On-Machine Measurement of the Straightness and Tilt Errors of a Linear Slideway Using a New Four-Sensor Method

Although there are some multi-sensor methods for measuring the straightness and tilt errors of a linear slideway, they need to be further improved in some aspects, such as suppressing measurement noise and reducing precondition.In this paper, a new four-sensor method with an improved measurement system is proposed to on-machine separate the straightness and tilt errors of a linear slideway from the sensor outputs, considering the influences of the reference surface profile and the zero-adjustment values. The improved system is achieved by adjusting a single sensor to di erent positions. Based on the system, a system of linear equations is built by fusing the sensor outputs to cancel out the e ects of the straightness and tilt errors. Three constraints are then derived and supplemented into the linear system to make the coe cient matrix full rank. To restrain the sensitivity of the solution of the linear system to the measurement noise in the sensor outputs, the Tikhonov regularization method is utilized. After the surface profile is obtained from the solution, the straightness and tilt errors are identified from the sensor outputs. To analyze the e ects of the measurement noise and the positioning errors of the sensor and the linear slideway, a series of computer simulations are carried out. An experiment is conducted for validation, showing good consistency. The new four-sensor method with the improved measurement system provides a new way to measure the straightness and tilt errors of a linear slideway, which can guarantee favorable propagations of the residuals induced by the noise and the positioning errors.

Optimization of the Tilted Fibre Bragg Gratings for the Fibre Accelerometric Sensor

The presentation shows the principle and construction of the fibre optic accelerometric sensor. The sensor element is based on the use of the tilted fibre Bragg grating (TFBG) that is imprinted to the bend insensitive single-mode telecommunication grade fibre. The fibre section with TFBG is then coupled to the evaluation fibre circuit with the cladding-core mode conversion element that provides the core re-coupling of the optical power injected by TFBG to the fibre cladding. The cladding-core mode conversion efficiency is sensitive to the acceleration generated fibre bending. It is shown that the sensitivity of the device depends on the rate of the main core reflection versus cladding ghost reflection induced by the grating. The analysis of the core reflection power coupling on the angle of the grating tilt and the analysis of the cladding ghost reflection power coupling on the angle of the grating tilt is presented and the optimal parameters of the tilt and refractive index modulation are derived. The presentation gives the experimental results of the TFBG sensor prepared according to the optimization process.

Cascaded tilted fiber Bragg grating for enhanced refractive index sensing

We proposed and experimentally demonstrated a cascaded tilted fiber Bragg grating(TFBG)for enhanced refractive index sensing.The TFBG is UV-inscribed in series in ordinary single-mode fiber(SMF)and reduced-diameter SMF with the same tilt angle,and then excites two sets of superposed spectral combs of cladding modes.The cascaded TFBG with total length of 18 mm has a much wider wavelength range over 100 nm and narrower wavelength separation than that of a TFBG only in the SMF,enabling an enlarged range and a higher accuracy of refractive index measurement.The fabricated TFBG with the merits of enhanced sensing capability and temperature self-calibration presents great potentials in the biochemical sensing applications.

Development of a Stabilized Pan/Tilt Platform and the State of the Art

In the context of this paper, a small scale, medium precision, stabilized pan/tilt platform is developed as a prototype, which is used to compare various stabilization algorithms experimentally. The overall performance of the system depends on rigid body dynamics, structural dynamics, servo control loops, stabilization control algorithm, sensor fusion algorithm and sensory feedback such as from the IMU （inertial measurement unit）. In the case that the response bandwidth of the overall system is high enough, the same hardware can also achieve active vibration isolation. All of these design aspects are investigated in the paper via numerical models and with their experimental verification.

Pure Bending Characteristic of Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating

a novel structure of the pure macro- bending sensor based on the tilted fiber Bragg grating （TFBG） is proposed. The TFBG located in the half circle with the different diameters is bent at a constant angle with respect to the tilted grating planes. With the variations of the curvature, the core-mode resonance is unchanged and the transmission power of cladding modes detected by the photodiodes varies linearly with curvature, while the ghost mode changes by the form of two-order polynomial. So we can use the transmission power of ghost mode or other cladding modes to detect bending curvature as shape sensor. From a practical point of view, the sensor proposed here is simple, low cost and easy to implement. Moreover, it is possible to make a temperature-insensitive shape sensor due to the same temperature characteristic between the core mode and the cladding modes.

基于倾角反演的隧道断面变形全方位监测方法

倾角传感器具有体积小、使用方便、测量连续等优点,在隧道变形监测领域有着巨大应用潜力,然而,现有基于倾角传感器的监测方法往往只能得到特定监测点的变形,在测量隧道断面整体变形方面还存在明显不足。为此,提出一种新的基于监测点倾角的隧道断面变形全方位监测方法。基于隧道断面曲线的形状特征,构造隧道分段变形插值函数,根据极坐标下隧道倾角与极径的关系,采用分段解析方法提出隧道倾角-变形数学模型,进一步通过协同变形假定,修正隧道测点极角,得到隧道倾角-变形算法;接着,建立隧道三维数值模型,通过均布荷载、对称非均布荷载和非对称荷载3种典型工况,采用误差分析方法分别研究算法的适用性;最后,通过室内试验进一步验证算法在实际应用中的准确性。研究结果表明:对于铁路隧道典型三心圆断面,推导的倾角-变形算法在均布荷载、对称非均布荷载和非对称荷载这3种典型工况下均具有良好的适应性,变形最大绝对误差均小于1 mm,平均相对误差均小于7%;在室内模型试验中,拱顶沉降监测误差小于8%,水平收敛监测误差小于5%,证明了监测方法的准确性。

基于方差补偿AKF-BP的电解液式测斜仪精度提升研究

电解液式测斜仪广泛适用于测量土石坝、面板坝、岩土边坡、路堤、基坑等结构物的水平位移监测。为消除环境温度变化和测量噪声引起的电解液式测斜仪测量误差,进行了传感器温度实验,并对硬件本身、工作环境、数据采集三种测量误差影响因素和温度变化影响因素进行详细分析,提出了一种基于方差补偿自适应卡尔曼滤波(AKF)和BP神经网络(BPNN)的精度补偿模型;结果表明,补偿后的电解液式测斜仪水平位移的均方误差相较于补偿前平均降低了80%以上,从而有效减少计算水平位移的误差,极大提升了电解液式测斜仪的测量精度,可应用于电解液式测斜仪实际工程。

三杯风速传感器非水平风场测量性能

为解决三杯风速传感器在计量检定条件下与观测场景中环境差异所导致的测量数据误差,致力于研究空气流速计量标准在量值传递过程中的真实性、准确性和一致性,为新一代三杯风速传感器作为计量器具的新产品型式评价提供思路和参考指标,依据杯式测风仪测量方法与自动气象站风速风向传感器检定规程,并在实验中加入了主体由角度编码器构成的自动化转盘系统,设计了三杯风速传感器在非水平风场内测量性能水平实验。通过调整三杯风速传感器在风洞试验段内的倾斜角度,模拟其在自然界非水平风场中的测量状态,同步采集风洞的标准指示风速、三杯风速传感器的实测风速以及其相应的倾斜角度,计算示值误差,利用方差分析、趋势分析、相关性分析和线性回归分析等统计方法,对不同倾斜角度下三杯风速传感器示值误差进行研究,得出了三杯风速传感器在风洞试验段内的示值误差与实测风速和倾斜角度之间的相关关系,提出了三杯风速传感器在非水平风场下的测量性能指标。研究了三杯风速传感器在非水平风场中实测风速与标准风速和倾斜角度的回归关系,提出了三杯风速传感器在计量环境下非水平风场中数据的量值传递修正算法。

双轴倾角传感器离轴倾斜测量的误差校正

二维摆动台常由离轴布局的两个一维摆动台组成。双轴倾角传感器用于二维摆动台倾斜测量时,难以避免出现传感器安装误差。同时,离轴布局的摆动台存在二维转轴间的角度耦合,即底层摆动台倾斜会造成上方摆动台的角度测量偏差。首先,对上述二维离轴倾斜系统的角度误差进行了分析和建模,将误差分类为近似线性误差和非线性误差。线性误差包括竖直和水平方向的倾角传感器安装误差。非线性误差则仅由摆动台离轴布局造成。随后,联合线性单应矩阵和非线性离轴倾角模型,提出了针对两类误差的校正方法,并制定了自动校正流程。最后,为了检验所提方法的校正精度,在±12°范围内进行了离轴角度调控实验。实验结果表明,二维摆动台倾斜角度测量精度由校正前的0.559°和-0.216°提高到了0.025°和0.013°,使角度误差减小了一个数量级。此外,为了进一步验证所提方法的有效性,与两种现有方法进行了对比实验。实验结果表明所提方法在校正精度和操作简易性方面均优于其他两种方法,证明了本文误差校正模型具有较高的完备性。

仿蜂鸟倾斜悬停的四旋翼系统设计

为了提高常规四旋翼的灵活性,模仿蜂鸟在空中倾斜身体悬停的特点,对一种改进后的轴可动四旋翼进行系统设计与验证。首先,在四旋翼的每个机臂上增加由舵机驱动的倾转装置,使得旋翼可以灵活地改变朝向,建立平台的六自由度模型;接着结合视觉传感器测量飞行平台的位姿,基于串级PID控制和线性的控制分配方法,基于嵌入式平台进行实物实验。结果表明,飞行器实现了静止在空中某一位置倾斜姿态,具有更高的灵活性。

矿用FBG倾角传感器结构设计及传感性能分析

基于杠杆—摆锤结构与力学分析方法,利用差动补偿法消除温度对光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)波长漂移量的影响,建立波长与倾角传感的数学模型,分析矿用FBG倾角传感器传感特性。通过矿用FBG倾角传感器平台标定静态实验分析总结,铜基体表贴FGB传感器精度为1.526%、灵敏度为952.95 pm/(°)、重复性为1.2687%、迟滞性为0.2998%,结果表明:FBG倾角传感性能与实际倾角测量结果具有较好的一致性,为矿用FBG倾角传感器的应用提供理论技术支撑。

基于倾角检测仪的水平井定向桥射联作技术

在定向桥射联作施工中,当射孔枪泵送至井下水平段射孔位置后,利用现有技术手段无法检测射孔弹发射口的朝向。通过研制倾角检测仪和全集成定向射孔装置,将选发控制芯片和三轴加速度传感器集成于一体,设计控制电路实现分簇射孔的起爆控制,实时测量射孔弹的方向并上传至地面选发控制系统;当检测到射孔弹方向不正确时,拖动枪串重新泵送使弹架旋转并重新定向,如果射孔弹方向仍不正确,则起出工具串整改后再施工。该技术使得接头与弹架触点连接无需接线,缩短了施工时间,方向测量角度偏差≤2.00°。在F196-XP34井现场应用11段,成功率100%。该技术可应用于所有水平井定向桥射联作,尤其适用于套管外避光纤的射孔工艺,具有较大的推广应用价值。

基于IDBO-PID的联合收获机割台控制系统

该研究专注于提升无人农场联合收获机在复杂地形作业时,割台高度控制的精确性与响应速度。首先,提出了一种基于双倾角传感器的高度检测补偿方法,通过最小二乘法拟合建立割台倾角与高度的相关模型,相关系数0.9958,显著提高测量准确性。随后,引入群智能算法优化的PID控制策略,利用Bernoulli混沌映射、粒子群算法(PSO)、t分布扰动改进蜣螂优化算法,解决了传统PID控制的精度低和响应慢等问题。基于这些优化,IDBO-PID控制器在仿真对比中相较于DBO-PID和传统PID,具有更优的响应速度和稳定性。试验验证表明,改进的控制策略使割台的上升速度达到0.44m/s、下降速度达到0.32m/s,并且高度误差控制在0.02m内,满足作业需求。

应用微芯桩传感器的拉裂型边坡危岩体临崩倾斜变形特征现场实测研究

边坡危岩体崩塌的监测预报一直是地质灾害防灾研究的重点和薄弱环节。基于微电子机械系统(micro-electromechanical system,简称MEMS)技术构建了危岩体微小倾斜角度与强振加速度的“采集-计算-传输”机制,研制了微芯桩传感器,实现了危岩体的低功耗长期监测。通过拉裂型危岩体崩塌现场实测分析,发现了拉裂型危岩体具有倾斜变形加速并伴随强振动频次、幅值增加的崩塌前兆。探明了临崩加速倾斜阶段累计倾斜变形量与倾斜变形速率之间具有显著指数关系,且倾斜速率倒数与距离崩塌时长具有线性相关性,进而建立了“倾斜速率倒数法”崩塌时间预测模型,形成了基于MEMS倾斜角度传感数据特征的预测模型实时应用算法流程。研究成果可对崩塌灾害的监测预警产生积极的促进作用。

计及横向边缘效应的摆式差动电容倾角传感器输出特性

为了研究计及极板横向边缘效应的摆式差动电容倾角传感器的输出特性,利用保角变换法和格林函数法,讨论电容式倾角传感器的电场,得到其电容量随角位移的变化关系,通过MATLAB软件绘制出该传感器输出特性曲线,并对影响该传感器输出特性的因素做了定量分析。仿真模拟结果显示,在传感器的动极板的宽度小于静极板时,增大两极板的宽度差,再适度增大极板的间距,并减小极板直缝隙的宽度,可提高该传感器灵敏度及线性度,改善其输出特性。

起重设备防倾覆智能化装置

为了解决起重设备在使用过程中可能出现的机械和人为原因引起的倾覆问题,将智能化技术引入到起重设备的设计、操作和后期的维护保养中,有效预防这些风险因素的产生。这些技术包括智能化吊具、防摇摆与精确定位、路径规划与障碍物避让、无线传输、视频监控等。通过这些技术,智能化装置不仅可以代替人的操作实现起重机自动运行,还可以实时监控起重机的工作状态,预测并避免可能的风险,从而确保起重机的安全和稳定运行,降低企业的运营成本。

计及边缘效应的差动圆柱面电容式倾角传感器的输出特性

为了研究差动圆柱面电容式倾角传感器在计及边缘效应情况下的输出特性,将保角变换法、格林函数法和计算机数值模拟相结合,讨论差动圆柱面电容器中的电场,给出其电容量随倾角变化的函数式,绘制出该传感器输出特性曲线,分析影响该传感器线性度及灵敏度的因素,并指出改善该传感器输出特性的途径。

采用倾角传感器的水田激光平地机设计

研制的采用倾角传感器的激光平地系统用于南方水田土壤的平整。平地机具通过三点式悬挂机构与拖拉机相连接,用左右两个油缸实现升降,由普通三位四通电磁换向阀控制油缸,分别采用激光与倾斜传感器实现平地机具左右侧升降控制。试验结果表明,采用倾角传感器的水田激光平地机在水田的平整精度能基本满足农艺要求。

基于2/3(G)表决冗余加速度传感器容错技术的研究

决定摆式列车能否进行商业运营最基本的条件是摆式列车的可靠性问题 ,而传感器工作的可靠性是其首要环节。本文针对我国首列摆式列车的实际运行条件 ,对摆式列车加速度传感器容错技术原理与方法进行探讨 ,提出了加速度传感器的容错技术可采用 2 / 3 (G)表决冗余容错策略。本文中的所有算法用线路实测数据进行了仿真 ,编制了相应的可移植到DSP系统上的程序 ,该程序已在专为摆式列车开发设计的DSP系统上运行通过 ,并且通过了线路试验的初步检验 ,经多次现场试验证明该算法是有效和实用的。

机身倾斜导致谷物流量传感器零点漂移的补偿

当联合收获机倾斜时谷物流量传感器因发生严重的零点漂移而导致较大的测量误差。通过对单板冲击式谷物流量传感器的倾斜试验发现,传感器的零点电压与联合收获机的倾斜角度成线性关系,当联合收获机左右倾斜15°时,零点漂移电压达25.4 mV,可能导致-8.3%~28%的测量误差。为了消除倾斜导致的零点漂移,在单板冲击式流量传感器后面增加一个与冲击板结构相同的参考检测板,构成双板差分冲击式谷物流量传感器。倾斜试验发现,在联合收获机左右倾斜15°范围内,冲击板和参考板的零点电压的变化一致,使用差分算法补偿后的零点漂移从25.4 mV降低到1 mV。