Continuum modeling for two-lane traffic flow

In this paper, we study the continuum modeling of traffic dynamics for two-lane freeways. A new dynamics model is proposed, which contains the speed gradient-based momentum equations derived from a car-following theory suited to two-lane traffic flow. The conditions for securing the linear stability of the new model are presented. Numerical tests are can＇ied out and some nonequilibrium phenomena are observed, such as small disturbance instability, stop-and-go waves, local clusters and phase transition.

Extended speed gradient model for traffic flow on two-lane freeways

In this paper, the speed gradient （SG） model is extended to describe the traffic flow on two-lane freeways. Terms related to lane change are added into the continuity equations and velocity dynamic equations. The empirically observed two-lane phenomena, such as lane usage inversion and lane change rate versus density, are reproduced by extended SG model. The local cluster effect is also investigated by numerical simulations.

A new traffic model with the consideration of coupling effect with two lanes

This paper introduces a new two-lane high-order continuum model by embedding the two delay time scales con- tinuum traffic model presented by Xue （2003 Phys. Rev. E 68 066123） into the multi-lane model proposed by Daganzo （1997 Transpn. Res. B 31 83） with the consideration of the coupling effect between the vehicles of two lanes in instantaneous traffic situation and lane-change effect. In the novel model, the coupling effect of two lanes and phenomena of lane change, which were not discussed in Daganzo＇s model and Xue＇s model, are taken into account. Numerical simulation shows that it is in accordance with real traffic flow. This obviously indicates that the new phenomenon and behaviour are analogous results as single lane presented by Xue, and the proposed model is more reasonable on two lanes. Furthermore, the generation rate between two lanes is also investigated. The results show that the formation and diffusion of traffic shock wave can be better simulated on two lanes.

A continuum traffic flow model with the consideration of coupling effect for two-lane freeways

A new higher-order continuum model is proposed by considering the coupling and lane changing effects of the vehicles on two adjacent lanes. A stability analysis of the proposed model provides the conditions that ensure its linear stability. Issues related to lane changing, shock waves and rarefaction waves, local clustering and phase transition are also investigated with numerical experiments. The simulation results show that the proposed model is capable of providing explanations to some particular traffic phenomena commonly observable in real traffic flows.

Continuum modeling for two-lane traffic flow with consideration of the traffic interruption probability

Considering the effects that the probability of traffic interruption and the friction between two lanes have on the car-following behaviour, this paper establishes a new two-lane microscopic car-following model. Based on this microscopic model, a new macroscopic model was deduced by the relevance relation of microscopic and macroscopic scale parameters for the two-lane traffic flow. Terms related to lane change are added into the continuity equations and velocity dynamic equations to investigate the lane change rate. Numerical results verify that the proposed model can be efficiently used to reflect the effect of the probability of traffic interruption on the shock, rarefaction wave and lane change behaviour on two-lane freeways. The model has also been applied in reproducing some complex traffic phenomena caused by traffic accident interruption.

A viscous continuum traffic flow model with consideration of the coupling effect for two-lane freeways

In this paper, the viscous continuum traffic flow model for a single lane is extended to the traffic flow for two-lane freeways. The proposed model is a higher-order continuum model considering the coupling and lane changing effects of the vehicles on two adjacent lanes. It results from integrating the Taylor series expansion of the viscous continuum traffic flow model proposed by Ge （2006 Physiea A 371 667） into the multi-lane model presented by Daganzo （1997 Transpn. Res. B 31 83）. Our proposed model may be used to describe non-anisotropic behaviour because of lane changing in multi-lane traffic. A linear stability analysis is given and the neutral stability condition is obtained. Also, issues related to lane changing, shock waves and rarefaction waves, local clustering and phase transition are investigated through a simulation experiment. The simulation results show that the proposed model is capable of explaining some particular traffic phenomena commonly observable in real world traffic flow.

Analysis of the wave properties of a new two-lane continuum model with the coupling effect

A multilane extension of the single-lane anisotropic continuum model （GK model） developed by Gupta and Katiyar for traffic flow is discussed with the consideration of the coupling effect between the vehicles of different lanes in the instantaneous traffic situation and the lane-changing effect. The conditions for securing the linear stability of the new model are presented. The shock and the rarefaction waves, the local cluster effect and the phase transition are investigated through simulation experiments with the new model and are found to be consistent with the diverse nonlinear dynamical phenomena observed in a real traffic flow. The analysis also focuses on empirically observed two- lane phenomena, such as lane usage inversion and the density dependence of the number of lane changes. It is shown that single-lane dynamics can be extended to multilane cases without changing the basic properties of the single-lane model. The results show that the new multilane model is capable of explaining some particular traffic phenomena and is in accordance with real traffic flow.

A study on the effects of the transit parking time on traffic flow based on cellular automata theory

This paper mainly deals with the effects of transit stops on vehicle speeds and conversion lane numbers in a mixed traffic lane. Based on thorough research of traffic flow and cellular automata theory, it calibrates the cellular length and the running speed. Also, a cellular automata model for mixed traffic flow on a two-lane system under a periodic boundary condition is presented herewith, which also takes into consideration the harbour-shaped transit stop as well. By means of computer simulation, the article also studies the effects of bus parking time on the traffic volume, the transit speed and the fast lane speed at the same time. The results demonstrate that, with the increase of the bus parking time, the traffic volume of the transit stop and the transit speed decrease while the fast lane speed increases. This result could help calculate the transit delay correctly and make arrangements for transit routes reasonably and scientifically.

基于元胞自动机的路内停车对路段通行能力的影响研究

设置路内泊位是解决停车供需不平衡问题的1种重要的措施。然而,不合理的路内泊位设置不仅无法解决停车难的问题,还会降低道路通行能力,导致交通拥堵,从而衍生出一系列交通问题。为进一步从微观层面探究路内停车泊位供求关系以及停车便利性对路段通行能力的影响,构建了1个包括跟驰模型、换道模型和停靠模型的单向双车道元胞自动机模型。在跟驰模型中,通过为停车路段和非停车路段设置不同的慢化概率,探究机动车正常行驶和巡游停靠过程的差异性。在停靠模型中,通过设置停车机动持续时间,解析路内停车便利性对路段通行能力的影响。基于实地调查数据,对模型中正常行驶车辆和巡游停靠车辆的运行规则分别进行了标定,并对模型的可靠性进行了验证。与现有模型的对比分析结果表明,本文模型具有最好的拟合效果,平均绝对误差指标可以降低53.74%~75.71%,能更真实地反应路内停车过程对路段交通流的影响。随着交通流密度的增加,本文模型的平均绝对误差指标可以降低16.39%~52.85%,可以避免过高估计路内泊位对路段通行能力的负面影响,是现有研究的重要补充。在开放边界条件下,分别探究了停车需求、便利性和供给能力变化情景下路段通行能力的变化特征。3种不同场景下路段通行能力均有明显的波动,且停车需求变化的影响最显著。具体地,停车需求由路段交通流量的10%上升至30%时,通行能力下降44.12%;当停车便利性降低,停车机动持续时间由5 s提高到15 s时,通行能力下降24.44%;在500 m的路段上,当停车供给能力由20个停车泊位提高到50个时,通行能力下降39.39%。

Controlling traffic jams on a two-lane road using delayed-feedback signals

This paper focuses mainly on the stability analysis of two-lane traffic flow with lateral friction,which may be caused by irregular driving behavior or poorly visible road markings,and also attempts to reveal the formation mechanism of traffic jams.Firstly,a two-lane optimal velocity(OV) model without control signals is proposed and its stability condition is obtained from the viewpoint of control theory.Then delayed-feedback control signals composed of distance headway information from both lanes are added to each vehicle and a vehicular control system is designed to suppress the traffic jams.Lane change behaviors are also incorporated into the two-lane OV model and the corresponding information about distance headway and feedback signals is revised.Finally,the results of numerical experiments are shown to verify that when the stability condition is not met,the position disturbances and resulting lane change behaviors do indeed deteriorate traffic performance and cause serious traffic jams.However,once the proper delayed-feedback control signals are implemented,the traffic jams can be suppressed efficiently.

基于双车驾驶模拟的城市快速路驾驶人换道交互行为特征

为研究换道情境下换道车辆与目标车道后方车辆驾驶人间的交互行为,设计了城市快速路换道场景,搭建出双车驾驶模拟实验平台,招募40名驾驶人,开展了8种换道场景下的双车实验并进行驾驶风格问卷调查.基于换道阶段实验数据,分析对比了单、双车实验中两车驾驶人的交互行为特征和差异.利用多元Logistic回归模型,分析不同因素对换道交互决策的影响.结果表明:单、双车实验中,换道车辆和目标车道后方车辆的行为特征具有明显差异,从而验证了开展双车实验的必要性;不同的道路限速、换道方向、驾驶风格等因素下,两车驾驶人关键行为变量呈现差异性;道路限速、车辆初始速度、两车纵向位置差、横/纵速度差、纵向速度乘积等均对两车换道交互决策产生显著影响.

换道规则对高速公路双车道交通流的影响

根据车道功能和使用权将四车道高速公路换道规则分为对称、不对称、旧法规和新法规4类,根据换道动机将换道分为有倾向型和无倾向型后,统一合理描述这4类规则。提出相应的元胞自动机模型,用VC++编程实现元胞自动机模拟,考虑快车(小客车)和慢车(大货车)的长度、最大速度和最大加速度差异。研究结果表明:临界密度和慢车速度都与换道规则无关;不同换道规则造成的差异随着密度和慢车比率的增大而减小;在慢车比率较小的中低密度区,与对称规则相比,其他3种规则通过换道改变车辆分布,可大幅度减少冲突,提高快车速度;其他3种规则下快车速度仅在慢车比率较小且靠近临界密度的中密度区存在差异。

整体式断面双车道索道桥上部结构研究

为寻求整体式断面双车道索道桥上部结构的可行布置形式,采用考虑索梁组合结构几何非线性的空间有限元法,对几种桥面系构造方案的结构特性进行研究。研究结果表明:对于双车道索道桥,活载单车道偏载是比活载双车道同时偏载更为不利的荷载工况;在活载作用下,整个桥面系在横桥向不再保持线性变位;简单地采用横向线性扩展车道宽度的措施来构造双车道索道桥上部结构方案,将很难满足结构横倾稳定性要求;主索在横桥向的不同分布是影响索道桥结构抗扭能力的最主要因素;在桥面中央布置适量的主索对优化横梁内力分布状况是有益的。

山区双车道公路尾随相撞事故与道路线形的关系

为了改善我国山区双车道公路的安全状况,选取负二项分布作为回归分析的模型基础,应用同向纵坡的概念将甘肃省某山区双车道公路长为139 km的路段划分成94个同向纵坡单元,运用Stata 9.0统计软件对该路段内2003—2005年所发生的100起尾随相撞事故与8个反映道路设计要素的线形变量进行了广义的负二项回归分析.结果表明,山区双车道公路上的尾随相撞事故与累计坡长呈很强的正相关关系,累计坡长越长,尾随相撞的事故数越多.

双车道公路超车两难区域研究

基于超车行为分析,提出了双车道公路超车行为的两难区域概念,在该区域内超车车辆既无法完成超车动作又不能在避免与对向车辆相撞前安全避让。应用运动学理论建立了下游车队规模、车速、设计车速与两难区域范围以及安全超车视距之间的关系,发现与超越单车的视距要求相比,超越车队所需的安全视距较大,且随着设计车速、下游车队规模以及车速的增大而增大。并发现当流量或车速较大时,两难区域出现的概率较大,且因驾驶者错误估计引发交通事故的机会增多。最后给出了不同下游车队规模条件下安全超车的速度限制及视距要求,为制定安全行车策略以及道路安全管理提供了理论依据。

基于超车行为的双车道公路通行能力分析

为了研究双车道公路上的超车行为,定义了可回车车头时距与可超车车头时距,通过超车试验得到了两者的临界间隙值;分析了单向、双向车道的最小通行能力,合理解释了双向车道通行能力值小于2倍单向车道通行能力值的原因;最后确定了中国双车道公路上跟车车头时距值和跟车率。结果表明:根据实测数据及拟合仿真试验得到的双车道公路的基本通行能力为3 000 pcu.h-1。

超车模型在双车道公路仿真系统中的应用研究

借鉴以往的研究成果,在分析双车道公路超车特性的基础上,将超车过程划分为超车意愿、超车条件、超车行为、超车中止强制回车4个步骤,建立了超车模型。选用超车率、超车次率和区间平均速度作为验证指标来对比仿真结果与实测数据,对比结果符合误差范围,证明了模型的有效性。应用模型进行仿真试验,通过分析得到的超车率-流量关系,发现该关系曲线与实际情况相吻合且呈现出两个阶段,前一阶段随着双车道公路流量的增加,超车率逐渐增大至最大值。后一阶段流量增加而超车率不断下降,当流量达到2 900 pcu/h以后,超车率几乎为零,以此作为临界点,推荐我国标准2级双车道公路的双向通行能力为2 900 pcu/h。

基于元胞自动机的事故交通流模型仿真

针对发生事故的双车道模型,考虑行驶车辆是否在事故车道以及距离事故的远近,分析不同区域的换道特点,建立双车道元胞自动机模型。在开放边界条件下,改变进口车辆的驶入率和事故的持续时间,得到了车流量和平均车速的变化曲线,结果表明,在发生交通事故时应缩短事故处理时间,并将入口车辆进入率降至一定值。

双车道公路接入口安全影响分析

在对大量的双车道公路进行了调研和采集了海量的公路、交通、事故数据基础上,针对接入口对双车道公路交通安全的影响进行了量化分析。采取的分析方法包括接入口单因素对安全影响分析、考虑交通量和路段长度因素接入口对安全影响分析、接入口和其他因素综合对安全影响分析等。分析结果表明,接入口对双车道公路的总事故率尤其是追尾事故率有重要的影响,并得出了双车道公路接入口对交通安全影响的量化结论。全部事故、一般以上事故、路侧事故、追尾事故和碰撞事故等的次数都随接入口密度增加而增加;在山区双车道公路上,在其他要素不变的情况下接入口密度每增加一个单位,全部事故增加4.36%,追尾事故增加11.9%。

双车道公路路段通行能力研究中的计算机模拟

根据双车道公路的特点，阐述了双车道公路路段交通模拟的主要内容，着重进行了双车道公路交通行为的模拟分析。