Influence of span-to-depth ratio on dynamic response of vehicle-turnoutbridge system in high-speed railway

For high-speed railways,the smoothness of the railway line significantly affects the operational speed of trains.When the train passes through the turnout on a long-span bridge,the wheel-rail impacts caused by the turnout structure irregularities,and the instability arising from the bridge's flexural deformation lead to a strong coupling effect in the vehicle-turnout-bridge system.This significantly affects both ride comfort and operational safety.For addressing this issue,the present study considered a long-span continuous rigid-frame bridge as an example and established a train-turnout-bridge coupled dynamic model of high-speed railway.Utilizing a selfdeveloped dynamic simulation program,the study analysed the dynamic response characteristics when the train passes through the turnouts on the bridge.It also investigated the influence of different span-to-depth ratios of the bridge on the vehicle dynamic response when the train passes through the main line and branch line of turnouts and then proposed a span-to-depth ratio limit value for a long-span continuous rigid-frame bridge.The research findings suggest that the changes in the span-to-depth ratio have a relatively minor impact on the train’s operational performance but significantly affect the dynamic characteristics of the bridge structure.Based on the findings and a comprehensive assessment of safety indicators,it is advisable to establish a span-to-depth ratio limit of 1/4500 for a long-span continuous rigid-frame bridge.

A Convolutional Autoencoder Based Fault Detection Method for Metro Railway Turnout

Railway turnout is one of the critical equipment of Switch&Crossing(S&C)Systems in railway,related to the train’s safety and operation efficiency.With the advancement of intelligent sensors,data-driven fault detection technology for railway turnout has become an important research topic.However,little research in the literature has investigated the capability of data-driven fault detection technology for metro railway turnout.This paper presents a convolutional autoencoder-based fault detection method for the metro railway turnout considering human field inspection scenarios.First,the one-dimensional original time-series signal is converted into a twodimensional image by data pre-processing and 2D representation.Next,a binary classification model based on the convolutional autoencoder is developed to implement fault detection.The profile and structure information can be captured by processing data as images.The performance of our method is evaluated and tested on real-world operational current data in themetro stations.Experimental results show that the proposedmethod achieves better performance,especially in terms of error rate and specificity,and is robust in practical engineering applications.

Study on wear characteristics and authorized limits of switch rails of high-speed turnout

Purpose-It is quite universal for high-speed turnouts to be exposed to the wear of the stock rail of the switch rail during the service process.The wear will cause the change of railhead profile and the relative positions of the switch rail and the stock rail,which will directly affect the wheel-rail contact state and wheel load transition when a train passes the turnout and will further impose serious impacts on the safety and stability of train operation.The purpose of this paper is to provide suggestions for wear management of high-speed turnout.Design/methodology/approach-The actual wear characteristics of switch rails of high-speed turnouts in different guiding directions were studied based on the monitoring results on site;the authorized wear limits for the switch rails of high-speed turnout were studied through derailment risk analysis and switch rail strength analysis.Findings-The results show that:the major factor for the service life of a curved switch rail is the lateral wear.The wear characteristics of the curved switch rail of a facing turnout are significantly different from those of a trailing turnout.To be specific,the lateral wear of the curved switch rail mainly occurs in the narrower section at its front end for a trailing turnout,but in the wider section at its rear end when for a facing turnout.The maximum lateral wear of a dismounted switch rail from a trailing turnout is found on the 15-mm wide section and is 3.9 mm,which does not reach the specified limit of 6 mm.For comparison,the lateral wear of a dismounted switch rail from a facing turnout is found from the 35-mm wide section to the full-width section and is greater than 7.5 mm,which exceeds the specified limit.Based on this,in addition to meeting the requirements of maintenance rules,the allowed wear of switch rails of high-speed turnout shall be so that the dangerous area with a tangent angle of wheel profile smaller than 43.68 will not contact the switch rail when the wheel is lifted by 2 mm.Accordingly,the lateral wear limit at the 5-mm wide section of the curved switch rail shall be reduced from 6 mm(as specified)to 3.5 mm.Originality/value-The work in this paper is of reference significance to the research on the development law of rail wear in high-speed turnout area and the formulation of relevant standards.

Parameters studies for rail wear in high-speed railway turnouts by unreplicated saturated factorial design

Rail wear is one of the main reasons for reducing the service life of high-speed railway turnouts in China. The rail wear characteristics of high-speed railway turnouts are influenced by a large number of input parameters of the complex train-turnout system. To reproduce the actual operation conditions of railway turnouts, random distributions of these inputs need to be considered in rail wear simulation. For a given nominal layout of the high-speed railway turnout, 19 input parameters for rail wear simulation in high-speed railway turnouts are investigated based on orthogonal design of experiment. Three dynamic responses(wheel-rail friction work, normal contact force and size of contact patch) are defined as observed values and the significant factors(direction of passage, axle load, running speed, friction coefficient, and wheel and rail profiles) are determined by two unreplicated saturated factorial design methods, including the half-normal probability plot method and Dong 93 method. As part of the associated rail wear simulation, the influence of the wear models and the local elastic deformation on the rail wear was separately investigated. The calculation results for the wear models are quite different, especially for large creep mode. The local elastic deformation has a large effect on the sliding speed and rail wear and needs to be considered in the rail wear simulation.

Experimental investigation on vibration characteristics of the medium-low-speed maglev vehicle-turnout coupled system

The steel turnout is one of the key components in the medium–low-speed maglev line system.However,the vehicle under active control is prone to vehicle–turnout coupled vibration,and thus,it is necessary to identify the vibration characteristics of this coupled system through field tests.To this end,dynamic performance tests were conducted on a vehicle–turnout coupled system in a medium–low-speed maglev test line.Firstly,the dynamic response data of the coupled system under various operating conditions were obtained.Then,the natural vibration characteristics of the turnout were analysed using the free attenuation method and the finite element method,indicating a good agreement between the simulation results and the measured results;the acceleration response characteristics of the coupled system were analysed in detail,and the ride quality of the vehicle was assessed by Sperling index.Finally,the frequency distribution characteristics of the coupled system were discussed.All these test results could provide references for model validation and optimized design of medium–low-speed maglev transport systems.

Multi-point Contact of the High-speed Vehicle-turnout System Dynamics

The wheel-rail contact problems, such as the number, location and the track of contact patches, are very important for optimizing the spatial structure of the rails and lowering the vehicle-turnout system dynamics. However, the above problems are not well solved currently because of having the difficulties in how to determine the multi-contact, to preciously present the changeable profiles of the rails and to establish an accurate spatial turnout system dynamics model. Based on a high-speed vehicle-turnout coupled model in which the track is modeled as flexible with rails and sleepers represented by beams, the line tracing extreme point method is introduced to investigate the wheel-rail multiple contact conditions and the key sections of the blade rail, longer nose rail, shorter rail in the switch and nose rail area are discretized to represent the varying profiles of rails in the turnout. The dynamic interaction between the vehicle and turnout is simulated for cases of the vehicle divergently passing the turnout and the multi-point contact is obtained. The tracks of the contact patches on the top of the rails are presented and the wheel-rail impact forces are offered in comparison with the contact patches transference on the rails. The numerical simulation results indicate that the length of two-point contact occurrence of a worn wheel profile and rails is longer than that of the new wheel profile and rails; The two-point contact definitely occurs in the switch and crossing area. Generally, three-point contact doesn’t occur for the new rail profile, which is testified by the wheel-rails interpolation distance and the first order derivative function of the tracing line extreme points. The presented research is not only helpful to optimize the structure of the turnout, but also useful to lower the dynamics of the high speed vehicle-turnout system.

Dynamic Analysis of the Turnout Diverging Track for HSR with Variable Curvature Sections

The paper presents an analytical method of identifying the curvature of the turnout diverging track consisting of sections of varying curvature. Both linear and nonlinear (polynomial) curvatures of the turnout diverging track are identified and evaluated in the paper. The presented method is a universal one;it enables to assume curvature values at the beginning and end point of the geometrical layout of the turnout. The results of dynamics analysis show that widely used in railway practice, clothoid sections with nonzero curvatures at the beginning and end points of the turnout lead to increased dynamic interactions in the track-vehicle system. The turnout with nonlinear curvature reaching zero values at the extreme points of the geometrical layout is indicated in the paper as the most favourable, taking into account dynamic interactions occurring in the track-vehicle system.

The effect of track alignment irregularity on wheel-rail contact geometry relationship in a turnout zone

The irregularity is a key factor affecting the wheel-rail contact geometry relationship. In this paper, we calculated the wheel-rail contact points at typical sections and obtained the longitudinal variation of the wheel-rail geometry relationship with the trace line method. The profile of the key rail sections was matched by cubic spline curve, and the shape interpolation was realized in non-controlling sections. The results show that the roll angles at each typical section increases gradually with the enlargement of track alignment irregularity. When the flange contact occurs, the roll angle increases dramatically. Proper track alignment irregularity towards the switch rail improves the structure irregularity of the turnout.

Length optimization of straight line connecting turnout on main line in high-speed railway station yard

Taking the development of high-speed railway in China as background, and referring to the dynamic theory and wheel-rail contact mode, dynamic analysis model was established, considering the setting position of straight lines and running conditions of train in high-speed railway station yard. Using the established model, and choosing vehicle lateral acceleration and wheel suspension as the evaluation indexes, dynamic characteristic of vehicle traveling in turnout and adjacent area on main line was analyzed, and effects on travelling safety and stability of train aroused by length variation of straight lines were calculated based on analyzing the damping rules of vibration. The results show that, a certain length of straight lines can alleviate the vibration aroused in turnout and curve(turnout), length of straight lines connecting turnouts in different sections on main line was proposed to meet the demand of traveling stability, and shortening or cancelation of straight line for the scale limitation of station yard has less influence on operation safety of train.

Dynamic Analysis of the Configuration of Lead Curves of Turnouts

A space coupling vibration model of the system of wheel and lead curve rails of turnouts is presented, in which the vibration of the straight and curved rails are taken into account and the variations of the elasticity of roadbed with the length of switch ties are considered. It is used to investigate the dynamic characteristics of different configuration of lead curve, such as circular curve, cubic spiral and high order transition curves. Based on the numerical analysis, some advantageous configurations of lead curve are suggested.

Influence of Track Parameters on Welded Turnout Group

By building the finite element model, the track parameters, including the ultimate longitudinal resistance, the length of the intermediate straight line, and the gap between spacer blocks, were analyzed for their influences on the longitudinal forces and displacements of the single turnout and turnout group, respectively. The results indicate that when the longitudinal resistance drops from 32 to 20 N/cm, the maximum additional longitudinal force of the turnout group increases by 19. 2%, and the maximum additional longitudinal displacement of the turnout group grows by 85.3% compared with 50.4% for the single turnout. When the length of intermediate straight line rises from 0 m to infinite, the maximum additional longitudinal force decreases by 38.8%, and the maximum additional longitudinal displacement by 80.3%.

Occasional Forces and Displacements of Longitudinally Coupled Ballastless Jointless Turnout on Bridges

For the longitudinally coupled baUastless turnout on Leida bridge on Wuhan-Guangzhou passenger dedicated line （PDL） in China, a turnout （cross over）-track slab-bridge deck-pier integrated finite element model was established, in which two No. 18 jointless turnouts with movable frogs in form of crossover, longitudinally coupled ballastless track, bridges and piers were regarded as one system. Based on this model, the additional forces and displacement regularities of turnouts, track slab, bridges and piers under occasional loading were analyzed, and the effect of occasional loading position was researched. The results show that slab breaking is more influential on the longitudinal force and deformation of the whole system than rail breaking, that slab breaking on one line could deteriorate both the slab force on another line and the forces exerted on the piers and fastener components, and that a great slab force at the left end of the continuous bridge expansion joint should be particularly avoided in design.

Computational Modeling of Government Policy to Attain Long-Term Higher Voter Turnout for Sustainable Democracy

People power is the fundamental concept of democracy and power of the people is exercised though voting. People decide who should be elected to make decisions for them. However, if people do not properly participate in the voting process and only two-thirds of all eligible voters participate in an election, the democratic institution loses its credibility and becomes vulnerable. This paper investigates various changes in voting institutions throughout the USAwith a simulation model that analyzes the efficacy of such methods to attain higher voter turnout.

9号道岔区铺设减振垫浮置板的行车安全性及舒适性研究

地铁道岔区在基本轨、尖轨处以及道岔钢轨接头处存在大量钢轨不连续地段,轮轨相互作用强烈,轨道系统振动明显,减振垫浮置板轨道作为一种高等减振措施已应用于地铁线路道岔区。为探究减振垫浮置板应用于9号道岔的适用性,并作为减振地段与普通无砟轨道的过渡段的可行性,以某地铁高架9号道岔为研究对象,建立桥上道岔三维有限元模型,仿真分析地铁B型车在120 km/h直向过岔和30 km/h侧向过岔的情况下,列车的行车安全性、舒适性以及轨下结构形变。对比在9号单开道岔区域设置的2种刚度过渡方式的优劣及其减振效果,较为系统地论证了在9号道岔区域铺设减振垫浮置板的可行性。研究结果表明:1)列车通过铺设减振垫浮置板的9号道岔区域时,浮置板位移极值出现在转辙区域和心轨区域,最大位移出现在尖轨位置,可增大尖轨处单板橡胶垫支承刚度,以保证轨道结构变形均匀;2)列车逆向侧向通过设置过渡段的减振垫浮置板道岔区时,2级过渡方式的车体最大垂向加速度、最大横向加速度、最大脱轨系数、最大轮重减载率、轨道刚度变化率以及减振效果等指标均优于1级过渡方式;3)在道岔区铺设减振垫浮置板,列车直向和侧向通过时的行车安全性和舒适性均能满足相关评价指标,且2级过渡方式更优。研究结果可为后续道岔区减振设计研究提供一定的理论参考。

新型高速道岔结构研发及列车过岔安全性分析

为了减小尖轨对列车高速运行安全性的影响,研发了一种新型高速道岔转辙器结构。新型转辙器去掉了既有结构中的尖轨,全部采用标准60 kg/m钢轨的轨头断面;转辙轨一端固定,另一端可左右转动,从而实现转向。基于车辆-道岔耦合动力学理论,分别建立标准18号道岔、新型道岔模型以及CRH_(2)型车的单车模型;通过与标准道岔对比,分析列车侧逆向通过新型道岔的安全性。结果表明:与标准道岔相比,列车侧逆向通过新型道岔时,在转辙器区域脱轨系数由0.49降为0.32,降低34.69%;轮轨横向力峰值由40.24 kN降为26.51 kN,降低34.12%;轮轨垂向力峰值由90.71 kN降到84.66 kN,降低6.67%。列车通过新型道岔时轮重减载率在跟端轨缝位置出现突变,在转辙器区域优于标准道岔。

基于GADF与2D CNN-改进SVM的道岔故障诊断方法研究

针对道岔故障特征不易提取以及道岔故障诊断准确率较低的问题,提出一种格拉姆角差场(Gramian Angular Difference Fields, GADF)与二维卷积神经网络(Two Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network, 2D CNN)-改进支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)的道岔故障诊断组合方法。首先,结合现场实际应用情况,选取道岔设备正常转换与典型故障的转辙机功率曲线,建立转辙机功率曲线样本数据库;采用GADF编码将一维转辙机功率曲线信号转换为具有时间相关性的二维特征图,分别选择16×16、32×32以及64×64大小的特征图并提取图像数据。其次,在LeNet-5模型的基础上设计2D CNN网络结构,并将图像数据输入至基于2D CNN的道岔故障特征提取模型中,经多层的卷积层、池化层以及全连接层提取特征指标,建立道岔故障诊断样本数据库。最后,通过北方苍鹰优化(Northern Goshawk Optimization, NGO)算法优化SVM算法的惩罚因子与核函数方差,构建基于NGO-SVM的道岔故障诊断模型。实验结果分析表明,将转辙机功率曲线数据经GADF编码为64×64大小的特征图,并通过2D CNN模型提取道岔典型特征数据,较其他数据处理方法具有较高的故障诊断准确率,同时提高了故障诊断实时性;将建立的道岔故障诊断样本数据库输入至NGO-SVM道岔故障诊断模型,其故障诊断准确率高达97.5%,较其他故障诊断模型具有更好的故障诊断性能,为道岔故障诊断提供了一种新方法,对现场道岔设备的日常维修具有一定的指导意义。

基于参数优化VMD和改进LSSVM的道岔故障诊断方法

为了解决道岔设备智能故障诊断中特征指标难以提取以及模型训练时间较长的问题,以ZDJ9型转辙机带动的道岔设备为研究对象,以转辙机功率曲线为数据基础,提出一种基于参数优化变分模态分解(Variational Mode Decomposition,VMD)和改进最小二乘支持向量机(Least Squares Support Vector Machines,LSSVM)的道岔故障诊断方法。首先,采用鲸鱼优化算法(Whale Optimization Algorithm,WOA)优化VMD参数,得到模态(Intrinsic Mode Functions,IMF)分量个数和惩罚因子的最优参数组合。其次,计算IMF分量与功率曲线的相关系数,优选相关性较大的前3阶IMF分量,并计算功率谱熵、模糊熵及包络熵值,建立多特征融合样本数据库。最后,针对麻雀搜索算法(Sparrow Search Algorithm,SSA)易陷入局部最优的问题,通过改进Tent混沌映射初始化策略随机生成种群,正余弦算法(Sine Cosine Algorithm,SCA)更新追随者的位置,并采用改进SSA优化LSSVM算法的惩罚因子和核函数方差,构建基于TSSSA-LSSVM的道岔故障诊断模型。实验结果表明:所提道岔故障诊断方法是可行的,采用多特征融合能够更加全面地提取道岔典型故障特征,反映道岔的真实运行状态,提高了故障诊断准确率,而且较TSSSA-SVM,PSO-LSSVM,GWO-LSSVM以及SSA-LSSVM等方法具有较高的故障诊断准确率、召回率以及较低的漏报率,减少了模型训练时间,完全满足现场道岔故障导向安全的原则,具有更好的故障诊断性能,对现场道岔设备的故障维修具有一定的指导意义。

基于MDS和改进SSA-SVM的高速铁路道岔故障诊断方法研究

针对高速铁路道岔设备故障频繁,现场维修工作量大等问题,提出基于多维尺度缩放法(MDS)和改进麻雀搜索算法(SSA)优化支持向量机(SVM)的高速铁路道岔故障诊断模型。首先以ZDJ9道岔转换功率曲线为研究对象,总结现场典型道岔故障类型及故障原因,分别提取道岔功率曲线的时域、频域特征指标以及小波包能量熵,组成特征指标向量;其次采用MDS方法进行多维特征指标的降维优化,建立道岔故障特征指标样本数据库;最后利用改进Circle混沌映射初始化种群,并通过自适应t分布增强麻雀种群的多样性,再以改进SSA算法优化SVM模型中的惩罚因子和核函数方差2个关键参数,构建改进SSA-SVM的道岔故障诊断模型。故障诊断结果表明,本模型的故障诊断正确率高达96.25%,诊断效果优于其他方法,可以为道岔设备的故障维修提供理论依据。

面向高速铁路道岔运维文本的知识抽取方法

为实现高速铁路道岔运维知识图谱的自动构建,从而为道岔智能运维提供决策支持,须利用知识抽取技术从高速铁路道岔运维文本中提取关键知识。同时,为进一步解决道岔运维文本中的实体嵌套与知识三元组重叠问题,提出一种基于多模块联合学习的高速铁路道岔运维知识抽取模型RTOM-KE。首先,依据定义的实体与关系类型,采用基于BIOES的2阶段知识标注策略,分别标注头实体以及相对应关系下的尾实体;其次,通过轻量级预训练模型BERT-base与双向长短期记忆神经网络BiLSTM构成的编码器模块获取文本的多维共享编码表示,将编码器模块的隐藏状态和全局上下文特征组合之后作为头实体抽取模块的输入;最后,通过头实体抽取模块提取文本中的所有候选头实体。同时,将候选头实体标签和来自编码器模块的多维共享词表征作为尾实体抽取模块的联合输入,通过特定的关系门机制筛选与头实体相关联的尾实体,从而获得高速铁路道岔运维知识三元组。通过充分的对比实验以及消融实验,结果表明:RTOM-KE模型能够较为精准全面地抽取不同复杂程度的三元组,有效解决实体嵌套与三元组重叠问题,基于道岔运维数据集的模型精确率、召回率与F1值分别可达88.3%、86.9%和87.6%。研究结果可为进一步构建高速铁路道岔运维知识图谱以及道岔智能运维提供支持。