Ultralow charge-discharge voltage gap of 0.05 V in sunlight-responsive neutral aqueous Zn-air battery

Rechargeable neutral aqueous zinc-air batteries(ZABs)are a promising type of energy storage device with longer operating life and less corrosiveness compared with conventional alkaline ZABs.However,the neutral ZABs normally possess poor oxygen evolution reactions(OERs)and oxygen reduction reactions performance,resulting in a large charge–discharge voltage gap and low round-trip efficiency.Herein,we demonstrate a sunlight-assisted strategy for achieving an ultralow voltage gap of 0.05 V in neutral ZABs by using the FeOOH-decorated BiVO4(Fe-BiVO4)as an oxygen catalyst.Under sunlight,the electrons move from the valence band(VB)of Fe-BiVO_(4) to the conduction band producing holes in VB to promote the OER process and hence reduce the overpotential.Meanwhile,the photopotential generated by the Fe-BiVO_(4) compensates a part of the charging potential of neutral ZABs.Accordingly,the energy loss of the battery could be compensated via solar energy,leading to a record-low gap of 0.05 V between the charge and discharge voltage with a high round-trip efficiency of 94%.This work offers a simple but efficient pathway for solar-energy utilization in storage devices,further guiding the design of high energy efficiency of neutral aqueous ZABs.

Efficient Method to Extract Coupling Ratio and Round-trip Loss Parameters of Optical Waveguide Ring Resonator

Based on the measurement of the contrast ratios of the transmission spectra from the throughput and drop ports of ring resonator, an efficient method is proposed to extract the coupling ratio and round-trip loss of the integrated optical waveguide ring resonator. The parameters of a racetrack resonator prepared by ion-exchange technique in K9 optical glass substrate are examined, which demonstrates the validity of this method. The accuracy and applicable range of this method are also discussed.

China＇s Round-Tripped FDI： Trends,Determinants, and Policy Implications

With observations and reflections on a series of phenomena,such as the ＂independent situation＂of China＇s FDI during the recent global financial risis and the increase of round tripped investment after the ＂tax rate unification,＂this paper examines a unique phenomenon in China＇s FDI-round tripped investment.It reveals its determinants from a micro-perspectiv ,and establishes a vector error correction mode（VECM）for emprirical testing.The results is that the determinants of China＇s round tripped investment are institutional factors such as ＂achievable differential treatment＂ and cpaital control.Tax ,exchange rate,housing price and capital control intensity all have an impact on the scale of round tripped FDI.However,judging from the extent of influence,the most important factor should be exchange rate ,followed by capital control intensity and housing price,and tax has a limited impact.

基于两级分块的文件同步方法

针对Winnowing分块算法存在的分块效率较低以及分块粒度相对较粗等问题,提出了一种基于两级分块的文件同步方法(double-chunking file synchronization,DF-RSYNC)。该方法采用循环队列对每一个固定窗口内滑动块的局部字节指纹值进行存储,以避免对重叠部分滑块指纹值的重复计算,并采用分块粒度由粗到细的两级分块、两轮往返的同步算法,以提高差异检测的准确率,减少差异数据量。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效减少分块时间,提高差异计算的效率;能够更细粒度地检测到文件差异,从而提高了检重率。

Round-trip oscillation triboelectric nanogenerator with high output response and low wear to harvest random wind energy

Triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)has made significant progress in wind energy harvesting.As the most advantageous rotary TENG among wind energy harvesters,the severe material wear and the output that fluctuates with wind speed seriously hinder the application of TENG wind energy harvesters.In this study,we propose a round-trip oscillation triboelectric nanogenerator(RTO-TENG)consisting of a crank transmission mechanism and a power generation unit.The RTO-TENG utilizes a simple crank transmission mechanism combined with a zigzag-laminated triboelectric nanogenerator(Z-TENG)to achieve high-performance constant output and low material wear.The crank transmission mechanism can realize the transformation from circular motion to arc reciprocating motion,converting the random wind energy into bi-directional kinetic energy,driving the vertical contact and separation of the Z-TENG.Due to the low transmission ratio(1:1)of the crank transmission mechanism and the consistent frequency of the Z-TENG contact–separation with that of the pendulum,the RTO-TENG’s power generation unit(10 Z-TENGs)is insensitive to changes in wind speed,resulting in a constant and stable output response at various speeds.After 480,000 cycles,the output of RTO-TENG decreased by only 0.9%compared to the initial value of 6μC,and the scanning electron microscopy(SEM)images of the polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)film showed no significant wear on the surface of the friction layer,demonstrating excellent output stability and abrasion resistance of the RTO-TENG wind energy collector’s material.The equipped energy management module,based on a gas discharge tube switch,can further enhance the output performance of the RTO-TENG.After optimizing its inductor parameter L to match the load capacitor,it can charge a 220μF load capacitor to 13.4 V in 40 s,resulting in a 298%improvement in charging speed compared to the voltage of 4.48 V without the management module.Therefore,the RTO-TENG can efficiently provide power to low-power small electronic devices for Internet of Things(IoTs),such as road traffic warning signs and thermo-hygrometers.

Adaptive Control of Congestion in Tough Wireless Environments Using DCM+ Algorithm

The aim of this paper is to present DCM+, a new congestion control protocol for data networks. It stands for Dynamic Congestion control for Mobile networks. New metrics have been newly invented and introduced like normalized advancing index (NAI) and complete transmission time (CTT). The simulations are done for a simple single-hop-topology (sender-router-receiver). The outcomes of this protocol are excellent and, in most cases, better than other approaches. The excellent properties of our proposed protocol were possible through tracking the available slow-start threshold. We achieved performance improvement, minimized end-to-end delay and large reduction in transmission time. DCM+ was able to combine many advantages at same time of the protocols NewReno and Westwood+. The results show, that DCM+ is extremely adequate for different types of networks. Feedback as main principle of control theory was used to control the congestion in the network. The parameters Round-Trip-Time (RTT) and Retransmission Timeout (RTO) are used as feedback signals to adjust the next congestion window (cwnd).

Thermodynamic performance of a cryogenic energy storage system based on natural gas liquefaction

Cryogenic energy storage(CES)is a viable method for grid-scale electrical energy storage.Considering the high energy density and mature application of liquefied natural gas(LNG),we proposed an LNG cryogenic energy storage(LNGES)system.A steady-state process model of the LNGES system was established using Aspen HYSYS.The effects of the natural gas composition and key operating parameters such as the charging pressure,discharging pressure,throttling temperature,and liquid storage pressure on the system performance were investigated.A multi-parameter genetic algorithm model built using the MATLAB software was used to optimize the LNGES system to optimize the round-trip efficiency(RTE).Then,an exergy analysis of the optimal configuration was conducted.The results suggested that the LNGES system could achieve optimal RTE and exergy efficiency values of 60.14%and 71.64%,respectively.Exergy destruction mainly occurred during the compression,throttling,expansion,and heat exchange.The proposed LNGES system could be a promising candidate for the large-scale application of CES technology in power grids and gas networks.

Round-trip imaging through scattering media based on optical transmission matrix

Traditional one-way imaging methods become invalid when a target object is completely hidden behind scattering media. In this case, it has been much more challenging, since the light wave is distorted twice.To solve this problem, we propose an imaging method, so-called round-trip imaging, based on the optical transmission matrix of the scattering medium. We show that the object can be recovered directly from the distorted output wave, where no scanning is required during the imaging process. We predict that this method might improve the imaging speed and have potential application for real-time imaging.

Heterogeneous Round-Trip Trading and the Emergence of Volatility Clustering in Speculation Game

This study is a detailed analysis of Speculation Game,a simple agent-based model of financial markets,in which the round-trip trading and the dynamic wealth evolution with variable trading volumes are implemented.Instead of herding behavior,the authors find that the heterogeneous holding periods in round-trip trades can contribute to the emergence of volatility clustering.In particular,the spontaneous redistribution of market wealth through repetitions of round-trip trades with non-uniform horizons can widen the wealth disparity and establish the Pareto distribution of the capital size.As a result,the intermittent placements of relatively big orders from endogenously emerged rich traders can bring on large fluctuations in price return.Empirical data are used to support the scenario derived from the model.

Sensitivity analysis of borehole thermal energy storage: examining key factors for system optimization

Borehole thermal energy storage(BTES)systems have garnered significant attention owing to their efficacy in storing thermal energy for heating and cooling applications.Accurate modeling is paramount for ensuring the precise design and operation of BTES systems.This study conducts a sensitivity analysis of BTES modeling by employing a comparative investigation of five distinct parameters on a wedge-shaped model,with implications extendable to a cylindrical configuration.The parameters examined included two design factors(well spacing and grout thermal conductivity),two operational variables(charging and discharging rates),and one geological attribute(soil thermal conductivity).Finite element simulations were carried out for the sensitivity analysis to evaluate the round-trip efficiency,both on a per-cycle basis and cumulatively over three years of operation,serving as performance metrics.The results showed varying degrees of sensitivity across different models to changes in these parameters.In particular,the round-trip efficiency exhibited a greater sensitivity to changes in spacing and volumetric flow rate.Furthermore,this study underscores the importance of considering the impact of the soil and grout-material thermal conductivities on the BTES-system performance over time.An optimized scenario is modelled and compared with the base case,over a comparative assessment based on a 10-year simulation.The analysis revealed that,at the end of the 10-year period,the optimized BTES model achieved a cycle efficiency of 83.4%.This sensitivity analysis provides valuable insights into the merits and constraints of diverse BTES modeling methodologies,aiding in the selection of appropriate modeling tools for BTES system design and operation.

Comparative study on the globally optimal performance of cryogenic energy storage systems with different working media

Cryogenic energy storage(CES)has garnered attention as a large-scale electric energy storage technology for the storage and regulation of intermittent renewable electric energy in power networks.Nitrogen and argon can be found in the air,whereas methane is the primary component of natural gas,an important clean energy resource.Most research on CES focuses on liquid air energy storage(LAES),with its typical round-trip efficiency(RTE)being approximately 50%(theoretical).This study aims to explore the feasibility of using different gases as working media in CES systems,and consequently,to achieve a high system efficiency by constructing four steady-state process models for the CES systems with air,nitrogen,argon,and methane as working media using Aspen HYSYS.A combined single-parameter analysis and multi-parameter global optimization method was used for system optimization.Further,a group of key independent variables were analysed carefully to determine their reasonable ranges to achieve the ideal system performance,that is,RTE and liquefaction ratio through a single-parameter analysis.Consequently,a multi-parameter genetic algorithm was adopted to globally optimize the CES systems with different working media,and the energy and exergy analyses were conducted for the CES systems under their optimal conditions.The results indicated the high cycle efficiency of methane and a low irreversible loss in the liquefaction cycle.Moreover,the Joule-Thomson valve inlet temperature and charging and discharging pressures considerably affected the system performance.However,exergy loss in the CES system occurred primarily in the compressor,turbine,and liquefaction processes.The maximum optimal RTE of 55.84%was achieved in the liquid methane energy storage(LMES)system.Therefore,the LMES system is expected to exhibit potential for application in the CES technology to realize the integration of natural gas pipelines with renewable power grids on a large scale.Moreover,the results of study have important theoretical significance for the innovation of the CES technology.

Efficient Time Synchronization Approach for Wireless Communication Systems on GPP-Based Software-Defined Radio Platform

General purpose processer （GPP） based software-defined radio （SDR） platforms provide wireless communication system engineers with maximal architecture flexibility and versatility to construct a wideband wireless communication system. Nevertheless, the lack of hardware real-time timing control makes it difficult to achieve time synchronization between the base station and the terminals. In this paper, a software-based time synchronization （STS） method is proposed to realize the time synchronization of time division multiple access （TDMA） based wireless communication systems. A high precision software clock source is firstly constructed to measure the elapse of processing time. The Round-Trip Delay （RTD） algorithm is then presented to calculate timing advance values and achieve time synchronization. An example TDMA system is implemented on Microsoft Sora platforms to evaluate is effective to enable time synchronization for wideband the performance. Experiments show that the proposed mechanism wireless communication systems on GPP-based SDR platforms.

Improving Throughput For TCP Vegas

To slove the problem that the implementation of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Vegas does not consider the impact of TCP's segment size on Round-Trip Time (RTT) while calculating RTT and the smallest RTT (base _rtt), this paper proposes a modified congestion control mechanism for TCP Vegas. It first groups segments on the basis of segments size and updates base _rtt based on groups. In congestion avoidance phase, TCP Vegas changes its window size according to the measured RTT of the segment corresponding to the latest received ACK and the base _rtt retrieved from the group that the segment belongs to. Simulations illustrate that the enhanced TCP Vegas can achieve higher throughput up to 40 percent.

Effective Algorithms to Detect Stepping-Stone Intrusion by Removing Outliers of Packet RTTs

An effective method to detect stepping-stone intrusion(SSI)is to estimate the length of a connection chain.This type of detection method is referred to as a network-based detection approach.Existing network-based SSI detection methods are either ineffective in the context of the Internet because of the presence of outliers in the packet round-trip times(RTTs)or inefficient,as many packets must be captured and processed.Because of the high fluctuation caused by the intermediate routers on the Internet,it is unavoidable that the RTTs of the captured packets contain outlier values.In this paper,we first propose an efficient algorithm to eliminate most of the possible RTT outliers of the packets captured in the Internet environment.We then develop an efficient SSI detection algorithm by mining network traffic using an improved version of k-Means clustering.Our proposed detection algorithm for SSI is accurate,effective,and efficient in the context of the Internet.Well-designed network experiments are conducted in the Internet environment to verify the effectiveness,correctness,and efficiency of our proposed algorithms.Our experiments show that the effective rate of our proposed SSI detection algorithm is higher than 85.7%in the context of the Internet.

Design and analysis of a proportional-integral controller based on a Smith predictor for TCP/AQM network systems

Active queue management(AQM)is essential to prevent the degradation of quality of service in TCP/AQM systems with round-trip time(RTT)delay.RTT delays are primarily caused by packet-propagation delays,but they can also be caused by the processing time of queuing operations and dynamically changing network situations.This study focuses on the design and analysis of an AQM digital controller under time-delay uncertainty.The controller is based on the Smith predictor algorithm and is called the SMITHPI controller.This study also demonstrates the stability of the controller and its robustness against network parameter variations such as the number of TCP connections,time delays,and user datagram protocol flows.The performance,robustness,and effectiveness of the proposed SMITHPI controller are evaluated using the NS-2 simulator.Finally,the performance of the SMITHPI controller is compared with that of a well-known queue-based AQM,called the proportional-integral controller.

Joint uplink and downlink resource allocation for low-latency mobile virtual reality delivery in fog radio access networks

Fog radio access networks(F-RANs),in which the fog access points are equipped with communication,caching,and computing functionalities,have been anticipated as a promising architecture for enabling virtual reality(VR)applications in wireless networks.Although extensive research efforts have been devoted to designing efficient resource allocation strategies for realizing successful mobile VR delivery in downlink,the equally important resource allocation problem of mobile VR delivery in uplink has so far drawn little attention.In this work,we investigate a mobile VR F-RAN delivery framework,where both the uplink and downlink transmissions are considered.We first characterize the round-trip latency of the system,which reveals its dependence on the communication,caching,and computation resource allocations.Based on this information,we propose a simple yet efficient algorithm to minimize the round-trip latency,while satisfying the practical constraints on caching,computation capability,and transmission capacity in the uplink and downlink.Numerical results show that our proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the round-trip latency compared with various baselines,and the impacts of communication,caching,and computing resources on latency performance are illustrated.