The upper mixed layer depth(h)has a significant seasonal variation in the real ocean and the low-order statistics of Langmuir turbulence are dramatically influenced by the upper mixed layer depth.To explore the influe...The upper mixed layer depth(h)has a significant seasonal variation in the real ocean and the low-order statistics of Langmuir turbulence are dramatically influenced by the upper mixed layer depth.To explore the influence of the upper mixed layer depth on Langmuir turbulence under the condition of the wind and wave equilibrium,the changes of Langmuir turbulence characteristics with the idealized variation of the upper mixed layer depth from very shallow(h=5 m)to deep enough(h=40 m)are studied using a non-hydrostatic large eddy simulation model.The simulation results show that there is a direct entrainment depth induced by Langmuir turbulence(h_(LT))within the thermocline.The normalized depthaveraged vertical velocity variance is smaller and larger than the downwind velocity variance for the ratio of the upper mixed layer to a direct entrainment depth induced by Langmuir turbulence h/h_(LT)<1 and h/h_(LT)>1,respectively,indicating that turbulence characteristics have the essential change(i.e.,depth-averaged vertical velocity variance(DAVV)DADV for Langmuir turbulence)between h/h_(LT)<1 and h/h_(LT)>1.The rate of change of the normalized depth-averaged low-order statistics for h/h_(LT)<1 is much larger than that for h/h_(LT)>1.The reason is that the downward pressure perturbation induced by Langmuir cells is strongly inhibited by the upward reactive force of the strong stratified thermocline for h/h_(LT)<1 and the eff ect of upward reactive force on the downward pressure perturbation becomes weak for h/h_(LT)>1.Hence,the upper mixed layer depth has significant influences on Langmuir turbulence characteristics.展开更多
Turbulence characteristics of an atmospheric surface layer over a coastal mountain area were investigated under different coordinate frames. Performances of three methods of coordinate rotation: double rotation (DR...Turbulence characteristics of an atmospheric surface layer over a coastal mountain area were investigated under different coordinate frames. Performances of three methods of coordinate rotation: double rotation (DR), triple rotation (TR), and classic planar-fit rotation (PF) were examined in terms of correction of eddy covariance flux. Using the commonly used DR and TR methods, unreasonable rotation angles are encountered at low wind speeds and cause significant run-to-run errors of some turbulence characteristics. The PF method rotates the coordinate system to an ensemble-averaged plane, and shows large tilt error due to an inaccurate fit plane over variable terrain slopes. In this paper, we propose another coordinate rotation scheme. The observational data were separated into two groups according to wind direction. The PF method was adapted to find an ensemble-averaged streamline plane for each group of hourly runs with wind speed exceeding 1.0 m s-1. Then, the coordinate systems were rotated to their respective best- fit planes for all available hourly observations. We call this the PF10 method. The implications of tilt corrections for the turbulence characteristics are discussed with a focus on integral turbulence characteristics, the spectra of wind-velocity components, and sensible heat and momentum fluxes under various atmospheric stabilities. Our results show that the adapted application of PF provides greatly improved estimates of integral turbulence characteristics in complex terrain and maintains data quality. The comparisons of the sensible heat fluxes for four coordinate rotation methods to fluxes before correction indicate that the PF10 scheme is the best to preserve consistency between fluxes.展开更多
Compound open channel flows appear in most natural rivers are of great importance in river management and flood control.In this study,large eddy simulations were carried out to simulate the compound open channel flows...Compound open channel flows appear in most natural rivers are of great importance in river management and flood control.In this study,large eddy simulations were carried out to simulate the compound open channel flows with four different depth ratios(hr=0.10,0.25,0.50,and 0.75).The main flow velocity,secondary flow,Reynolds stress,and bed shear stress were obtained from numerical simulations.The depth-averaged stream wise momentum equation was used to quantify the lateral momentum exchange between the main channel and floodplain.The instantaneous coherent structures were presented by the Q criterion method.The impact of hr on flow structure and turbulence charac-teristics was analyzed.The results showed that with the increase of hr,the high velocity area in the main channel shifted to the floodplain,and the dip phenomenon became more obvious;the Reynolds stress largely contributed to the lateral momentum exchange within the flows near the side walls of floodplain;and the vortex structures were found to significantly increase in the floodplain region.展开更多
In this study,the frequency characteristics of the turbulent wind and the effects of wind-wave coupling on the low-and high-frequency responses of semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines(FOWT)are investigated...In this study,the frequency characteristics of the turbulent wind and the effects of wind-wave coupling on the low-and high-frequency responses of semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines(FOWT)are investigated.Various wave load components,such as first-order wave loads,combined first-and second-order difference-frequency wave loads,combined first-and second-order sum-frequency wave loads,and first-and complete second-order wave loads are taken into consideration,while different turbulent environments are considered in aerodynamic loads.The com-parison is based on time histories and frequency spectra of platform motions and structural load responses and statistical values.The findings indicate that the second-order difference-frequency wave loads will significantly increase the natural frequency of low-frequency motion in the responses of the platform motion and structure load of the semi-submersible platform,which will cause structural fatigue damage.Under the action of turbulent wind,the influences of second-order wave loads on the platform motion and structural load response cannot be ignored,especially under extreme sea conditions.Therefore,in order to evaluate the dynamic responses of semi-submersible FOWT more accurately,the actual environment should be simulated more realistically.展开更多
The turbulence characteristics of the shaped hole film cooling are very complex.In this study,Large Eddy Simulation(LES)and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)are used to study the film cooling of the shaped hole.Th...The turbulence characteristics of the shaped hole film cooling are very complex.In this study,Large Eddy Simulation(LES)and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)are used to study the film cooling of the shaped hole.The time-averaged results are compared with the experimental data in the literature.Because of the eddy-viscosity model,the RANS method roughly deals with the simulation of boundary layer,which leads to a large deviation.The RANS results are compared with the LES results to identify the weaknesses of the Realizable k-e model in predicting the turbulence characteristics of the shaped hole film cooling.The eddy viscosity hypothesis and the temperature gradient diffusion hypothesis are evaluated using LES data.Furthermore,the turbulence characteristics of the in-hole flow are analysed with the help of the incremental Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(iPOD).The turbulence presents strong anisotropy and some convection structures are induced from the shear zone.展开更多
Free surface flows aeration potential causing the in macro- and intermediate flow characteristics to vary roughness conditions have a high with slopes and discharges. The underlying mechanism of two-phase flow charact...Free surface flows aeration potential causing the in macro- and intermediate flow characteristics to vary roughness conditions have a high with slopes and discharges. The underlying mechanism of two-phase flow characteristics in macro- and intermediate roughness conditions were analyzed in an experimental setup assembled at the Laboratory of Hydraulic Protection of the Territory (PITLAB) of the University of Pisa, Italy. Crushed angular rocks and hemispherical boulders were used to intensify the roughness of the bed. Flow rates per unit width ranging between 0.03 m^2/s and 0.09 m^2/s and slopes between 0.26 and 0.46 were tested over different arrangements of a rough bed. Analyses were mainly carried out in the inner flow region, which consists of both bubbly and intermediate flow regions. The findings revealed that the two-phase flow properties over the rough bed were much affected by rough bed arrangements. Turbulence features of two-phase flows over the rough bed were compared with those of the stepped chute data under similar flow conditions. Overall, the results highlight the flow features in the inner layers of the two-phase flow, showing that the maximum turbulence intensity decreases with the relative submergence, while the bubble frequency distribution is affected by the rough bed elements.展开更多
Based on a self-developed hydrodynamic cavitation device with different geometric parameters for circular multi-orifice plates,turbulence characteristics of cavitating flow behind multi-orifice plates,including the ef...Based on a self-developed hydrodynamic cavitation device with different geometric parameters for circular multi-orifice plates,turbulence characteristics of cavitating flow behind multi-orifice plates,including the effects of orifice number and orifice layout on longitudinal velocity,turbulence intensity,and Reynolds stress,were measured with the particle image velocimetry(PIV)technique.Flow regimes of the cavitating flow were also observed with high-speed photography.The experimental results showed the following:(1)high-velocity multiple cavitating jets occurred behind the multi-orifice plates,and the cavitating flow fields were characterized by topological structures;(2)the longitudinal velocity at each cross-section exhibited a sawtooth-like distribution close to the multi-orifice plate,and each sawtooth indicated one jet issuing from one orifice;(3)there were similar magnitudes and forms for the longitudinal and vertical turbulence intensities at the same cross-section;(4)the variation in amplitude of Reynolds stress increased with an increase in orifice number;and(5)the cavitation clouds in the flow fields became denser with the increase in orifice number,and the clouds generated by the staggered layout of orifices were greater in number than those generated by the checkerboard-type one for the same orifice number.The experimental results can be used to analyze the mechanism of killing pathogenic microorganisms through hydrodynamic cavitation.展开更多
Shipborne observations obtained with the coherent Doppler lidar(CDL)and radiosonde during 2014 campaign were used to study the structure of marine boundary layer in the Yellow Sea.Vertical wind profiles corrected for ...Shipborne observations obtained with the coherent Doppler lidar(CDL)and radiosonde during 2014 campaign were used to study the structure of marine boundary layer in the Yellow Sea.Vertical wind profiles corrected for ship motion was used to derive higher-order statistics,showing that motion correction is required and significant for turbulence analysis.During a day with weak mesoscale activity,a complexed three-layer structure system was observed.The lowest layer showed a typical stable boundary layer structure feature.An aerosol layer with abrupt variation in wind speed and relative humidity always appeared at the middle layer,the formation of which may be due to Kelvin-Helmholz instability.The top layer encountered a dramatic change in wind direction,which may result from the warm advection from the Eurasian continent on the basis of backward trajectory analysis.Furthermore,the MABL height in stable regime was derived from potential temperature,CDL signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)and CDL vertical velocity variance,respectively.The stable boundary layer(SBL)height in SBL can be derived from the inversion layer of potential temperature profile,and the mixing height in SBL can be retrieved from the vertical velocity variance gradient method.Neither the SBL height nor the mixing height is in agreement with the height retrieved from CDL SNR gradient method because of different definition and criterion.One of the limitations of SNR gradient method for MABL retrieval is that it is easier to be affected by the lofted decoupled aerosol layer,where the retrieved result is less suitable.Finally,the higher-order vertical velocity statistics within the marine stable boundary layer were investigated and compared with the previous studies,and different turbulence mechanisms have an important effect on the statistics deviation.展开更多
Turbulent features of streamwise and vertical components of velocity in the negative transport region of asymmetric plane channel flow have been studied experimentally in details. Experiments show that turbulent fluct...Turbulent features of streamwise and vertical components of velocity in the negative transport region of asymmetric plane channel flow have been studied experimentally in details. Experiments show that turbulent fluctuations in negative transport region are suppressed, and their probability distributions are far from Gaussian. Besides, the skewness factors attain their negative maxima at the position of the maximum mean velocity, whereas the flatness factors attain their positive maxima at the same position.展开更多
In this paper, the characteristics of two-dimensional viscous flow over two dams were numerically investigated. The results show that the behavior of the vortices is closely related to the space between two dams, wate...In this paper, the characteristics of two-dimensional viscous flow over two dams were numerically investigated. The results show that the behavior of the vortices is closely related to the space between two dams, water depth, Fr number and Reynolds number. In addition, the flow properties behind each dam are different, and the changes over two dams are more complex than over one dam. Finally, the relevant turbulent characteristics were analyzed.展开更多
A fan-stirred combustion chamber is developed for spherically expanding flames,with P and T up to 10 bar and 473 K,respectively.Turbulence characteristics are estimated using particle image velocimetry(PIV)at differen...A fan-stirred combustion chamber is developed for spherically expanding flames,with P and T up to 10 bar and 473 K,respectively.Turbulence characteristics are estimated using particle image velocimetry(PIV)at different initial pressures(P=0.5-5 bar),fan frequencies(ω=0-2000 r/min),and impeller diameters(D=100 and 114 mm).The flame propagation of methanol/air is investigated at different turbulence intensities(u′=0-1.77 m/s)and equivalence ratios(f=0.7-1.5).The results show that u′is independent of P and proportional toω,which can be up to 3.5 m/s at 2000 r/min.L_(T)is independent of P and performs a power regression withωapproximately.The turbulent field is homogeneous and isotropic in the central region of the chamber while the inertial subrange of spatial energy spectrum is more collapsed to-5/3 law at a high Re_(T).Compared to laminar expanding flames,the morphology of turbulent expanding flames is wrinkled and the wrinkles will be finer with the growth of turbulence intensity,consistent with the decline of the Taylor scale and the Kolmogorov scale.The determined S_(L)in the present study is in good agreement with that of previous literature.The S_(L)and S_(T)of methanol/air have a non-monotonic trend with f while peak S_(T)is shifted to the richer side compared to S_(L).This indicates that the newly built turbulent combustion chamber is reliable for further experimental study.展开更多
Measurements of characteristics by means of a two-component Laser DopplerVelocimeter (LDV) were carried out in turbulent boundary layers over both a symmetric V-shapedribbed plate and a smooth one in a low speed wind ...Measurements of characteristics by means of a two-component Laser DopplerVelocimeter (LDV) were carried out in turbulent boundary layers over both a symmetric V-shapedribbed plate and a smooth one in a low speed wind tunnel. The present results clearly indicate thatthe logarithmic velocity profile over the riblets surface is shifted upward with a 30. 9% increasein the thickness of the viscous sublayer. Also a change in the log-law region is found. And themaximum value of streamwise velocity fluctuations is reduced by approximately 17%. The skewness andflatness factors do not show any change besides those in the region of y^+ 【 0. 6 . It is evidentthat the Reynolds shear stress over the riblets is reduced. Further more, in log-law region, theReynolds shear stress has a larger reduction of up to 18%.展开更多
To display the distribution characteristics of turbulence eddy under condition of complex terrain in Loess Plateau,and to enhance the precision of turbulence measurements,the research of turbulence ergodicity is consi...To display the distribution characteristics of turbulence eddy under condition of complex terrain in Loess Plateau,and to enhance the precision of turbulence measurements,the research of turbulence ergodicity is considered to be the prior section of the experiment.With the statistics of single-site turbulence measurements obtained in Baimiao Tableland,Ping Liang,Gan Su,analysis result shows that not only the turbulence with scale less than 10 min,which can easily satisfy the ergodicity,the tableland terrain can also be a major cause of the coherent structure of periodic,large-scale turbulence;compared to which for the turbulence above the flat underlying surface,the distribution of 10–40 min,large-scale turbulence in the tableland region tends to be more steady and,thus,can also satisfy the ergodicity easily.Under the condition of extremely unstable stratification,the wind is comparatively low in speed and features distinctly large-scale,periodical fluctuation,and with the trend of smooth increase in temperature,large-scale wind turbulence and temperature turbulence both tend to satisfy ergodicity.In comparison,under the condition of extremely stable stratification,the aperiodicity of large-scale wind turbulence and temperature turbulence caused by intermittency is comparatively strong,and the turbulence cannot satisfy ergodicity easily.展开更多
Aquatic vegetation can influence the transport of sediment and contaminants by changing the mean velocity and turbulent flow structure in channels. It is important to understand the hydraulics of the flows over vegeta...Aquatic vegetation can influence the transport of sediment and contaminants by changing the mean velocity and turbulent flow structure in channels. It is important to understand the hydraulics of the flows over vegetation in order to manage fluvial processes. Experiments in an open-channel flume with natural vegetation were carried out to study the influence of vegetation on the flows. In a half channel with two different densities of vegetation, the flow velocity, Reynolds stresses, and turbulence intensities were measured using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). We obtained velocity profiles in the lateral direction, Reynolds stresses in the vertical direction, and the flow transition between the vegetated and non-vegetated zones in different flow regimes. The results show that the streamwise velocity in the vegetated zone with higher density is almost entirely blocked. Reynolds stress distribution distinguishes with two different regions: inside and above the vegetation canopies. The turbulence intensities increase with increasing Reynolds number. The coherent vortices dominate the vertical transport of momentum and are advected clockwise between the vegetated zone and non-vegetated zone by secondary currents (a relatively minor flow superimposed on the primary flow, with significantly different speed and direction), generated by the anisotropy of the turbulence.展开更多
The turbulence characteristics of both decelerating and accelerating flows under a gradually varying flume are investigated by using a three-dimensional down-looking acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV). The time-aver...The turbulence characteristics of both decelerating and accelerating flows under a gradually varying flume are investigated by using a three-dimensional down-looking acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV). The time-averaged velocity profiles are flatened except for the central parts, and fairly fit into logarithmic laws and those in the plane circulation under the gradual expansion are more likely to be negative. The complex secondary currents are identified under the present gradual transition attributed to the combination of driving forces induced by both the boundary configuration variation and the tmbalanced turbulence: a circulation on each side of the expansion and a pair of circulations on each side of the contraction. One sees an anisotropy in the turbulence intensities, the turbulence intensities increase or level out with the flow depth except those under expansion, and the V component of the turbulence intensity typically outweighs that in the streamwise direction. Apart from the above results, the respective particular distributions of the primary Reynolds shear stresses ( rxy and rxz ) under the gradual expansion and contraction can account for the patterns of the secondary currents in this investigation.展开更多
In this paper, the turbulence characteristics were numerically investigatedin an asymmetric turbulent channel flow and the computational results were compared with therelevant experimental data. It shows that the resu...In this paper, the turbulence characteristics were numerically investigatedin an asymmetric turbulent channel flow and the computational results were compared with therelevant experimental data. It shows that the results are consistent with the experiments and thereexist Counter-Gradient Momentum Transport (CGMT) phenomena in the central region near the smoothwall, and this region is as large as 6 percent of the channel width. In addition, a region, in whichCounter-Gradient-Transport (CGT) phenomena occur more evidently, is found close to the rough wall.These results can help to gain a deeper insight into the mechanism of CGT phenomena.展开更多
The flow characteristics in a meander channel are fully three-dimensional. With the primary flow in the streamwise direction, the secondary flow in the transverse and vertical directions induced by the channel bends a...The flow characteristics in a meander channel are fully three-dimensional. With the primary flow in the streamwise direction, the secondary flow in the transverse and vertical directions induced by the channel bends are significant in the analyses of the turbulent structure. Some of the analyses in the straight channel, for instance, the quadrant analysis for the bursting phenomena, are inadequate in investigating the meander channel, since the flow in the transverse direction is not taken into account. In order to reveal the flow characteristics in a multi-bend meander channel, especially, the bursting process, experiments are conducted in the present study. With the three-dimensional quadrant analysis, the influence of the transverse flow velocity during the bursting process could be correctly addressed. The analyses and discussions are presented in this paper.展开更多
In this paper,we report the turbulent flow structures and the scour geometry around two piers with different diameters.An experiment was conducted on a non-uniform sand bed with two types of tandem arrangements,namely...In this paper,we report the turbulent flow structures and the scour geometry around two piers with different diameters.An experiment was conducted on a non-uniform sand bed with two types of tandem arrangements,namely,pier(T1)with a 75 mm front and 90 mm rear,and pier(T2)with a 90 mm front and 75 mm rear,with and without-seepage flows,respectively.A strong wake region was observed behind the piers,but the vortex strength diminished with downward seepage.Streamwise velocity was found to be maximum near the bed downstream of the piers and at the edge of the scour hole upstream of the piers.Quadrant analysis was used to recognize the susceptible region for sediment entrainment and deposition.Upstream of the piers near the bed,the moments,turbulent kinetic energy(TKE),and TKE fluxes were found to decrease with downward seepage,in contrast to those in a plane mobile bed without piers.The reduction percentages of scour depth at the rear pier compared with the front one were approximately 40%for T1 and 60%for T2.Downward seepage also resulted in restrained growth of scouring with time.展开更多
Hydraulic machinery mainly includes turbine and pump, which is closely related to national economy and people's livelihood involving aerospace industry, marine engineering, hydropower engineering, petroleum industry,...Hydraulic machinery mainly includes turbine and pump, which is closely related to national economy and people's livelihood involving aerospace industry, marine engineering, hydropower engineering, petroleum industry, chemical industry, mining industry, biomedical engineering, environmental engineering, agricultural water-soil engineering, etc.. The internal flow of hydraulic machinery is extremely complex, and its characteristics can be summarized as high Reynolds number, multi-scales, inhomogeneous and vortex-dominant unsteady turbulence which interact with the rotating dynamic boundary(rotor blade). Based on the analysis of the internal flow characteristics of hydraulic machinery, the author and his research team successively proposed a rotation correction model, a curvature corrected filter-based model, a scalable detached eddy simulation method, and a non-linear hybrid RANS/LES turbulence model to capture unsteady flow structures and then predict hydraulic performance and dynamic characteristics more accurately. According to the analysis on the internal flow, the corresponding flow control measures were put forward. It was verified by experiments that these methods could significantly improve the hydraulic performance, anti-cavitation performance and dynamic characteristics(pressure pulsation and vibration) of hydraulic machinery in a certain range of operating conditions. In addition, the mechanism how flow control measures influence internal flow was analyzed in depth, aiming at finding a feasible and effective way to improve hydraulic performance, anti-cavitation performance and dynamic characteristics of hydraulic machinery.展开更多
Particles can appear as catalyst,reactant or product in various gas-liquid-solid three-phase production processes.Slurry bubble column reactors(SBCRs),as a kind of three-phase reactors,are preferred for phase contacti...Particles can appear as catalyst,reactant or product in various gas-liquid-solid three-phase production processes.Slurry bubble column reactors(SBCRs),as a kind of three-phase reactors,are preferred for phase contacting and mixing.However,literature studies concerning the effects of particles on the hydrodynamics of SBCRs are manifold and inconsistent in conclusions.Essentially,the multiscale interactions between particles,turbulent eddies and bubbles determine the reactor performance.This review focuses on revealing the particle effects in SBCRs from the perspective of multiscale mechanisms.Macroscopic hydrodynamic changes due to particle effects in literature are summarized.Dimensionless parameters,including the Stokes number,the solid-to-liquid density ratio,the ratio of particle and liquid characteristic lengths,the contact angle and the particle volume fraction are adopted to evaluate the characteristics of gas-liquid-solid flows.The relationships between particle influencing mechanisms and these parameters are analyzed and determined.Inconsistent experimental results are explained by different ranges of these dimensionless parameters.Moreover,particle effects at the mesoscale and microscale,such as the influence on the bubble dynamics and the pivoting effect on the turbulence energy spectrum,are elaborated.Finally,progress in modeling the SBCRs with consideration of particles effects using the Euler method are introduced.This review aims to improve the overall understanding of the complex hydrodynamics in the SBCRs.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC1405701)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92158204,41506001,42076026,41876017,42176027)+2 种基金the Project supported by Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(No.GML2019ZD0304)the Open Research Project Programme of the State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City(University of Macao)(No.SKL-IoTSC(UM)-2021-2023/ORPF/A20/2022)the State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography(No.LTOZZ2101)。
文摘The upper mixed layer depth(h)has a significant seasonal variation in the real ocean and the low-order statistics of Langmuir turbulence are dramatically influenced by the upper mixed layer depth.To explore the influence of the upper mixed layer depth on Langmuir turbulence under the condition of the wind and wave equilibrium,the changes of Langmuir turbulence characteristics with the idealized variation of the upper mixed layer depth from very shallow(h=5 m)to deep enough(h=40 m)are studied using a non-hydrostatic large eddy simulation model.The simulation results show that there is a direct entrainment depth induced by Langmuir turbulence(h_(LT))within the thermocline.The normalized depthaveraged vertical velocity variance is smaller and larger than the downwind velocity variance for the ratio of the upper mixed layer to a direct entrainment depth induced by Langmuir turbulence h/h_(LT)<1 and h/h_(LT)>1,respectively,indicating that turbulence characteristics have the essential change(i.e.,depth-averaged vertical velocity variance(DAVV)DADV for Langmuir turbulence)between h/h_(LT)<1 and h/h_(LT)>1.The rate of change of the normalized depth-averaged low-order statistics for h/h_(LT)<1 is much larger than that for h/h_(LT)>1.The reason is that the downward pressure perturbation induced by Langmuir cells is strongly inhibited by the upward reactive force of the strong stratified thermocline for h/h_(LT)<1 and the eff ect of upward reactive force on the downward pressure perturbation becomes weak for h/h_(LT)>1.Hence,the upper mixed layer depth has significant influences on Langmuir turbulence characteristics.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2007AA022201)the National Special Fund for Water(Grant No.2008ZX07103007)+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos.2010CB428503 and 2011CB403406)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos. 40805006 and 41075012)
文摘Turbulence characteristics of an atmospheric surface layer over a coastal mountain area were investigated under different coordinate frames. Performances of three methods of coordinate rotation: double rotation (DR), triple rotation (TR), and classic planar-fit rotation (PF) were examined in terms of correction of eddy covariance flux. Using the commonly used DR and TR methods, unreasonable rotation angles are encountered at low wind speeds and cause significant run-to-run errors of some turbulence characteristics. The PF method rotates the coordinate system to an ensemble-averaged plane, and shows large tilt error due to an inaccurate fit plane over variable terrain slopes. In this paper, we propose another coordinate rotation scheme. The observational data were separated into two groups according to wind direction. The PF method was adapted to find an ensemble-averaged streamline plane for each group of hourly runs with wind speed exceeding 1.0 m s-1. Then, the coordinate systems were rotated to their respective best- fit planes for all available hourly observations. We call this the PF10 method. The implications of tilt corrections for the turbulence characteristics are discussed with a focus on integral turbulence characteristics, the spectra of wind-velocity components, and sensible heat and momentum fluxes under various atmospheric stabilities. Our results show that the adapted application of PF provides greatly improved estimates of integral turbulence characteristics in complex terrain and maintains data quality. The comparisons of the sensible heat fluxes for four coordinate rotation methods to fluxes before correction indicate that the PF10 scheme is the best to preserve consistency between fluxes.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grants No.B200202116 and B200204044)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51879086)the 111 Project from the Minstry of Education and State Administration of Foreign Expert Affairs of China(Grant No.B17015).
文摘Compound open channel flows appear in most natural rivers are of great importance in river management and flood control.In this study,large eddy simulations were carried out to simulate the compound open channel flows with four different depth ratios(hr=0.10,0.25,0.50,and 0.75).The main flow velocity,secondary flow,Reynolds stress,and bed shear stress were obtained from numerical simulations.The depth-averaged stream wise momentum equation was used to quantify the lateral momentum exchange between the main channel and floodplain.The instantaneous coherent structures were presented by the Q criterion method.The impact of hr on flow structure and turbulence charac-teristics was analyzed.The results showed that with the increase of hr,the high velocity area in the main channel shifted to the floodplain,and the dip phenomenon became more obvious;the Reynolds stress largely contributed to the lateral momentum exchange within the flows near the side walls of floodplain;and the vortex structures were found to significantly increase in the floodplain region.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.LHZ21E090003)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52171279)+1 种基金Zhoushan Science&Technology Project(Grant No.2021C21002)supported by CNPq(Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico,Grant No.301474/2017-6).
文摘In this study,the frequency characteristics of the turbulent wind and the effects of wind-wave coupling on the low-and high-frequency responses of semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines(FOWT)are investigated.Various wave load components,such as first-order wave loads,combined first-and second-order difference-frequency wave loads,combined first-and second-order sum-frequency wave loads,and first-and complete second-order wave loads are taken into consideration,while different turbulent environments are considered in aerodynamic loads.The com-parison is based on time histories and frequency spectra of platform motions and structural load responses and statistical values.The findings indicate that the second-order difference-frequency wave loads will significantly increase the natural frequency of low-frequency motion in the responses of the platform motion and structure load of the semi-submersible platform,which will cause structural fatigue damage.Under the action of turbulent wind,the influences of second-order wave loads on the platform motion and structural load response cannot be ignored,especially under extreme sea conditions.Therefore,in order to evaluate the dynamic responses of semi-submersible FOWT more accurately,the actual environment should be simulated more realistically.
基金This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Grant No.51876098)National Science and Technology Major Project(J2019-III-0007-0050)This research is also sponsored by the Open Fund from Science and Technology on Thermal Energy and Power Laboratory(TPL2018B05).
文摘The turbulence characteristics of the shaped hole film cooling are very complex.In this study,Large Eddy Simulation(LES)and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)are used to study the film cooling of the shaped hole.The time-averaged results are compared with the experimental data in the literature.Because of the eddy-viscosity model,the RANS method roughly deals with the simulation of boundary layer,which leads to a large deviation.The RANS results are compared with the LES results to identify the weaknesses of the Realizable k-e model in predicting the turbulence characteristics of the shaped hole film cooling.The eddy viscosity hypothesis and the temperature gradient diffusion hypothesis are evaluated using LES data.Furthermore,the turbulence characteristics of the in-hole flow are analysed with the help of the incremental Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(iPOD).The turbulence presents strong anisotropy and some convection structures are induced from the shear zone.
文摘Free surface flows aeration potential causing the in macro- and intermediate flow characteristics to vary roughness conditions have a high with slopes and discharges. The underlying mechanism of two-phase flow characteristics in macro- and intermediate roughness conditions were analyzed in an experimental setup assembled at the Laboratory of Hydraulic Protection of the Territory (PITLAB) of the University of Pisa, Italy. Crushed angular rocks and hemispherical boulders were used to intensify the roughness of the bed. Flow rates per unit width ranging between 0.03 m^2/s and 0.09 m^2/s and slopes between 0.26 and 0.46 were tested over different arrangements of a rough bed. Analyses were mainly carried out in the inner flow region, which consists of both bubbly and intermediate flow regions. The findings revealed that the two-phase flow properties over the rough bed were much affected by rough bed arrangements. Turbulence features of two-phase flows over the rough bed were compared with those of the stepped chute data under similar flow conditions. Overall, the results highlight the flow features in the inner layers of the two-phase flow, showing that the maximum turbulence intensity decreases with the relative submergence, while the bubble frequency distribution is affected by the rough bed elements.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51479177).
文摘Based on a self-developed hydrodynamic cavitation device with different geometric parameters for circular multi-orifice plates,turbulence characteristics of cavitating flow behind multi-orifice plates,including the effects of orifice number and orifice layout on longitudinal velocity,turbulence intensity,and Reynolds stress,were measured with the particle image velocimetry(PIV)technique.Flow regimes of the cavitating flow were also observed with high-speed photography.The experimental results showed the following:(1)high-velocity multiple cavitating jets occurred behind the multi-orifice plates,and the cavitating flow fields were characterized by topological structures;(2)the longitudinal velocity at each cross-section exhibited a sawtooth-like distribution close to the multi-orifice plate,and each sawtooth indicated one jet issuing from one orifice;(3)there were similar magnitudes and forms for the longitudinal and vertical turbulence intensities at the same cross-section;(4)the variation in amplitude of Reynolds stress increased with an increase in orifice number;and(5)the cavitation clouds in the flow fields became denser with the increase in orifice number,and the clouds generated by the staggered layout of orifices were greater in number than those generated by the checkerboard-type one for the same orifice number.The experimental results can be used to analyze the mechanism of killing pathogenic microorganisms through hydrodynamic cavitation.
基金National High Technology R&D Program of China(No.2014AA09A511)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41471309+3 种基金4137501661975191)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFC1400904)The first author is supported by China Scholarship Council (CSC number: 201706330031). The authors gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and ECMWF for providing reanalysis datasets the in this publication.
文摘Shipborne observations obtained with the coherent Doppler lidar(CDL)and radiosonde during 2014 campaign were used to study the structure of marine boundary layer in the Yellow Sea.Vertical wind profiles corrected for ship motion was used to derive higher-order statistics,showing that motion correction is required and significant for turbulence analysis.During a day with weak mesoscale activity,a complexed three-layer structure system was observed.The lowest layer showed a typical stable boundary layer structure feature.An aerosol layer with abrupt variation in wind speed and relative humidity always appeared at the middle layer,the formation of which may be due to Kelvin-Helmholz instability.The top layer encountered a dramatic change in wind direction,which may result from the warm advection from the Eurasian continent on the basis of backward trajectory analysis.Furthermore,the MABL height in stable regime was derived from potential temperature,CDL signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)and CDL vertical velocity variance,respectively.The stable boundary layer(SBL)height in SBL can be derived from the inversion layer of potential temperature profile,and the mixing height in SBL can be retrieved from the vertical velocity variance gradient method.Neither the SBL height nor the mixing height is in agreement with the height retrieved from CDL SNR gradient method because of different definition and criterion.One of the limitations of SNR gradient method for MABL retrieval is that it is easier to be affected by the lofted decoupled aerosol layer,where the retrieved result is less suitable.Finally,the higher-order vertical velocity statistics within the marine stable boundary layer were investigated and compared with the previous studies,and different turbulence mechanisms have an important effect on the statistics deviation.
文摘Turbulent features of streamwise and vertical components of velocity in the negative transport region of asymmetric plane channel flow have been studied experimentally in details. Experiments show that turbulent fluctuations in negative transport region are suppressed, and their probability distributions are far from Gaussian. Besides, the skewness factors attain their negative maxima at the position of the maximum mean velocity, whereas the flatness factors attain their positive maxima at the same position.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 59879010)
文摘In this paper, the characteristics of two-dimensional viscous flow over two dams were numerically investigated. The results show that the behavior of the vortices is closely related to the space between two dams, water depth, Fr number and Reynolds number. In addition, the flow properties behind each dam are different, and the changes over two dams are more complex than over one dam. Finally, the relevant turbulent characteristics were analyzed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52076171).
文摘A fan-stirred combustion chamber is developed for spherically expanding flames,with P and T up to 10 bar and 473 K,respectively.Turbulence characteristics are estimated using particle image velocimetry(PIV)at different initial pressures(P=0.5-5 bar),fan frequencies(ω=0-2000 r/min),and impeller diameters(D=100 and 114 mm).The flame propagation of methanol/air is investigated at different turbulence intensities(u′=0-1.77 m/s)and equivalence ratios(f=0.7-1.5).The results show that u′is independent of P and proportional toω,which can be up to 3.5 m/s at 2000 r/min.L_(T)is independent of P and performs a power regression withωapproximately.The turbulent field is homogeneous and isotropic in the central region of the chamber while the inertial subrange of spatial energy spectrum is more collapsed to-5/3 law at a high Re_(T).Compared to laminar expanding flames,the morphology of turbulent expanding flames is wrinkled and the wrinkles will be finer with the growth of turbulence intensity,consistent with the decline of the Taylor scale and the Kolmogorov scale.The determined S_(L)in the present study is in good agreement with that of previous literature.The S_(L)and S_(T)of methanol/air have a non-monotonic trend with f while peak S_(T)is shifted to the richer side compared to S_(L).This indicates that the newly built turbulent combustion chamber is reliable for further experimental study.
文摘Measurements of characteristics by means of a two-component Laser DopplerVelocimeter (LDV) were carried out in turbulent boundary layers over both a symmetric V-shapedribbed plate and a smooth one in a low speed wind tunnel. The present results clearly indicate thatthe logarithmic velocity profile over the riblets surface is shifted upward with a 30. 9% increasein the thickness of the viscous sublayer. Also a change in the log-law region is found. And themaximum value of streamwise velocity fluctuations is reduced by approximately 17%. The skewness andflatness factors do not show any change besides those in the region of y^+ 【 0. 6 . It is evidentthat the Reynolds shear stress over the riblets is reduced. Further more, in log-law region, theReynolds shear stress has a larger reduction of up to 18%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41675014&91437103)the Gansu Science and Technology Program(Grant No.18JR2RA005)。
文摘To display the distribution characteristics of turbulence eddy under condition of complex terrain in Loess Plateau,and to enhance the precision of turbulence measurements,the research of turbulence ergodicity is considered to be the prior section of the experiment.With the statistics of single-site turbulence measurements obtained in Baimiao Tableland,Ping Liang,Gan Su,analysis result shows that not only the turbulence with scale less than 10 min,which can easily satisfy the ergodicity,the tableland terrain can also be a major cause of the coherent structure of periodic,large-scale turbulence;compared to which for the turbulence above the flat underlying surface,the distribution of 10–40 min,large-scale turbulence in the tableland region tends to be more steady and,thus,can also satisfy the ergodicity easily.Under the condition of extremely unstable stratification,the wind is comparatively low in speed and features distinctly large-scale,periodical fluctuation,and with the trend of smooth increase in temperature,large-scale wind turbulence and temperature turbulence both tend to satisfy ergodicity.In comparison,under the condition of extremely stable stratification,the aperiodicity of large-scale wind turbulence and temperature turbulence caused by intermittency is comparatively strong,and the turbulence cannot satisfy ergodicity easily.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2008CB418203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50709009)the Elitist Support Project of Ministry of Education (Grant No. NCET-07-0254)
文摘Aquatic vegetation can influence the transport of sediment and contaminants by changing the mean velocity and turbulent flow structure in channels. It is important to understand the hydraulics of the flows over vegetation in order to manage fluvial processes. Experiments in an open-channel flume with natural vegetation were carried out to study the influence of vegetation on the flows. In a half channel with two different densities of vegetation, the flow velocity, Reynolds stresses, and turbulence intensities were measured using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). We obtained velocity profiles in the lateral direction, Reynolds stresses in the vertical direction, and the flow transition between the vegetated and non-vegetated zones in different flow regimes. The results show that the streamwise velocity in the vegetated zone with higher density is almost entirely blocked. Reynolds stress distribution distinguishes with two different regions: inside and above the vegetation canopies. The turbulence intensities increase with increasing Reynolds number. The coherent vortices dominate the vertical transport of momentum and are advected clockwise between the vegetated zone and non-vegetated zone by secondary currents (a relatively minor flow superimposed on the primary flow, with significantly different speed and direction), generated by the anisotropy of the turbulence.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41171016)the Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program(Grant No.2014SZ0163)
文摘The turbulence characteristics of both decelerating and accelerating flows under a gradually varying flume are investigated by using a three-dimensional down-looking acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV). The time-averaged velocity profiles are flatened except for the central parts, and fairly fit into logarithmic laws and those in the plane circulation under the gradual expansion are more likely to be negative. The complex secondary currents are identified under the present gradual transition attributed to the combination of driving forces induced by both the boundary configuration variation and the tmbalanced turbulence: a circulation on each side of the expansion and a pair of circulations on each side of the contraction. One sees an anisotropy in the turbulence intensities, the turbulence intensities increase or level out with the flow depth except those under expansion, and the V component of the turbulence intensity typically outweighs that in the streamwise direction. Apart from the above results, the respective particular distributions of the primary Reynolds shear stresses ( rxy and rxz ) under the gradual expansion and contraction can account for the patterns of the secondary currents in this investigation.
文摘In this paper, the turbulence characteristics were numerically investigatedin an asymmetric turbulent channel flow and the computational results were compared with therelevant experimental data. It shows that the results are consistent with the experiments and thereexist Counter-Gradient Momentum Transport (CGMT) phenomena in the central region near the smoothwall, and this region is as large as 6 percent of the channel width. In addition, a region, in whichCounter-Gradient-Transport (CGT) phenomena occur more evidently, is found close to the rough wall.These results can help to gain a deeper insight into the mechanism of CGT phenomena.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for innovative rese arch groups of China(Grant No.51021004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51279124,50809045)
文摘The flow characteristics in a meander channel are fully three-dimensional. With the primary flow in the streamwise direction, the secondary flow in the transverse and vertical directions induced by the channel bends are significant in the analyses of the turbulent structure. Some of the analyses in the straight channel, for instance, the quadrant analysis for the bursting phenomena, are inadequate in investigating the meander channel, since the flow in the transverse direction is not taken into account. In order to reveal the flow characteristics in a multi-bend meander channel, especially, the bursting process, experiments are conducted in the present study. With the three-dimensional quadrant analysis, the influence of the transverse flow velocity during the bursting process could be correctly addressed. The analyses and discussions are presented in this paper.
文摘In this paper,we report the turbulent flow structures and the scour geometry around two piers with different diameters.An experiment was conducted on a non-uniform sand bed with two types of tandem arrangements,namely,pier(T1)with a 75 mm front and 90 mm rear,and pier(T2)with a 90 mm front and 75 mm rear,with and without-seepage flows,respectively.A strong wake region was observed behind the piers,but the vortex strength diminished with downward seepage.Streamwise velocity was found to be maximum near the bed downstream of the piers and at the edge of the scour hole upstream of the piers.Quadrant analysis was used to recognize the susceptible region for sediment entrainment and deposition.Upstream of the piers near the bed,the moments,turbulent kinetic energy(TKE),and TKE fluxes were found to decrease with downward seepage,in contrast to those in a plane mobile bed without piers.The reduction percentages of scour depth at the rear pier compared with the front one were approximately 40%for T1 and 60%for T2.Downward seepage also resulted in restrained growth of scouring with time.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51379120,51179100)
文摘Hydraulic machinery mainly includes turbine and pump, which is closely related to national economy and people's livelihood involving aerospace industry, marine engineering, hydropower engineering, petroleum industry, chemical industry, mining industry, biomedical engineering, environmental engineering, agricultural water-soil engineering, etc.. The internal flow of hydraulic machinery is extremely complex, and its characteristics can be summarized as high Reynolds number, multi-scales, inhomogeneous and vortex-dominant unsteady turbulence which interact with the rotating dynamic boundary(rotor blade). Based on the analysis of the internal flow characteristics of hydraulic machinery, the author and his research team successively proposed a rotation correction model, a curvature corrected filter-based model, a scalable detached eddy simulation method, and a non-linear hybrid RANS/LES turbulence model to capture unsteady flow structures and then predict hydraulic performance and dynamic characteristics more accurately. According to the analysis on the internal flow, the corresponding flow control measures were put forward. It was verified by experiments that these methods could significantly improve the hydraulic performance, anti-cavitation performance and dynamic characteristics(pressure pulsation and vibration) of hydraulic machinery in a certain range of operating conditions. In addition, the mechanism how flow control measures influence internal flow was analyzed in depth, aiming at finding a feasible and effective way to improve hydraulic performance, anti-cavitation performance and dynamic characteristics of hydraulic machinery.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.22208320).
文摘Particles can appear as catalyst,reactant or product in various gas-liquid-solid three-phase production processes.Slurry bubble column reactors(SBCRs),as a kind of three-phase reactors,are preferred for phase contacting and mixing.However,literature studies concerning the effects of particles on the hydrodynamics of SBCRs are manifold and inconsistent in conclusions.Essentially,the multiscale interactions between particles,turbulent eddies and bubbles determine the reactor performance.This review focuses on revealing the particle effects in SBCRs from the perspective of multiscale mechanisms.Macroscopic hydrodynamic changes due to particle effects in literature are summarized.Dimensionless parameters,including the Stokes number,the solid-to-liquid density ratio,the ratio of particle and liquid characteristic lengths,the contact angle and the particle volume fraction are adopted to evaluate the characteristics of gas-liquid-solid flows.The relationships between particle influencing mechanisms and these parameters are analyzed and determined.Inconsistent experimental results are explained by different ranges of these dimensionless parameters.Moreover,particle effects at the mesoscale and microscale,such as the influence on the bubble dynamics and the pivoting effect on the turbulence energy spectrum,are elaborated.Finally,progress in modeling the SBCRs with consideration of particles effects using the Euler method are introduced.This review aims to improve the overall understanding of the complex hydrodynamics in the SBCRs.