An Efficient Reliability-Based Optimization Method Utilizing High-Dimensional Model Representation and Weight-Point Estimation Method

The objective of reliability-based design optimization(RBDO)is to minimize the optimization objective while satisfying the corresponding reliability requirements.However,the nested loop characteristic reduces the efficiency of RBDO algorithm,which hinders their application to high-dimensional engineering problems.To address these issues,this paper proposes an efficient decoupled RBDO method combining high dimensional model representation(HDMR)and the weight-point estimation method(WPEM).First,we decouple the RBDO model using HDMR and WPEM.Second,Lagrange interpolation is used to approximate a univariate function.Finally,based on the results of the first two steps,the original nested loop reliability optimization model is completely transformed into a deterministic design optimization model that can be solved by a series of mature constrained optimization methods without any additional calculations.Two numerical examples of a planar 10-bar structure and an aviation hydraulic piping system with 28 design variables are analyzed to illustrate the performance and practicability of the proposed method.

Selection of Water Transmission Method and Analysis of Pipe Network Zoning in Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Design

With the acceleration of urbanization,the demand for water supply and drainage pipe networks has increased significantly.In the planning of urban construction,it is necessary to optimize the design of the water supply and drainage system pipe network to effectively save energy while providing residents with more accessible water resources.Therefore,the municipal water supply and drainage system and the water transmission methods should be designed according to the geographical conditions of the city.In this paper,we mainly analyze the design of municipal water supply and drainage systems and the selection of water transmission methods.Besides,the optimization of the water supply and drainage network zoning process and pipe network maintenance is also discussed,so as to provide a reference for municipal water supply and drainage work.

A novel way for vibration control of FGM fluid-conveying pipes via NiTiNOL-steel wire rope

In this study,a coupling model of fluid-conveying pipes made of functionally graded materials(FGMs)with NiTiNOL-steel(NiTi-ST)for vibration absorption is investigated.The vibration responses of the FGM fluid-conveying pipe with NiTi-ST are studied by the Galerkin truncation method(GTM)and harmonic balance method(HBM).The harmonic balance solutions and the numerical results are consistent.Also,the linearized stability of the structure is determined.The effects of the structure parameters on the absorption performance are also studied.The results show that the NiTi-ST is an effective means of vibration absorption.Furthermore,in studying the effect of the NiTi-ST,a closed detached response(CDR)is first observed.It is noteworthy that the CDR may dramatically change the vibration amplitude and that the parameters of the NiTi-ST may determine the emergence or disappearance of the CDR.This vibration absorption device can be extended to offer more general vibration control in engineering applications.

NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION IN LIQUID-FILLED PIPES BY METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS

Fluid-structure interaction （FSI） is essentially a dynamic phenomenon and always exists in fluid-filled pipe system. The four-equation model, which has been proved to be effective to describe and predict the phenomenon of FSI due to friction coupling and Poisson coupling being taken into account, is utilized to describe the FSI of fluid-filled pipe system. Terse compatibility equations are educed by the method of characteristics （MOC） to describe the fluid-filled pipe system. To shorten computing time needed to get the solutions under the condition of keeping accuracy requirement, two steps are adopted, firstly the time step Δt and divided number of the straight pipe are optimized, sec-ondly the mesh spacing Δz close to boundary is subdivided in several submeshes automatically ac-cording to the speed gradient of fluid. The mathematical model and arithmetic are validated by com-parisons between simulation solutions of two straight pipe systems and experiment known from lit-erature.

Dynamic Analysis of Deep-Ocean Mining Pipe System by Discrete Element Method

The dynamic analysis of a pipe system is one of the most crucial problems for the entire mining system. A discrete element method （DEM） is proposed for the analysis of a deep-ocean mining pipe system, including the lift pipe, pump, buffer and flexible hose. By the discrete element method, the pipe is divided into some rigid elements that are linked by flexible connectors. First, two examples representing static analysis and dynamic analysis respectively are given to show that the DEM model is feasible. Then the three-dimensional DEM model is used for dynamic analysis of the mining pipe system. The dynamic motions of the entire mining pipe system under different work conditions are discussed. Some suggestions are made for the actual operation of deep-ocean mining systems.

Methods for assessing the grooving corrosion of high-frequency electric resistance welded pipes

Grooving corrosion is a major form of corrosion and is prone to occur when high-frequency electric resistance welded （HFW） pipes are being used. Therefore,grooving corrosion is one of the performance indexes of HFW products. Grooving corrosion usually occurs along the welding fusion line, resulting in one or more corrosion grooves. The main factors affecting grooving corrosion include the contents of alloying elements and impurities （especially sulphur） in the steel,the microstructure of the welds and the steel substrate, welding parameters and the service environment as well. In this study, the existing methods for assessing grooving corrosion were systematically reviewed, improvements and new methods were proposed and developed to overcome the shortcomings of the existing methods, such as inaccuracy and excessive research time. By comparison with the existing methods, the operational procedures and the characteristics of the new methods are introduced, and issues regarding the behavior of grooving corrosion and their assessment methods, which both need further research,are discussed in this study.

Effect of pipe characteristics in umbrella arch method on controlling tunneling-induced settlements in soft grounds

Recent developments in tunneling have stimulated design practitioners to more effectively utilize the underground spaces.However,tunneling at shallow depth in soft grounds gives rise to concerns associated with tunnel instability.Umbrella arch method(UAM),as a pre-reinforcement approach of tunnels in complex geological conditions,is widely used to maintain the tunnel stability.Quantitative assessment of the impacts of the entire approach and forepoling pipe features on tunnel stability remains challenging due to the complex nature of the UAM application.This study aimed to assess the effect of pipe design parameters on reinforcing the tunnels excavated in soft grounds.This practical investigation considered the actual field conditions attributed to the tunneling procedure and UAM deployment.Then,the tunneling process was modeled and the tunnel excavation-induced settlements were calculated.The post-processed results confirmed that deploying the UAM substantially reduced the tunnel crown and ground surface settlements by 76%and 42%,respectively.Investigation of various design parameters of pipes underscored the significance of incorporating the optimum value for each individual parameter into design schemes to more effectively control the settlements.Additionally,contrasting the settlement reduction rates(SRRs)for pipe design variables showed that the tunnel stability is more sensitive to the changes in the values of diameter and length,compared to values of the installation angle and center-tocenter distance of the pipes.

复杂管道瞬变流的二阶GTS-MOC耦合求解方法

经典的特征线法(method of characteristics,MOC)因其简单方便,边界条件易于耦合求解,常应用于有压管道瞬变流方程的数值求解.对于复杂管道系统,受库朗数限制,该方法往往需要进行波速调整或插值求解,可能出现严重的累积误差和数值耗散.有限体积法Godunov格式(Godunov type scheme,GTS)对管道内部库朗数具有良好的鲁棒性,但边界条件采用精确黎曼不变量方法,处理复杂.同时,以往水锤计算通常仅考虑稳态摩阻,低估了瞬变压力的衰减.文章提出并推导了考虑动态摩阻的GTS-MOC耦合模型,使用二阶GTS计算管道内部控制体,在复杂边界处采用耦合GTS-MOC方法处理.首先,针对串联管和分叉管边界条件,对精确黎曼不变量方法和MOC方法进行了理论分析.推导结果表明,在马赫数(Ma)较小的管道瞬变流求解中,两种边界处理方法结果一致,与实验结果对比分析,验证了耦合格式求解的准确性.最后,将耦合格式分别与GTS和MOC进行比较.结果证明,耦合格式可以达到和GTS相同的精度,同时,串联管道系统中MOC线性插值法和波速调整法均存在数值耗散且随时间增加更明显,耦合格式结果具有准确性和稳定性,与精确解更吻合.

基于物质点-特征有限元耦合方法的向后侵蚀管涌模拟

向后侵蚀管涌是汛期堤坝中一种常见的渗透破坏形式,多发生在下游存在无保护出水口的二元结构堤基中。由于土体渗流在出水口处存在较高的水力梯度,使得固、液界面附近的土体极易被侵蚀带走,一旦侵蚀土体的上层存在不透水的黏土层时,便会形成不断向上游迎水侧发展的管涌通道,最终导致堤坝出现失稳破坏。基于向后侵蚀管涌的发展过程,采用局部水力梯度作为管涌发展的判别准则,结合饱和孔隙介质的耦合物质点-特征有限元法,发展了一个能够模拟向后侵蚀管涌的新方法。新方法将求解域内的物质点分为3种粒子类型,对满足管涌触发条件的粒子进行删除,以此表示被侵蚀带走的土颗粒。由于算法中的流体部分采用了广义的Navier-Stokes方程进行描述,因此新方法能够同时计算孔隙水渗流和管道流体的自由流动。通过对小尺度模型试验的计算,验证了新方法在向后侵蚀管涌问题中的适用性。

Parametric resonance of axially functionally graded pipes conveying pulsating fluid

Based on the generalized Hamilton's principle,the nonlinear governing equation of an axially functionally graded(AFG)pipe is established.The non-trivial equilibrium configuration is superposed by the modal functions of a simply supported beam.Via the direct multi-scale method,the response and stability boundary to the pulsating fluid velocity are solved analytically and verified by the differential quadrature element method(DQEM).The influence of Young's modulus gradient on the parametric resonance is investigated in the subcritical and supercritical regions.In general,the pipe in the supercritical region is more sensitive to the pulsating excitation.The nonlinearity changes from hard to soft,and the non-trivial equilibrium configuration introduces more frequency components to the vibration.Besides,the increasing Young's modulus gradient improves the critical pulsating flow velocity of the parametric resonance,and further enhances the stability of the system.In addition,when the temperature increases along the axial direction,reducing the gradient parameter can enhance the response asymmetry.This work further complements the theoretical analysis of pipes conveying pulsating fluid.

Transmission loss simulation based on rectangular-pulse method and experimental evaluation of acoustic performance of perforated intake pipe

Exact simulation of the acoustic performance is essential to the engineering application for a vehicle intake system. The rectangular-pulse method based on the computational fluid dynamics approach was employed for calculating the transmission loss. Firstly, the transmission loss of the single-cavity element was simulated without any airflow, and the effects of different structural parameters on the acoustic performance were investigated comprehensively. Secondly, the static transmission loss of the perforated intake pipe was obtained by the rectangular-pulse method, which is proved to be accurate enough compared with the result by finite element method. Thirdly, under the different conditions of the mean airflow and the operating temperature, the specific transmission loss was acquired respectively. In general, the peaks of the transmission loss are shifted to the lower frequency range because of the reverse airflow, but the amplitudes are irregularly changed. Besides, when the operating temperature increases, the peaks are shifted to the higher frequencies. Finally, with the designed perforated pipe installed to the intake system, the road tests were proceeded to evaluate the actual acoustic performance, and the result indicates that the intake sound pressure level is greatly attenuated. Typically in the range of 600–1500 Hz, the insertion loss of the intake noise at the decelerating moment is almost 20 d B(A), and the overall noise is reduced more than 14.2 d B(A). In conclusion, the perforated intake pipe has been proved excellent in improving the acoustic performance of intake system and could provide the guidance for the automotive engineering application.

A Frost Heaving Prediction Approach for Ground Uplift Simulation Due to Freeze-Sealing Pipe Roof Method

Freeze-sealing pipe roof method is applied in the Gongbei tunnel,which causes the ground surface uplift induced by frost heave.A frost heaving prediction approach based on the coefficient of cold expansion is proposed to simulate the ground deformation of the Gongbei tunnel.The coefficient of cold expansion in the model and the frost heaving rate from the frost heave test under the hydration condition can achieve a good correspondence making the calculation result closer to the actual engineering.The ground surface uplift along the lateral and longitudinal direction are respectively analyzed and compared with the field measured data to validate the model.The results show that a good agreement between the frost heaving prediction model and the field measured data verifies the rationality and applicability of the proposed model.The maximum uplift of the Gongbei tunnel appears at the center of the model,gradually decreasing along with the lateral and longitudinal directions.The curve in the lateral direction presents a normal distribution due to the influence of the constraint of two sides,while the one along the lateral direction shapes like a parabola with the opening downward due to the temperature field distribution.The model provides a reference for frost heaving engineering calculation.

考虑管-浆-土接触状态的顶力计算方法

众多工程的顶管顶力估算值一般按照规范经验公式计算,而经验公式只考虑管道悬浮状态下的管浆摩阻力,没有考虑管土和管浆的接触状态,导致顶力估算值与实测值差异较大。为解决这一问题,在研究注浆减阻作用机理及管土接触模型理论的基础上,采用压力差的方法判断管-浆-土三者的接触状态,得到相应模型。再根据不同接触状态的受力分析,推导出相应顶力计算公式,并与规范公式、理论公式和实测顶力进行对比分析,结果与实测值结果相近,证明了本文公式预测顶力的准确性。最后根据实测顶力与顶程数据,得到管浆土平均摩阻力与顶程的变化关系,分析出顶管过程中管-浆-土接触状态的变化规律,为管-浆-土接触状态的顶力计算方法提供可靠依据。

基于极限平衡理论的内置型钢-钢管煤矸石混凝土组合柱轴压承载力分析

内置型钢-钢管煤矸石混凝土组合柱是一种结合煤矸石混凝土与内置型钢-钢管混凝土的新型结构,该结构可为固体废弃物煤矸石的资源化利用提供一条有效途径。采用极限平衡理论,分析了内置型钢-钢管煤矸石混凝土组合柱的实际受力情况,建立了该新型组合柱的轴压承载力公式,并验证了公式的正确性。在此基础上,探讨了钢管管壁厚度、钢管强度、煤矸石混凝土强度及型钢强度等主要参数对组合柱轴压承载力的影响。结果表明:采用极限平衡法建立的公式与试验结果吻合较好,组合柱轴压承载力随钢管管壁厚度的增加而增大,钢管管壁厚度每增加1 mm,组合柱的轴压承载力提高约7%,钢管对煤矸石混凝土的约束应力提高约31%;煤矸石混凝土强度每增大5 MPa,组合柱的轴压承载力提高约6%。随着钢管管壁厚度的增加和钢管强度的增大,钢管对核心煤矸石混凝土作用的约束应力有所提高,型钢的轴压承载力随型钢强度的增加而增大,煤矸石混凝土的轴向应力随着其强度的增加而增大。该结论可为内置型钢-钢管煤矸石混凝土组合柱的工程设计提供理论依据。

DIFFERENTIAL QUADRATURE METHOD TO STABILITY ANALYSIS OF PIPES CONVEYING FLUID WITH SPRING SUPPORT

It is a new attempt to extend the differential quadrature method(DQM) to stability analysis of the straight and curved centerlinepipes conveying fluid. Emphasis is placed on the study of theinfluences of several parameters on the critical flow velocity.Compared to other methods, this method can more easily deal with thepipe with spring support at its boundaries and asks for much lesscomputing effort while giving ac- ceptable precision in the numericalresults.

DYNAMIC STABILITY OF A BEAM-MODEL VISCOELASTIC PIPE FOR CONVEYING PULSATIVE FLUID

The dynamic stability in transverse vibration of a viscoelastic pipe for conveying puisative fluid is investigated for the simply-supported case. The material property of the beammodel pipe is described by the Kelvin-type viscoelastic constitutive relation. The axial fluid speed is characterized as simple harmonic variation about a constant mean speed. The method of multiple scales is applied directly to the governing partial differential equation without discretization when the viscoelastic damping and the periodical excitation are considered small. The stability conditions are presented in the case of subharmonic and combination resonance. Numerical results show the effect of viscosity and mass ratio on instability regions.

In-plane dynamics of a fluid-conveying corrugated pipe supported at both ends

The dynamics and stability of fluid-conveying corrugated pipes are investigated. The flow velocity is assumed to harmonically vary along the pipe rather than with time. The dimensionless equation is discretized with the differential quadrature method (DQM). Subsequently, the effects of the mean flow velocity and two key parameters of the corrugated pipe, i.e., the amplitude of the corrugations and the total number of the corrugations, are studied. The results show that the corrugated pipe will lose stability by flutter even if it has been supported at both ends. When the total number of the corrugations is sufficient, this flutter instability occurs at a micro flow velocity. These phenomena are verified via the Runge-Kutta method. The critical flow velocity of divergence is analyzed in detail. Compared with uniform pipes, the critical velocity will be reduced due to the corrugations, thus accelerating the divergence instability. Specifically, the critical flow velocity decreases if the amplitude of the corrugations increases. However, the critical flow velocity cannot be monotonously reduced with the increase in the total number of the corrugations. An extreme point appears, which can be used to realize the parameter optimization of corrugated pipes in practical applications.

NONLINEAR RESPONSES OF A FLUID-CONVEYING PIPE EMBEDDED IN NONLINEAR ELASTIC FOUNDATIONS

The nonlinear responses of planar motions of a fluid-conveying pipe embedded in nonlinear elastic foundations are investigated via the differential quadrature method discretization （DQMD） of the governing partial differential equation. For the analytical model, the effect of the nonlinear elastic foundation is modeled by a nonlinear restraining force. By using an iterative algorithm, a set of ordinary differential dynamical equations derived from the equation of motion of the system are solved numerically and then the bifurcations are analyzed. The numerical results, in which the existence of chaos is demonstrated, are presented in the form of phase portraits of the oscillations. The intermittency transition to chaos has been found to arise.

Surface stress effect on the vibration and instability of nanoscale pipes conveying fluid based on a size-dependent Timoshenko beam model

Presented in this paper is a precise investigation of the effect of surface stress on the vibration characteristics and instability of fluid-conveying nanoscale pipes.To this end,the nanoscale pipe is modeled as a Timoshenko nanobeam.The equations of motion of the nanoscale pipe are obtained based on Hamilton＇s principle and the Gurtin-Murdoch continuum elasticity incorporating the surface stress effect.Afterwards,the generalized differential quadrature method is employed to discretize the governing equations and associated boundary conditions.To what extent important parameters such as the thickness,material and surface stress modulus,residual surface stress,surface density,and boundary conditions influence the natural frequency of nanoscale pipes and the critical velocity of fluid is discussed.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINOR-CALIBER COMPOSITE PIPES ON CORROSIVE WEAR-RESISTANT

The ceramic lined pipes had been produced by gravitational separation SHS method and influential factors on combustion synthesis was investigated.The experimental results showed that the ceramic lined pipes had been produced easily under condition that selecting pipes well distributed on the wall thickness ,proper preheating temperature and appropriate additive.