Responses of Grassland and Forest to Temperature and Precipitation Changes in Northeast China

Using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） as an indicator of vegetation growth, we explored the characteristics and differences in the response to drought of five vegetation biomes in Northeast China, including typical steppe, desert steppe, meadow steppe, deciduous coniferous forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest during the period 1982 2009. The results indicate that growing season precipitation may be the primary vegetation growth-limiting factor in grasslands. More than 70% of the temporal variations in NDVI can be explained by the amount of precipitation during the growing season in typical and desert steppes. During the same period, the mean temperature in the growing season could explain nearly 43% of the variations in the mean growing season NDVI and is therefore a dominant growth-limiting factor for forest ecosystems. Therefore, the NDVI trends differ largely due to differences in the vegetation growth-limiting factors of the different vegetation biomes. The NDVI responses to droughts vary in magnitude and direction and depend on the drought-affected areas of the five vegetation types. Specifically, the changes in NDVI are consistent with the variations in precipitation for grassland ecosystems. A lack of precipitation resulted in decreases in NDVI, thereby reducing vegetation growth in these regions. Conversely, increasing precipitation decreased the NDVI of forest ecosystems. The results also suggest that grasslands under arid and semi-arid environments may be more sensitive to drought than forests under humid environments. Among grassland ecosystems, desert steppe was most sensitive to drought, followed by typical steppe; meadow steppe was the least sensitive.

Intelligent Intercommunicating Multiscale Engineering: The Engineering of the Future

1.Introduction Despite being widely known and investigated as a computer science discipline,artificial intelligence(AI)has attracted incomparable interest from researchers in diversified areas[1].In 1950,Alan Turing raised the classic question that has inspired numerous researchers to date:“Can machines think?”[2].The ultimate benchmark of AI was set by Turing’s revised“imitation game.”

Developmental Threshold Temperature and Effective Accumulative Tem- perature of Pupae and Eggs of Holcocerus hippophaecolus

In order to understand the occurrence and the developmental regularity of seabuckthorn carpenterworm (Holcocerus hippophaecolus) and predict its population density, the developmental threshold temperature (C) and effective accumulative tem- perature (K) of the carpenterworm pupae and eggs were analyzed under the conditions of constant and variable temperatures. The results show that the values of C and K of the carpenterworm pupae are (12.1 ± 0.2) °C and (295.2 ± 4.1) day-degrees at constant temperatures, and (15.5 ± 0.4) °C and (202.4 ± 13.1) day-degrees at variable temperatures. However, the values of C and K of the eggs at variable temperatures are (16.7 ± 0.8) °C and (101.5 ± 12.6) day-degrees. The differences of developmental threshold and effective accumulative temperature under the conditions of constant and variable temperatures of the carpenterworm pupae accord with the developmental regularity of most insects in nature. By comparing five different constant temperatures, the conclusion is that the optimum developmental temperature of the pupae is 21 °C when both the pupation of the mature larvae and the eclosion of the pupae are very accordant. Moreover, the percentage of eclosion is over 90%. The average developmental durations of the carpenter- worm pupae and eggs are 31 and 16 d at variable temperatures.

Effects of Rare Earth and Hot Pressing Sintering Temperature on the Transverse Rupture Strength of Fe-based Diamond Composites

Effects of sintering temperature in hot pressing, t yp es, states and amounts of rare earth as well as TiH 2 on the transverse rupture strength (TRS) of Fe-based composites are studied by means of orthogonal test and variance analysis in this paper. It is found that sintering temperature has a significant effect on the TRS of Fe-based diamond composites. The optimal sin tering temperature is 780～860 ℃. On the contrary, the effects of RE additi v es on values of TRS of the diamond composites have on distinct difference no mat ter the RE is in the state of mixture or compound or oxidization. Experimental r esults demonstrate that Fe-based diamond composites with RE additives exhibit h igher TRS, which results in an increase in diamond retention capacity. The degre e of increment of TRS is different at different sintering temperatures. The opti mal amount of rare earth was found to be about 1% in weight. The effect of RE is more significant at lower sintering temperature. The experimental results also reveal that TiH 2 additive has a negative effect on the TRS of Fe-based compos ites. Microscope observations demonstrate that specimen without TiH 2 additives , shows fewer pores and denser structures in the base metal. It can also be seen from the SEM observation of the resulting fracturing surface of bending test sp ecimens that the bonding of the diamond-matrix interface is better in the speci men without TiH 2 than in the specimen with TiH 2. Also the fracture surface o f the specimen without TiH 2 reveals ductile cup and cone behavior.

Healing time of incision infection after hepatobiliary surgery treated by needle-free incision suture closure

AIM: To compare the effectiveness of needle-free incision suture closure with butterfly tape and traditional secondary suturing techniques in treating incision infection. METHODS: Two hundred and twenty-three patients with incision infection following hepatobiliary surgery at a tertiary hospital were randomly divided into three groups: 90 patients were closed by needle-free incision suture closure, which gradually closed the incision wound when drainage from incision infection was visibly decreased and healthy granulation tissues had grown; 79 patients were closed by butterfly bandage; another 54 patients were closed by traditional secondary suturing technique. Healing time of incision infection was calculated from the beginning of dressing change to the healing of the incision. RESULTS: Healing time in the needle-free incision suture closure group (24.2 +/- 7.2 d) was significantly shorter than that in the butterfly bandage group (33.3 +/- 11.2 d) and the traditional secondary suturing group (36.2 +/- 15.3 d) (P < 0.05). Healing time in the butterfly bandage group appeared to be slightly shorter than that in the secondary suture group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Needle-free incision suture closure could gradually close the infection wound at the same time of drainage and dressing change, thereby shortening the healing time. (C) 2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

瑞敏系列和TURE TEST系列斑贴试剂检测结果比较

目的分析瑞敏系列(R)和TURE TEST系列(T)斑贴试剂检测结果及一致性。方法分别用这两个系列斑贴试剂检测196例慢性湿疹和接触性皮炎患者,对其检测结果进行比较。结果瑞敏系列和TURE TEST系列斑贴试剂对各变应原检测阳性率不完全相同,它们检测常见变应原种类均与国内已有报道类似;两个系列中相同的16种变应原的检测反应强度一致性较好,检测的阳性率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论两个系列斑贴试剂的一致性较好,临床上可根据患者情况选择应用。

Local Geometric Proof of Riemann Conjecture

Riemann hypothesis (RH) is a difficult problem. So far one doesn’t know how to go about it. Studying ζ and using analysis method likely are two incor-rect guides. Actually, a unique hope may study Riemann function , , by geometric analysis, which has the symmetry: v=0 if β=0, and basic expression . We show that |u| is single peak in each root-interval of u for fixed β ∈(0,1/2]. Using the slope ut, we prove that v has opposite signs at two end-points of Ij. There surely exists an inner point such that , so {|u|,|v|/β} form a local peak-valley structure, and have positive lower bound in Ij. Because each t must lie in some Ij, then ||ξ|| > 0 is valid for any t (i.e. RH is true). Using the positivity of Lagarias (1999), we show the strict monotone for β > β0 ≥ 0 , and the peak-valley structure is equiva-lent to RH, which may be the geometric model expected by Bombieri (2000). This research follows Liuhui’s methodology: “Computing can detect the un-known and method”.

The Model of Poverty Alleviation and Income Growth by Developing Plateau-characterized Agriculture and Its Achievements Analysis in Yunnan Province——a Case Study in Midu County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture

The policy of taking the targeted poverty alleviation measures has been the mission of the age in propelling the 13th Five-year Plan and building moderately prosperous society. A good poverty alleviation model is of significance for the goal. The research introduced a poverty-stricken county-Midu County, Dali Bai Au- tonomous Prefecture, analyzed the basic approaches and the main achievements of ＂the model of poverty alleviation and income growth by developing plateau-charac- terized agriculture＂, and proposed some suggestions to promoting and applying this model. The research provides references for plateau-characterized agricultural devel- opment and targeted poverty alleviation strategy.

A new generalized fractional Dirac soliton hierarchy and its fractional Hamiltonian structure

Based on the differential forms and exterior derivatives of fractional orders, Wu first presented the generalized Tu formula to construct the generalized Hamiltonian structure of the fractional soliton equation. We apply the generalized Tu formula to calculate the fractional Dirac soliton equation hierarchy and its Hamiltonian structure. The method can be generalized to the other fractional soliton hierarchy.

Interesting rendezvous location in a liver transplantation patient with anastomosis stricture

An endoscopic or radiologic percutaneous approach may be an initial minimally invasive method for treating biliary strictures after living donor liver transplantation; however, cannulation of biliary strictures is sometimes difficult due to the presence of a sharp or twisted angle within the stricture or a complete stricture. When an angulated or twisted biliary stricture interrupts passage of a guidewire over the stricture, it is difficult to replace the percutaneous biliary drainage catheter with inside stents by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The rendezvous technique can be used to overcome this difficulty. In addition to the classical rendezvous method, in cases with complete transection of the common bile duct a modified technique involving the insertion of a snare into the subhepatic space has been successfully performed. Herein, we report a modified rendezvous technique in the duodenal bulb as an extraordinary location for a patient with duct-to-duct anastomotic complete stricture after liver transplantation.

Plant diversity, population structure, and regeneration status in disturbed tropical forests in Assam, northeast India

We investigated the plant population structure and the phy- tosociological and regeneration status in two disturbed tropical forests in Assam Province, the Hojai Reserve Forest and Kumorakata Reserve Forest. A total of 166 species （80 trees, 20 shrubs and 66 herbs） of 136 genera and 63 families were recorded in both study sites. The disturbance index at the two sites, Kumorakata Reserve Forest and Hojai Reserve Forest, were recorded at 11.4% and 3.70% respectively. Reverse J-shaped population curve and exploitation of tree species in higher girth classes were recorded at both study sites. In the girth classes （10-30 cm, 30-60 cm, 60-90 cm and 90-120 cm in size） the percentage of cut stump density was higher than the percentage of individual living trees. The 18% （Kumorakata Reserve Forest） and 7% （Hojai Reserve Forest） spe- cies were recorded as not regenerating. Illegal felling and over-exploitation of forest resources may lead to species-specific changes in the population structure and can alter the future structure and composi- tion of the forests.

Virtual 5G Network Embedding in a Heterogeneous and Multi-Domain Network Infrastructure

The pursuit of the higher performance mobile communications forces the emergence of the fifth generation mobile communication(5G). 5G network, integrating wireless and wired domain, can be qualified for the complex virtual network work oriented to the cross-domain requirement. In this paper, we focus on the multi-domain virtual network embedding in a heterogeneous 5G network infrastructure, which facilitates the resource sharing for diverse-function demands from fixed/mobile end users. We proposed the mathematical ILP model for this problem.And based on the layered-substrate-resource auxiliary graph and an effective six-quadrant service-type-judgment method, 5G embedding demands can be classified accurately to match different user access densities. A collection of novel heuristic algorithms of virtual 5G network embedding are proposed. A great deal of numerical simulation results testified that our algorithm performed better in terms of average blocking rate, routing latency and wireless/wired resource utilization, compared with the benchmark.

The MuItilayer Fabric Structures for Conveyer Belts

The fabric structures for both the base structures and thecover of multilayer conveyer belts are introduced in thispaper.It is also of general significances to use these fab-rics in composite materials.

Influence of Hydrogen on Dislocation Structure in a Duplex Stainless Steel

The dislocation structure of specimens of a duplex stainless steel with precharged hydrogen has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy.The result showed the hydrogen acti- vated dislocation source on phase boundaries of ferrite/austenite and makes certain dislocations in austenite grains move.The dislocation appearances in each phase in specimens uncharged with hydrogen have been given for comparison.

Analysing the structure of the optical path length of a supersonic mixing layer by using wavelet methods

The nano-particle-based planar laser scattering （NPLS） technique is used to measure the density distribution in the supersonic mixing layer of the convective Mach number 0.12, and the optical path difference （OPL）, which is quite crucial for the study of aero-optics, is obtained by post processing. Based on the high spatiotemporal resolutions of the NPLS, the structure of the OPL is ana]ysed using wavelet methods. The coherent structures of the OPL are extracted using three methods, including the methods of thresholding the coefficients of the orthogonal wavelet transform and the wavelet packet transform, and preserving a number of wavelet packet coefficients with the largest amplitudes determined by the entropy dimension. Their performances are compared, and the method using the wavelet packet is the best. Based on the viewpoint of multifractals, we study the OPL by the wavelet transform maxima method （WTMM）, and the result indicates that its scaling behaviour is evident.

Quantitative Study of Clothing Expenditure of Families with Different Education Level in shanghai

300 families were investigated,which belong to theFamily Investigation Net of Government Policy-makingInvestigating System of Shanghai Statistical Bureau.Thedata were analysed with SPSSWIN6.0 software.The re-gression models showed that families with different edu-cation level have different clothing expenditure models,that is,different affecting factors of clothing consumingin the second quarter.High education families’clothingexpenditure is mainly affected by the family living spaceand husband’s income,while middle education familiesby wife’s occupation and low education farmilies by hus-band’s income.The descriptive statistics showed:fromApril to June,families with different education levelwere quite different on the following aspects:(1)theclothing expenditure of the whole family and its mem-bers;(2)the structure of clothing consuming;(3)thepurchasing price of clothing;(4)the selection of clothingpurchase places.

Study on Microcrystaline Structure and Luminescence of ZnS Thin Film Devices

The Electroluminescence thin films of zinc sulfide do ped with erbium, fabricated by thermal evaporation with two boats, are analyzed by the technology of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectrosc opy (XPS). The relationship between electroluminescence brightness and microst ructure of the thin films is obtained. The analysis results of XRD indicate th at the fabricated zinc sulfide thin films belong to the blende structure and hav e a trend of preferential orientation. The XPS measurements reveal the surface m icrostructure states formed mainly by oxygen absorption and carbon absorption th at effect on the EL excitation and relaxation luminescence process. The maximum photoelectron peak corresponding to the doped erbium is detected at a depth of 1 35nm to 350nm that formed the activation layer in the films. Analysis shows that the high brightness of the film devices is attributed to the crystalline planes of growth orientated in the (311), (400). In explanation of this phenomenon, th e status of the substitute energy for Er 3+ replacing Zn 2+ in the hos t lattice of zinc sulfide is discussed. All results of describing above are referable in researching of the electroluminescence excitation machnism of the t hin film devices and in favor of fabricating the thin film devices with high qua lity.

A meta-analysis of the treatment of cancer-related insomnia with acupuncture

To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of acupuncture in treating cancer-related insomnia.Methods:Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)and quasi-randomized controlled trials of acupuncture in the treatment of cancer-related insomnia were searched by computer in a Pubmed database,and the retrieved literature was screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria.After the literature screening was completed,two reviewers read the literature titles independently and extracted effective information.The migration risk assessment was performed by Cochrane.All statistical calculation requirements for this study were fully completed by RevMan5.3 software.Results:Among the 68 selected works of literature,3 RCTs were finally included,with a total of 133 patients.The risk of research bias is generally very low.In 3 RCTs,the sleep score of the experimental group was decreased by 0.48 more than that of the control group in 3 RCTs,with a 95%confidence interval of-0.82 and-0.13,and the degree of decrease was statistically significant(Z=2.70,P<0.05).Conclusion:Higher levels may indicate that acupuncture-related therapies are more effective in improving cancer-related insomnia.Although the included literatures feature low bias and no heterogeneity,the number may have reduced its clinical significance.Therefore,more studies on high-quality randomized controlled trials should be conducted in the future to better clarify the therapeutic effect of acupuncture and moxibustion on cancer-related insomnia.

Temperature and Magnetic Resonance Characteristics of Zinc, Manganese, Gadolinium, Gold, Iron Magnetic Nanoparticles and Cytokine Synergy in Hyperthermia

The temperature and magnetic moment depend-ence for assessing localized heating utilizing a new class of Manganese-Zinc-Gadolinium mag-netic nanoparticles was studied. These particles showed heating effect when subjected to alter-nating filed. Alternatively, a new approach was used to get disperse heating without spot heating by using the synthesis of particles at controlled Curie temperature of less than 44oC. The study reports a simple synthesis of Mn0.5Zn0.5GdxFe(2-x)O4 nanoparticles using chemical co- precipita-tion technique. The particles exhibited Curie temperature of 42篊 and high magnitude of mag-netic moments. The particles showed sigmoid behavior of dependence between temperature and magnetic moments. The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy showed T1 depend-ence on temperature in the range of 10-45篊. The particles may have high promise for self con-trolled magnetic hyperthermia application and its monitoring.

Design, Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Photophysical Properties of New Oxadiazole Extended Viologen Fluorophore

Viologens (N,N'-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium) are advanced functional materials, found important applications in electrochromic devices, molecular machines, organic batteries, and carbohydrate oxidation catalysts in alkaline fuel. In this article, we investigated the design, synthesis and photophysical properties of N,N'-dimethyl-2,5-Bis(pyridinium)oxadiazole 4 and its precursor 2,5- Bis(pyridine)oxadiazole 2. The crystal structure and photophysical properties of viologen 4 and precursor 2 have been determined. The viologen molecule 4 crystallized in monoclinic form, space group P21/n with four molecules in unit cell. Precursor molecule 2 also crystalized in monoclinic form, space group C2/c with four molecules in unit cell. From X-rd data, we found three cations in the molecular structure of viologen molecule 4, which is unusual in viologens. In the three-dimensional molecular packing diagram of molecule 4, the three cations and iodate anions are stabilized by C···C, C···I, N···I, N···H, H···I, N—H···I and C—H···I. The dihedral angle between planes having oxadiazole and two benzene rings are 5°and 8°, suggesting the molecule 4 is a slightly strained one. The molecular structure of precursor molecule 2 stabilized by C···C and N···H short contacts between the molecules. The molecule 4 displayed strong absorbance at 315 nm and emissions between 390 - 410 nm.