Anaerobic-aerobic processes for the treatment of textile dyeing wastewater containing three commercial reactive azo dyes:Effect of number of stages and bioreactor type

In this study,the effect of number of stages and bioreactor type on the removal performance of a sequential anaerobic-aerobic process employing activated sludge for the treatment of a simulated textile dyeing wastewater containing three commercial reactive azo dyes was considered.Two stage processes performed better than one stage ones,both in terms of overall organic and color removal,as well as the higher contribution of anaerobic stage to the overall removal performance,thereby making them a more energy efficient option.The employment of a moving bed sequencing batch biofilm reactor,which uses both suspended and attached biomass,for the implementation of the anaerobic stage of the process,was compared with a sequencing batch reactor that only employs suspended biomass.The results showed that,although there was no meaningful difference in biomass concentration between the two bioreactors,the latter reactor had better performance in terms of chemical oxygen demand(COD)removal efficiency and rate and color removal rate.Further exploratory tests revealed a difference between the roles of suspended and attached bacterial populations,with the former yielding better color removal whilst the latter had better COD removal performance.The sequential anaerobic–aerobic process,employing an aerobic membrane bioreactor in the aerobic stage resulted in COD and color removal of 77.1±7.9%and 79.9±1.5%,respectively.The incomplete COD and color removal was attributed to the presence of soluble microbial products in the effluent and the autoxidation of dye reduction metabolites,respectively.Also,aerobic partial mineralization of the dye reduction metabolites,was experimentally observed.

Characteristics of high-sulfate wastewater treatment by two-phase anaerobic digestion process with Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed

A new anaerobic reactor, Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed （JLAFB）, was designed for treating high-sulfate wastewater. The treatment characteristics, including the effect of influent COD/SO42 ratio and alkalinity and sulfide inhibition in reactors, were discussed for a JLAFB and a general anaerobic fiuidized bed （AFB） reactor used as sulfate-reducing phase and methane-producing phase, respectively, in two-phase anaerobic digestion process. The formation of granules in the two reactors was also examined. The results indicated that COD and sulfate removal had different demand of influent COD/SO4^2- ratios. When total COD removal was up to 85%, the ratio was only required up to 1.2, whereas, total sulfate removal up to 95% required it exceeding 3.0. The alkalinity in the two reactors increased linearly with the growth of influent alkalinity. Moreover, the change of influent alkalinity had no significant effect on pH and volatile fatty acids （VFA） in the two reactors. Influent alkalinity kept at 400-500 mg/L could meet the requirement of the treating process. The JLAFB reactor had great advantage in avoiding sulfide and free-H2S accumulation and toxicity inhibition on microorganisms. When sulfate loading rate was up to 8. 1 kg/（m^3.d）, the sulfide and free-H2S concentrations in JLAFB reactor were 58.6 and 49.7 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the granules, with offwhite color, ellipse shape and diameters of 1.0-3.0 mm, could be developed in JLAFB reactor. In granules, different groups of bacteria were distributed in different layers, and some inorganic metal compounds such as Fe, Ca, Mg etc. were found.

The Effect of Hydraulic Retention Times and Loading Rates on the Removal of Pollutants from Fish Processing Wastewater by Anaerobic Process

Anaerobic treatment model treats fish processing wastewater to be necessary for a small and medium factory that is very popular in Vietnam and other countries.Several techniques have been proposed.However,they are quite expensive and hard to operate,especially in remote areas.In this study,the hydraulic retention times(HRT)including 3,5,and 7 hours with a various organic loading rate of 1.5 to 6.5 kg COD/m3/day were investigated.Biomass concentration as mix-liquor volatile suspended solid(MLVSS)in the model is at 6,000 to 9,000 mg/L.On the basis of the result the optimal HRT with a 4.0 kg COD/m3/day organic loading rate was 8 hours which BOD5,COD removal efficiency were 92.18,87.36 percent respectively.By the end of the optimal hydraulic retention times,the total methane gas volume as a by-product was collected with 2.6 liters.

Effect of goethite on anaerobic co-digestion process of corn straw and algae biomass

1 Introduction Recently the demand for fossil fuel has grown significantly with the rapid development of the Chinese economy.Renewable energy was developed to replace traditional fossil fuels,which would decrease the

Treatment of methanol wastewater with two-stage and two-phase anaerobic process

The two-stage and two-phase anaerobic process (TSTP) composed of hydrolytic acidification reactor,first-order and second-order external circulation anaerobic reactors (EC) was taken to treat methanol wastewater. Test results show that TSTP process is quick start-up in 51 d, and the maximum VFA of hydrolytic acidification reactor effluent reaches 876 mg/L. Under the condition of volume loading of 6.56 kgCOD/m3·d, COD removal rate of the first-order EC reactor is about 85%, and under the condition of volume loading of 1.02 kgCOD/m3·d, COD removal rate of the second-order EC reactor is about 50%. When the inflow COD of TSTP process is between 7000-11000 mg/L, its effluent COD is lower than 600 mg/L. In the biological conversion process of methanol into methane,the production of acetic acids as an intermediate product can be ignored and the direct production of methane from methanol is predominant.

Effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercises on glycemic control in type 1 diabetic youths

AIM:To evaluate the long-term effect of aerobic and/or anaerobic exercise on glycemic control in youths with type 1 diabetes.METHODS:Literature review was performed in spring and summer 2014 using Pub Med/MEDLINE,Google Scholar,Scopus,and Science Direct with the following terms:aerobic,anaerobic,high-intensity,resistance,exercise/training,combined with glycemic/metabolic control,glycated haemoglobin A1c(Hb A1c) and type 1diabetes.Only peer-reviewed articles in English were included published in the last 15 years.It was selected from 1999 to 2014.Glycemic control was measured with Hb A1 c.Studies with an intervention lasting at least 12 wk were included if the Hb A1 c was measured before and after the intervention.RESULTS:A total of nine articles were found,and they were published between the years of 2002-2011.The sample size was 401 diabetic youths(166 males and 235 females) with an age range of 10-19 years except one study,in which the age range was 13-30 years.Study participants were from Australia,Tunisia,Lithuania,Taiwan,Turkey,Brazilia,Belgium,Egypt and France.Four studies were aerobic-based,four were combined aerobic and anaerobic programs,and one compared aerobic exercise to anaerobic one.Available studies had insufficient evidence that any type of exercise or combined training would clearly improve the glycemic control in type 1 diabetic youth.Only three(two aerobic-based and one combined) studies could provide a significant positive change in glycemic control.CONCLUSION:The regular physical exercise has several other valuable physiological and health benefits that justify the inclusion of exercise in pediatric diabetes treatment and care.

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a four-compartment periodic anaerobic baffled reactor

Periodic anaerobic baffled reactor （PABR） is a novel reactor based on the design concept of anaerobic baffled reactor （ABR）. Residence time distribution （RTD） studies on both clean and working reactors at the same hydraulic residence time （HRT） of 2 d were carded out to investigate the dead spaces and mixing patterns in PABRs at different organic loading rates （OLRs） in various switching manners and frequencies. The results showed that the fraction of dead space in PABR was similar to that in ABR, which was low in comparison with other reactor designs. Dead space may be divided into two categories, hydraulic and biological. In RTD studies without biomass, the hydraulic dead space in the PABR run in an ＂every second＂ switching manner with T = 2 d was the lowest whereas that in the PABR run in a T = ∞ （ABR） switching manner was the highest. The same trend was obtained with the total dead space in RTD studies with biomass no matter what the OLR was. Biological dead space was the major contributor to dead space but affected decreasingly at higher OLR whichever switching manner the PABR run in. The flow patterns within the PABRs were intermediate between plug-flow and perfectly mixed under all the conditions tested,

Influence of temperature on performance of anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste

The influence of temperature on the performance of anaerobic reactors for treating the organic fraction of municipal sohd waste （OFMSW） was studied. Batch digestion of OFMSW was carded out for 32 d at different temperature （25℃, 35℃, 45℃ and 55℃） conditions for total solid concentrations （TS） 17% with the ratio of total organic carbon to nitrogen （C/N） being, 25：1 respectively, while keeping other parameters constant such as inoculum, start-up pH, reactor volume （2 L） and so on. Temperature can influence the methanogenic bacteria activity, accordingly inhibiting the OFMSW biodegradation and stabilization efficiency. Anaerobic reactors excelled at TS reduction, total volatile solid reduction, chemical oxygen demand reduction, increasing cumulative biogas production, whose rate was at temperature （35℃ and 55℃） conditions. Methane concentration in the biogas was above 65% in four reactors. In addition, the fluctuation of temperatures resulted in the biogas production variation. The data obtained indicated that temperature had a significant influence on anaerobic process.

Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise training effects on the cardiovascular system

Physical exercise is one of the most effective methods to help prevent cardiovascular(CV) disease and to promote CV health. Aerobic and anaerobic exercises are two types of exercise that differ based on the intensity, interval and types of muscle fibers incorporated. In this article, we aim to further elaborate on these two categories of physical exercise and to help decipher which provides the most effective means of promoting CV health.

Facultative-anaerobic microbial digestion of coal preparation waste and use of effluent solids to enhance plant growth in a sandy soil

Coal preparation solid waste,which is a major environmental issue for coal-producing areas in China,may be microbiologically digested and transformed into a product suitable as a soil amendment to increase soil organic matter content and prevent and enhance plant/crop growth.Coal preparation waste collected from a coal sorting plant in Inner Mongolia,China was digested in bioreactors inoculated with microbial enrichments prepared from activated sludge and cow manure.The effluent solids from the coal preparation waste bioreactors were analyzed for their suitability as organic soil amendments,which complied with China standards.Plant growth tests were conducted in sandy soil from a semi-arid region in Colorado,which was amended with the effluent solids.Kentucky bluegrass(Poa pratensis L.)and chives(Allium schoenoprasum)were used as the representative plants for the growth tests,where results indicated substantially higher yields of Kentucky bluegrass and chives for the sandy soils amended with the effluent solids when compared to a commercial organic fertilizer.The number and average length of Kentucky bluegrass shoots were 10 and 5.1 times higher,respectively,in soils amended with the effluent solids.Similarly,the number and average length of chives shoots were 10 and 1.7 times higher,respectively,in soils amended with the effluent solids.Overall,the microbial digestion of coal preparation waste for application as an organic soil amendment is a viable alternative and beneficial use of coal preparation solid waste.

ATP content and biomass activity in sequential anaerobic／aerobic reactors

Specific ATP content of volatile solids was measured to characterize the sludge activity in a sequential anaerobic/aerobic wastewater treatment system, with an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and a three-phase aerobic fluidized bed (AFB) reactor. The wastewater COD level was 2000-3000 mg/L in simulation of real textile wastewater. The ATP content and the specific ATP contents of volatile solids at different heights of the UASB reactor and those of the suspended and immobilized biomass in the AFB reactor were measured. In the UASB reactor, the maximum value of specific ATP (0.85 mg ATP/g VS) was obtained at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) 7.14 h in the blanket solution. In the AFB reactor, the specific ATP content of suspended biomass was higher than that of immobilized biomass and increased with hydraulic retention time reaching a maximum value of 1.6 mg ATP/g VS at hydraulic retention time 4.35 h. The ATP content of anaerobes in the UASB effluent declined rapidly under aerobic conditions following a 2nd-order kinetic model.

Function of anaerobic portion in a conventional sequencing batch reactor

The performance of SBRs treating two kinds of wastewater(synthetic wastewater con- taining polyvinyl alcohol and effluent from a coke-plant wastewater treatment system)was investi- gated in this study,in order to examine the exact function of anaerobic portion in a conventional SBR.The set up of 4-or 8-hour anaerobic mixing period in a SBR's cycle did not benefit for PVA degradation.While an anaerobic reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge could partly hydrolyse and acidify PVA into readily-degradable intermediates.During the anaerobic fill period of an SBR treat- ing the effluent from a coke-plant wastewater treatment system,the organic concentration was re- duced to certain extent due to the adsorption of activated sludge and dilution of the mixed liquor from the previous cycle.Parts of readily-degradable organics in the influent were utilised by denitri- fiers as carbon source.The biomass in a conventional SBR was alternatively imposed to aerobic and anaerobic conditions in its operating cycle,the environmental conditions needed for anaerobic hy- drolization and acidification of refractory organics could not occur in such an SBR.

Biological Nitrogen and COD Removal of Nutrient-Rich Wastewater Using Aerobic and Anaerobic Reactors

A preliminary study on nitrogen and organic removal efficiency of a lab-scale system using aerobic and an-aerobic reactors was performed. A simulated wastewater containing elevated levels of nitrogen was used. This paper aims to compare the efficiency of aerobic and anaerobic reactors in achieving nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of nutrient-rich wastewater. It also presents the start-up experi-mentation conducted on simulated wastewater using two different reactors configured as aerobic and anaero-bic. Start-up experiments were carried out using a 5-liter acrylic aerobic reactor and a 4-liter flask anaerobic reactor containing activated sludge taken from De La Salle University (DLSU) wastewater treatment plant as a source of inoculum. Simulated wastewater was continuously fed to the two reactors and the time course of biomass growth was monitored by measuring the biomass concentration represented by mixed liquor volatile solids (MLVS). The time course of organic pollutant reduction by measuring the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was conducted until steady state condition was reached. On the other hand, COD and nitrogen tests such as Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), Nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N), Nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) were also per-formed using 5 batch aerobic reactors containing different concentrations of wastewater and a single batch anaerobic reactor to see the effect of different feed concentrations in the removal of nitrogen. Preliminary results showed that 98% reduction in COD was obtained in aerobic reactor, as supported by increasing con-centration of MLVS, with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5 hours after 11 days while 34% reduction in COD was obtained in anaerobic reactor with the same HRT after 14 days.

¹³C/¹²C Isotope Fractionation during Aerobic and Anaerobic Biodegradation of Naphthalene

Microcosm experiments were conducted to determine the fractionation of stable carbon isotopes during biodegradation of naphthalene. The microcosms were performed under aerobic conditions, anaerobic (amended with sulfate, amended with nitrate and with no amendments) and sterile controls. The liquid phase was analyzed to determine naphthalene concentration and stable carbon isotope signature. Aerobic microcosm showed that naphthalene degraded aerobically within 60 hours. The δ13C increased from -25.5‰ to -25.1‰ (enrichment of 0.4‰ ± 0.08‰) in a single sample in which 95% of the naphthalene was biodegraded. Anaerobic microcosms show that after 288 days, the microcosms with no amendments, amended with nitrate and amended with sulfate had consumed respectively 30%, 50% and 60% of naphthalene on average, compared to control microcosms. Under the denitrifying conditions, the δ13C of naphthalene increased from -25.2‰ to -23.9‰ (enrichment of 1.3‰ ± 0.3‰) after a 95% of naphthalene biodegradation. For the unamended microcosms, a slight enrichment on δ13C napththalene was detected, from -25.2‰ to -24.5‰ (enrichment of 0.7‰ ± 0.3‰) after a biodegradation of approximately 65% of naphthalene (after 288 days). For sulfate reducing microcosms, no significant changes were detected on the δ13C during naphthalene biodegradation.

Comparative study of thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic treatment of purified terephthalic acid (PTA) wastewater

The paper provides a critical comparison between mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic treatment of PTA wastewater through diagnosis of a case study. Aspects covered are bioavailability, biodegradability, microbial population, thermodynamics, kinetics involved and bio-reactor design for PTA wastewater treatment. The results of the case study suggests that one- stage thermophilic anaerobic reactor coupled with coagulation-flocculation pre-treatment unit and an aerobic post treatment unit could be techno-economically viable for PTA wastewater treatment to ensure that the final effluent quality conforms to the international standard. The in-formation emanated from this study could be useful and thought provoking to the professionals and academia in the area of PTA wastewater treatment and can serve as impetus toward the development of research lines in similar problems like the treatment of other petrochemical wastewater such as phenol-con- taining wastewater, benzene/benzoic acid-con- taining wastewater or wastewater from other similar industrial settings.

Elimination of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Domestic Wastewater through a Series of Anaerobic and Aerobic Reactors for a Developing Country like Benin

Waste water treatment in order to preserve water resources is one of the major concerns in developing countries. This study aims to test the operating effectiveness of a pilot designed on a basis of several laboratory experiments, which consists of an anaerobic and aerobic pond in series. The test was performed through monitoring global parameters of pollution. The results of the analysis of these parameters indicate an elimination of 91% of suspended solids, 68% of COD, 77% of BOD5, 61% of nitrate and 81% of phosphorus. It was also noticed that the anaerobic pond removes most, carbonaceous organic materials and especially suspended matters;and the aerobic pond most, nitrogen and especially phosphorus. This study reveals the effectiveness of the series connection of an anaerobic and aerobic pond for domestic wastewater treatment.

Racial variation of aerobic and anaerobic performances in sedentary men

The present study was designed to compare the effect of racial variations on short- and incremental maximal exercises in sedentary men whites (WT) and blacks (BT) Tunisian and South African (SA). In a randomized order, thirty-six physically sedentary men including 12 BT, 12 WT, and 12 SA were asked to perform a force-velocity (i.e., determination of maximal power (Pmax), F0, and V0) and a treadmill maximal aerobic (i.e., determination of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max)) tests. Pmax and F0 were significantly higher in SA than WT (p 0 values. Moreover, VO2 max was significantly higher in SA and BT than WT (p < 0.001). However, no significant difference was observed between SA and BT. Compared to white subjects, the present study’ results suggest the superiority of blacks races on aerobic and anaerobic exercises in physically sedentary men.

Stability and Uniform Boundedness for a Class of Anaerobic Digestion Ecological Models

Stability, boundedness and persistence are three important aspects for an ecological model. In this paper, a further analysis of a class of anaerobic digestion ecological models is performed. Based on the Liupunov Method, the local stability of all equilibria in the system is got. According to the vector fields described by the system, the proof of the boundedness of the solution on the anaerobic digestion processes is completed in three steps. The method proposed in the discussion on the boundedness can be generalized to the similar problems. Results in this paper give information on how to run the ecological system well by adjusting the system parameters.

Microbial Function, Enzymatic Activities and Diversity in an Anaerobic-Anoxic-Aerobic Reactor System

Enzymatic activities of beta-glucosidase (β-GLC), leucine-aminopeptidase (LAP), and alkaline phosphatase (APA), corresponding to nutrient eliminations, and the microbial community structures were analyzed in an anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic reactor system. Results showed that most activity of β-GLC (64.2 μmol/(L·h)) associated with the largest fraction of small-molecular-weight carbohydrates was found in the aerobic reactor, indicating the existence of coupled hydrolysis-uptake mechanism in the aerobic bacteria. Similar activities of LAP presented in the anoxic and aerobic environments, whose increases accompanied by increments in nitrogen uptake rates greatly accelerated the processes of aerobic nitrification and anoxic denitrification. The highest APA activity displayed in the anaerobic reactor, however, dephosphorization performance was mainly achieved under aerobic condition. Microbial community fingerprints generated by polymerase chain reaction amplification and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) revealed that Proteobacterium, Actinobacterium, and Nitrospira were the predominant classes in the activated sludge and there was no evidence of community variations among each function reactor in the system with biomass recycling.

Effects of adding chicken manure to cattle manure on aerobic compost process parameters at low temperature

The research was aimed at studying the effect of adding certain proportion chicken manure to cattle manure on compost below 0℃ with aerobic compost method, which was suitable for northern cold climate. The results indicated that the mixed compost completed 3 days earlier than the single compost, the temperature of the mixed compost rose to 50.7℃ at the 1st day,and achieved its highest temperature 74.4℃ at the 3rd day. The temperature of the single compost rose to 40.0℃ at the 1st day,rose to 55.6℃ at the 3rd day,and achieved its highest temperature 70.1℃ at the 5th day. Adding chicken manure had no impact on the variety trend of the process parameters such as moisture content, pH and C/N ratio, hut increased the variety range of these parameters.