Quality Synthetic Evaluation of Urea Formaldehyde Foam Substrate in Turf Establishment

[Objective]The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of three kinds of urea formaldehyde foam substrate in tall fescue establishment as well as to study on evaluation of turf quality.[Method]The visual estimates,ecological quality estimates and utility quality estimates were used as the 1st level indicators,and the density,color,texture,uniformity,green period,cover degree,biomass,emergence energy,growth rate and turf-forming time were used as the corresponding 2nd level indicators.With T.L.Satty＇s method Analytic Hierarchy Process（AHP） and the fuzzy synthesis evaluation method,the weight ratio of matrix was obtained and the synthetic evaluation result was accorded with facts,then it could be regarded as the satisfying value of weight.[Result]The quality of three covering soil treatments was better than that of uncovering treatment and conventional treatment,the quality synthetic evaluation of F1 was the best,which was about 0.770.[Conclusion]Urea formaldehyde foam substrate showed high quality for turf establishment,which could be further spread and applied.

Mutagenic Effect of ^(60)Co γ-rays Irradiation on Turf Characteristics of Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the mutagenic effect of 60 Co γ-rays irradiation on turf characteristics of Buchloe dactyloides （Nutt.） Engelm. [Method] Buffalo grass were irradiated with 60 Co γ-rays at five different radiation intensities （1 200, 1 400, 1 600, 1 800, 2 000 Gy） to determine the related turf characteristics and analyze the mutagenic effect of 60 Co γ-rays at different radiation intensities on buffalo grass. [Result] Germination rates of buffalo grass irradiated by different radiation intensities of 60 Co γ-rays varied inconsistently, and the root length and bud length were shorter than the control; compared with the control, the height of irradiated seedlings was significantly reduced, and the number of tillers, plant height, leaf length and leaf blade width were smaller than the control; however, the stolon length, stolon diameter and number of stolon nods had no significant difference compared with the control. [Conclusion] This study laid foundation for determining the appropriate radiation intensity of 60 Co γ-rays and selecting useful mutants of buffalo grass.

Raising medium function of environmental engineering by using life rubbish to produce carpet turf

Abundant material with low cost was utilized to raise medium function of producing carpet turf by life rubbish. The results showed that the material used could strikingly raise water retentiveness and ventilating of medium. Through the determination of the effect of each growth index of several turfgrass, emergence density, plant height, root growth and individual plant′s net primary production were all positively related to the material′s amount mixed, showing that the mixture of material could promote turfgrass growth, further proving that the material used raised medium function of producing carpet turf by life rubbish and made most use of life rubbish resources. It provided a scientific base is for application of environmental engineering by using life rubbish to produce carpet turf. So the study had both important theoretic meaning and applied value.

基于Vue+OpenLayers+Turf的河段洪水预报动态可视化展示设计

传统河段洪水预报结果展示普遍为预报时间、预报值以及过程曲线,静态展示的是预报断面预报洪水过程,洪水到达前当前洪峰所在位置并不明确。为此,基于Vue框架和OpenLayers客户端,结合洪水预报结果和区间河道经纬度坐标集,使用Turf进行洪峰位置实时坐标更新计算,提出一种新的河段洪水预报动态可视化展示设计。通过利用该设计对大渡河丹巴水文站至猴子岩水电站河段进行预报模拟,实现了预报洪峰“动起来”的效果。结果表明,该设计能够更直观地可视化展示预报洪水传播情况。

Effect of turf on the cutting movement of female football players

Purpose： The globalisation of artificial turf and the increase in player participation has driven the need to examine injury risk in the sport of football. The purpose of this study was to investigate the surface--player interaction in female football players between natural and artificial turf. Methods： Eight university level female football players performed an unanticipated cutting manoeuvre at an angle of 30° and 60°, on a regulation natural grass pitch （NT） and a 3G artificial turf pitch （AT）. An automated active maker system （CodaSport CXS System, 200 Hz） quantified 3D joint angles at the ankle and knee during the early deceleration phase of the cutting, defined from foot strike to weight acceptance at 20% of the stance phase. Differences were statistically examined using a two-way （cutting angle, surface） ANOVA, with an α level of p 〈 0.05 and Cohen＇s d effect size reported. Results： A trend was observed on the AT, with a reduction in knee valgus and internal rotation, suggesting a reduced risk of knee injury. This findings highlight that AT is no worse than NT and may have the potential to reduce the risk of knee injury. The ankle joint during foot strike showed large effects for an increase dorsiflexion and inversion on AT. A large effect for an increase during weight acceptance was observed for ankle inversion and external rotation on AT. Conclusion： These findings provide some support for the use of AT in female football, with no evidence to suggests that there is an increased risk of injury when performing on an artificial turf. The ankle response was less clear and further research is warranted. This initial study provides a platform for more detailed analysis, and highlights the importance of exploring the biomechanical changes in performance and injury risk with the introduction of AT.

Effects of Seed Maturity of Turf-Type Tall Fescue on the Seed Vigor and the Optimal Harvesting Time

By assay of accelerated aging germination, germination index, vigor index, seedling length, seedling weight, electric conductivity, dehydrogenase activity, ATP content and acid phosphoesterase activity during seed development of turf-type tall fescue, the seed vigor of tall fescue were studied. Combining with seed moisture content and yield, the optimal harvesting time of tall fescue was determined. The results indicated that the seed vigor increased continuously along with seed maturity, and the higher seed vigor was achieved at 19th day after perk anthesis and maintained continuously until 31st day after peak anthesis. At 25th day after peak anthesis, the highest yield of 3 533 kg ha-1 and the good quality of seeds of tall fescue were harvested with 32.19% moisture content. From 22nd to 31st day after peak anthesis, the seed yield of 3 300 kg ha-1 and the good quality seeds of tall fescue were harvested with 40 - 12. 43% moisture content, and the span was the optimal harvesting time.

Mowing Height and Mowing Frequency Interactions on Turf Performance of Kentucky Bluegrass

The mowing height and mowing frequency are the key factors that affect the turf quality and turfgrass growing ability. The purpose of this study was to reveal the alternative effcient interaction between mowing height and mowing frequency in Kentucky bluegrass turf management. The Kentucky bluegrass cultivar ＇Kenblue＇ （Poa pratensis L.） was used to evaluate the interactions of mowing heights （H1, H4 and H7） and mowing frequencies （F2, F5 and F8） on the performance of turfgrass and turf physiological responses under the feld condition. The results showed that the treatment of H7×F8 had perfect infuence on the turf texture, root elongation, and also enhanced soluble sugar and free proline content in plants. While, the turf quality, color, uniformity and the increasing tiller numbers were performed more superior in the treatment of H4×F5 than other treatments. In all the interacting treatments, the relation between leaf green index and number of shoots （dm2） was positively correlated, thus, it could be speculated that the proper mowing height with frequency had a strong impact on the increasing of turfgrass tillers. On the whole, the interaction of H4×F5 on turf quality was the most excellent treatment in this experiment.

Research Progress on Water Use Efficiency and Drought Resistance of Turfgrass

Improving turfgrass drought resistance and save-water features are very important to solve water deficiency in turfgrass production and management. This research did some surveys of systematic literature review about turfgrass drought tolerance morphological characteristics, physiological characteristics and water use efficiency, and provided the detailed information for enhancing turfgrass drought resistant and water use efficiency in the future.

Study on Genetic Diversity of Turf Bamboo Based on ISSR Marker

[ Objective ] This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of turf bamboo species by using ISSR molecular marker technology. [ Method] Excellent turf bamboo species imported from France and domestic ornamental turf bamboo species were used as experimental materials for ISSR analysis, cluster analysis was conducted on 10 species of turf bamboo materials based on the obtained ISSR molectfiar ma^kers. [ Result] A total of 201 clear bands with good repeatability and high polymorphism were amplified with 21 ISSR primers, with a polymorphism rate of 93.1% ; similarity coefficients between different turf bamboo species ranged from 0.275 to 0.571, with an average similarity coefficient of 0. 357 ; according to the results of ISSR markers, 10 different ornamental turf bamboo species were di- vided into three categories by using UPGMA cluster analysis method. [Conclusion] Turf bamboo with different sources had relatively high genetic diversity, this study had provided theoretical and technical basis for the breeding, cultivation and vromotion of ornamental turf bamboo.

Effects of Low Temperature-tolerant Microbial Inoculants from Municipal Solid Waste Compost on Turf Storage in Winter

Beneficial microorganisms were extracted from municipal solid waste compost and treated under low temperature stress to prepare complex microbial inoc- ulants. Turfgrass was inoculated with the prepared microbial inoculants to investigate the ecological effect of ~crobial inoculants on turf storage in winter. The re- suits showed that complex low temperature tolerant microbial inoculants significandy improved plant height and aboveground biomass of turfgrass. Compared with the non-inoculated control, plant height and biomass of the first batch of inoculated turfgrass were enhanced by 6.47% and 14.32%, respectively; and they were en- hanced by 6.94% and 17.41%, respectively, for the second batch of inoculated turfgrass. Under low temperature stress in winter, the reviving rate of inoculated tarfgrass was significandy higher than that of control, which was improved by 3.34% and 43.33% for the first and second batches of inoculated turfgrass respective- ly. After low temperature storage in winter, inoculated turfgrass revived in advance; specifically, the reviving date of the second batch of inoculated turfgrass was 3 d earlier than that of control. This low temperature tolerant microbial consortium was effective for turfgrass as an ecofriendly and acceptable technology to improve plant performance and development in winter and accelerate time to market of turf.

751 Bauhaus Zone:The Turf of Designers

The mingling of the mod els＂ chic elegonce ond elusive style with the heovy presence of industriol icons creotes o bolonced ond rich polemic.

硝酸钾配施发酵饼肥对景观草坪坪用质量的影响

通过研究硝酸钾配施发酵饼肥对草地早熟禾草坪坪用质量影响的规律,可以为城市园林草坪养护的科学施肥提供理论依据。试验在城市环境条件下,设置对照(CK)、硝酸钾(K_(1))、硝酸钾+发酵饼肥(K_(2))、硝酸钾+腐殖酸复混肥(K_(3))4个处理,小区试验设计,3次重复。结果表明:6月,K_(1)处理分蘖密度、株高、叶长、叶绿素含量均显著高于CK、K_(2)和K_(3)处理;7-10月,K_(2)分蘖密度显著高于CK、K_(1)和K_(3),6-8月K_(1)与K_(3)均显著高于CK;6-10月,K_(2)处理盖度显著高于CK,6-7月和9-10月K_(2)显著高于K_(1);7-10月K_(2)株高和叶长均显著高于CK,8月和10月K_(2)显著高于K_(1);7月、8月和10月,K_(2)处理叶宽显著高于对照;7-10月,K_(2)处理叶绿素含量和植株鲜重均显著高于CK,K_(2)显著高于K_(3)。综合分析认为,在现有施肥量基础上硝酸钾与发酵饼肥配合施用有利于显著提高草地早熟禾草坪坪用质量。

践踏对5个植丝深度高羊茅草坪生理指标的影响

为了解践踏对不同植丝深度草坪草生理指标的影响,本研究以高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)植丝式混合草坪为试验对象,设置5种不同人造草丝深度6、9、12、15、18 cm和不植丝(CK),通过模拟践踏处理的方式,对比研究5种植丝深度混合草坪与天然草坪在践踏胁迫下草坪草的坪观质量、生理指标以及践踏后草坪草的恢复状况。未践踏情况下,植丝深度18 cm草坪质量显著高于对照和其他深度植丝处理,随着践踏次数增加,其他各深度植丝处理也对草坪质量有一定提升作用。植丝15 cm处理高羊茅叶绿素含量均能更快恢复,9 cm以上处理组在抑制丙二醛含量、可溶性蛋白和抗氧化酶活性恢复方面均有优势。综合试验结果表明,践踏胁迫条件下植丝式混合草坪的坪观质量总体表现高于天然草坪,植入人造草丝深度9 cm以上能在不同指标上有效加强草坪草抵抗践踏胁迫的能力,提升草坪草践踏后恢复速率。本研究为植丝式混合草坪的技术探索及应用推广提供了理论和实践依据。

混合草坪交播黑麦草对模拟践踏的响应

为研究践踏对交播多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)的不同品牌铺装式混合草坪的影响,本研究以2种(HERO和X-TRASS)混合草坪为试验材料,普通狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)天然草坪为对照,通过践踏器进行8周处理。结果表明:长期践踏处理下,2种混合草坪的颜色、总密度、盖度等外观质量均优于天然草坪;混合草坪含有人造草纤维,具有保护作用,生物量高于天然草坪;2种混合草坪在运动质量上也具优势,第8周结果表明混合草坪在滚动距离、扭力等指标上高于天然草坪,在实际运动中,更加节省体力,利于体育赛事;其中,HERO混合草坪的外观质量和运动质量等优于X-TRASS混合草坪,其综合评价值为6.38,排名第1位。综上,混合草坪在外观质量和运动质量上均明显优于天然草坪,HERO混合草坪是建植混合草坪的最佳选择,但实际应用中需考虑如何减少表面硬度以降低场地过硬可能带来的风险。

补光光源和日累积光照量对草地早熟禾草坪质量的影响

为降低体育场遮荫环境对草坪草生长的制约,提高运动场草坪的质量与性能,本研究以不补光为对照(CK),选用发光二极管(LED)和高压钠灯(HPS)作为补光光源,分别在11.18,15.12和18.36 mol·(m^(2)·d)^(-1)的日累积光照量(Daily light integral,DLI)下培育草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)草坪56天,探讨了补光对草坪温湿度、草坪质量、生物量、根系生长和叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:HPS补光对草坪冠层增温效果高于LED,同时HPS补光降低了冠层湿度。LED和HPS补光灯均能维持草地早熟禾的草坪质量,增加DLI有利于草地早熟禾的生物量累积和根系生长,在DLI为18.36 mol·(m^(2)·d)^(-1)的处理下效果最佳。在LED补光18.36 mol·(m^(2)·d)^(-1)下生长的草地早熟禾的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著高于HPS补光(P<0.05)。因此,LED和HPS均可应用于运动场草坪补光,建议设置DLI为18.36 mol·(m^(2)·d)^(-1)进行草地早熟禾草坪的补光养护,在夏季或气温较高的时候推荐使用LED补光。

人工和天然草地对青年女性跳跃落地时下肢生物力学表现的影响

背景:研究发现运动者解剖结构、激素水平、神经肌肉功能等内部因素与前交叉韧带损伤风险密切相关,而运动场地材质等外部因素也成为影响非接触性前交叉韧带损伤发生的危险因素之一,但目前研究中对其关注度相对不足。目的:探讨人工草地和天然草地对青年女性跳跃落地时下肢生物力学表现影响。方法:根据测试需要将符合GB/T 20033.3-2006以及GB/T 19995.1-2005标准的人工草地和天然草地平整固定于2块三维测力台上。21名青年女性自愿受试者分别在人工草地和天然草地完成跳跃落地任务。受试者站立于台阶上随后向前跳跃,跳落至测力台后立即全力纵跳并再次落至测力台上,2次落地均要求双脚分别落至2块测力台上,整个跳跃动作流畅无停顿视为成功。同步采集下肢落地过程中运动学、动力学及肌电数据,比较分析二者差异。结果与结论:①动力学方面,在天然草地进行跳跃落地任务时初始触地时刻后向地面反作用力、纵向地面反作用力显著低于在人工草地时(P<0.05;P<0.01);峰值地面反作用力时刻二者亦显著低于在人工草地时(P<0.05;P<0.05),且表现出更高的膝关节屈曲力矩(P<0.01)。②肌电方面,在天然草地进行跳跃落地任务时初始触地时刻后100 ms内股内侧肌、股外侧肌、胫骨前肌肌电活动水平显著低于在人工草地时(P<0.05;P<0.01;P<0.05)。③结果说明,在人工草地进行跳跃落地任务时较天然草地时会出现使前交叉韧带张力升高的生物力学表现。

白三叶入侵对草地早熟禾功能性状及草坪质量的影响

【目的】白三叶入侵会挤占草坪草的生存空间,严重威胁草坪的质量和功能。明晰白三叶入侵对草坪植物草地早熟禾功能性状及草坪质量的影响,可深入了解白三叶入侵机制,为禾本科草坪的建植养护提供理论依据。【方法】以白三叶入侵草地早熟禾草坪为对象,采用样地调查方法考察不同白三叶入侵程度(对照及轻度、中度、重度入侵)下草地早熟禾功能性状及草坪质量的差异,并通过隶属函数法综合评价各入侵程度下草坪质量。【结果】(1)随白三叶入侵程度的增加,草地早熟禾各器官碳含量、叶片建成成本及碳氮比、碳磷比和氮磷比逐渐降低,而比叶面积、各器官氮和磷含量增大。(2)同一入侵程度下,草地早熟禾各器官碳、氮和磷含量均表现为叶大于根和茎,碳氮比和碳磷比表现为根和茎大于叶,而其氮磷比表现为茎和叶大于根。(3)随白三叶入侵程度的增加,草地早熟禾草坪密度、质地、绿度指数和均一性降低,而地上生物量和地下生物量增大。(4)隶属函数法综合评价结果显示,草坪质量以白三叶未入侵时最优,重度入侵时最差,且叶碳含量对草坪质量的影响最大。【结论】白三叶入侵改变了草地早熟禾功能性状,降低了入侵区草坪质量,严重影响了草坪景观和功能。

高原湿地公路工程边坡不同恢复措施对土壤理化性质及酶活性的影响

[目的]研究高寒湿地高速公路工程干扰后不同恢复措施下边坡土壤理化性质及酶活性变化,为高寒湿地植被恢复模式的筛选,水土流失治理,改善生态环境提供理论依据。[方法]以自然演替、喷播植草、草皮回覆3种处理边坡模式为研究对象,并以原始未扰动植被作为对照,测定土壤理化指标和土壤酶活性,分析其相互关系及影响因素。[结果](1)3种恢复措施与对照相比均导致土壤pH值、全钾显著升高(p<0.05),土壤有机质、全氮、细根生物量、速效钾显著降低(p<0.05),在自然演替处理下都最小,分别为15.16±0.15,0.75±0.01,0.60±0.27,65.00±4.50;喷播植草、草皮回覆处理下土壤颗粒中黏粉粒比例显著降低(p<0.05);喷播植草、自然演替与对照相比丰富度指数显著降低(p<0.05),在自然演替下最小,为1.29±0.02,草皮回覆与喷播植草2种恢复措施的土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、速效钾、细根生物量及其丰富度指数高于自然演替。(2)与自然演替相比,喷播植草与草皮回覆能更好地恢复蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性,甚至过氧化氢酶活性能恢复至接近对照,酶活性在自然演替条件下都最小,分别为12.65±10.87,0.24±0.03,0.23±0.05,1.73±0.48。(3)4种酶活性与土壤理化性质之间相关性显著,脲酶活性对土壤理化性质最为敏感,能够很好评价高原湿地边坡土壤质量。[结论]采取喷播植草、草皮回覆相对于自然演替可有效改善土壤理化性质和提高土壤酶活性,土壤酶活性能作为评价高原湿地边坡土壤质量的敏感性指标。

低量添加太湖淤泥促进高羊茅出苗及生长

[目的]研究栽培介质中添加太湖淤泥对高羊茅种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,可促进水域淤泥在园林绿化方面应用研究。[方法]利用太湖淤泥与蛭石按照25%的体积梯度配制栽培介质,分别设计100%蛭石(T1)、25%太湖淤泥+75%蛭石(T2)、50%太湖淤泥+50%蛭石(T3)、75%太湖淤泥+25%蛭石(T4)和100%太湖淤泥(T5)共5个处理,将高羊茅种子点播于不同栽培介质中,通过出苗率和株高等植物性状指标判断各处理的栽培效果,同时利用各处理浸提液探索其对高羊茅种子萌发的影响。为判断影响高羊茅幼苗生长的关键因素,利用各处理浸提液对高羊茅幼苗开展水培试验,测定各处理幼苗的生长指标。[结果]随着太湖淤泥添加量的增加,高羊茅种子的根长、发芽势和发芽指数均实现了显著的提升,各处理的发芽率均为100%。作为栽培介质,太湖淤泥的最适宜添加量为25%,随着太湖淤泥添加量的提升,高羊茅幼苗的出苗率、株高、叶绿素含量、根长和生物量等指标均呈现明显下降趋势。相关性分析表明,栽培介质的容重、pH、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量与高羊茅幼苗的生长指标均呈现负相关关系。随着太湖淤泥添加量的提升,栽培介质浸提液对高羊茅幼苗的生长指标均呈现了显著的促生效果。[结论]太湖淤泥在与蛭石配比而成的栽培介质中的添加量为25%时能够对高羊茅幼苗生长起到一定的促进作用,但超过25%的添加量则会起到抑制效果。太湖淤泥的物理性质尤其是容重,是影响栽培效果的关键因素。

LED光照强度对高羊茅生长及生理特性的影响

为通过LED光源在适宜光照强度下培育高质量草坪,本研究以高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)品种‘交战4’为试验材料,在LED红蓝光源下设置100(L100)、150(L150)、200(L200)、250(L250)、300(L300)、350(L350)μmol·(m^(2)·s)^(-1)的光照强度处理,研究不同光照强度对高羊茅形态建成、生理特性和电能利用效率的影响。结果表明,光照强度低于200μmol·(m^(2)·s)^(-1)时,明显抑制高羊茅形态建成、营养物质积累和抗氧化能力。随着光照强度的增加,高羊茅归一化植被指数和色泽逐渐提升,根系生长更为强壮,有利于高羊茅的生物量积累和抗氧化能力增强。但当光照强度增加至300μmol·(m^(2)·s)^(-1)时,光照强度对高羊茅生长的促进效果减弱。利用LED培育高羊茅电能利用效率在L350处理显著低于L100、L150、L300处理。回归分析显示,在光照强度为291.25μmol·(m^(2)·s)^(-1)时[接近300μmol·(m^(2)·s)^(-1)],高羊茅归一化植被指数最大。因此,综合认为选择光照强度为300μmol·(m^(2)·s)^(-1)时,可以满足高羊茅的正常生长,保持较高的草坪质量,减少能源的消耗。