island effect is concerned, the heat island index (difference of annual temperature between Longhua and Songjiang stations) strengthens (weakens) as the economic development increases (decreases). The authors suggest that the heating increase caused by increasing energy consumption due to economic development is a main factor in controlling the climate change of Shanghai besides natural factors. On the other hand, increasing pollution aerosols contribute to the enhancement of the turbid island and cooling. On the whole, the heating effect caused by increasing energy consumption is stronger than the cooling effect caused by the turbid island and pollution aerosols.

Phytoplankton Assemblage Structure Shaped by Key Environmental Variables in the Pearl River Estuary, South China

Spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton community and their relationships with environmental factors were studied in the Pearl River Estuary(PRE), South China, in three seasons. Salinity was considered as the key environmental variable controlling horizontal distributions of phytoplankton community composition. A transition from dominance of freshwater diatoms(Aulacoseira granulata and A. granulata v. angustissima) to estuarine species(Skeletonema costatum and Pseudonitzschia delicatissima) was observed in the high flow season(summer) along the estuary gradient; in the low flow season(spring), the inner estuary was relatively homogeneous and some typical estuarine species could be found near the river mouth. In the normal flow season(autumn), a potentially toxic bluegreen species, Microcystis spp. was predominant in the middle reaches of the estuary, which should be seeded from upstream and transported downstream by river discharges. Phytoplankton abundance was negatively correlated with suspended solid content and nutrient concentration in the PRE, suggesting that turbidity and nutrient availability were the crucial factors regulating the algal biomass. Phytoplankton abundance in the outer estuary was enhanced by increasing irradiance and continued to be enhanced until phosphorus-limitation.

Modeling of suspended sediment by coupled wave-current model in the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Estuary

A three-dimensional wave-current-sediment coupled numerical model is developed to understand the sediment transport dynamics in the Zhujiang(Pearl)River Estuary(ZRE),China.The model results are in good agreement with observed data,and statistics show good model skill scores.Numerical studies are conducted to assess the scenarios of suspended sediment in the ZRE under the effects of different forcing(river discharges,waves,and winds).The model results indicate that the estuarine gravitational circulation plays an important role in the development of estuarine turbidity maximum in the ZRE,particularly during neap tides.The increased river discharge can result in a seaward sediment transport.The suspended sediment concentration(SSC)in the bottom increases with both wave bottom orbital velocity and wave height.Because of the shallow water depth,the effect of waves on sediment in the west shoal is greater than that in the east channel.The southwesterly wind-induced wave affects the SSC more than those resulting from the northeasterly wind,while the northeasterly wind-driven circulation has a slightly greater influence on the SSC than that of the southwesterly wind.However,a steady southwesterly wind condition favors the increase of the SSC in the Lingding Bay more so than a steady northeasterly wind condition.If the other forcings are same,the averaged SSC under a steady southwesterly wind condition is about 1.1 times that resulting from a steady northeasterly wind.

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN YALU RIVER ESTUARY

Tidal cycle measurements of tidal currents, salinity and water tempe rature, and suspended sediment concentrations were measured at four stations, to gether with surveys along two profiles short core collection within the Yalu Riv er estuary. Grain size analysis of the three core sediment showed that: 1) the s ediment from B1 to B3 became finer, worse sorting and positively skewed; 2) the diversification of matter origin became more and more evident from east to west; 3) the sediments over the region were of the same origin, as indicated by their similar colors and grain sizes. The data indicated that stratification occurred in the flood season, from upstream to downstream, and a salt wedge was formed. The water column was well mixed, but the longitudinal gradient of the salinity w as larger on spring tide. The results also showed that the dominating mechanism of suspended sediment transport in the Yalu River estuary was T1, T2, T3 and T5. The non-tidal steady advection transport was restricted by the net transport o f suspended sediment induced by mass Stoked drift directed to landwards, then th e net sediment transport rate were decreased and the turbidity maxima was also f avored to forming and extending.

Pilot scale treatment of low turbidity water using compound bioflocculant and polymerized aluminium ferrum chloride

To investigate the application of compound bioflocculant （CBF） in drinking water treatment at pilot plant, CBF and polymerized aluminium ferrum chloride （PAFC） coagulant were used to treat raw water taken from Longhupao Reservoir in Heilongjiang Province for the removal of turbidity, COl）, UV254 and residual Al. Coagulation test shows that the coagulation enhanced by CBF and PAFC exhibits more effective performance than that enhanced by the individual of them, and the total combination dosage is lower than that of the individual. The residual Al from PAFC can be removed efficiently by CBF. The removal efficiency of turbidity reaches 76.6% by combining CBF of 2 mg/L and PAFC of 15 mg/L, COl） is decreased from 3.80 mg/L to 1.62 mg/ L, and the concentration of residual Al is only 0. 033 mg/L in the product water. It can be speculated that adsorption-bridging and sweep-coagulation processes are predominant in the flocculation process by the combination of CBF and PAFC.