A two-dimensional fully analytical model with polarization effect for off-state channel potential and electric field distributions of GaN-based field-plated high electron mobility transistor

In this paper, we present a two-dimensional （2D） fully analytical model with consideration of polarization effect for the channel potential and electric field distributions of the gate field-plated high electron mobility transistor （FP-HEMT） on the basis of 2D Poisson＇s solution. The dependences of the channel potential and electric field distributions on drain bias, polarization charge density, FP structure parameters, A1GaN/GaN material parameters, etc. are investigated. A simple and convenient approach to designing high breakdown voltage FP-HEMTs is also proposed. The validity of this model is demonstrated by comparison with the numerical simulations with Silvaco-Atlas. The method in this paper can be extended to the development of other analytical models for different device structures, such as MIS-HEMTs, multiple-FP HETMs, slant-FP HEMTs, etc.

Development and application of a two-dimensional water quality model for the Daqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake

Water quality models are important tools to support the optimization of aquatic ecosystem rehabilitation programs and assess their efficiency. Basing on the flow conditions of the Daqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake, China, a two-dimensional water quality model was developed in the research. The hydrodynamics module was numerically solved by the alternating direction iteration （ADI） method. The parameters of the water quality module were obtained through the in situ experiments and the laboratory analyses that were conducted from 2006 to 2007. The model was calibrated and verified by the observation data in 2007. Among the four modelled key variables, i.e., water level, COD （in CODcr）, NH4＋-N and PO43-P the minimum value of the coefficient of determination （COD） was 0.69, indicating the model performed reasonably well. The developed model was then applied to simulate the water quality changes at a downstream cross-section assuming that the designed restoration programs were implemented. According to the simulated results, the restoration programs could cut down the loads of COD and PO43-P about 15%. Such a load reduction, unfortunately, would have very little effect on the NH4^＋-N removal. Moreover, the water quality at the outlet cross-section would be still in class V （3838-02）, indicating more measures should be taken to further reduce the loads. The study demonstrated the capability of water quality models to support aquatic ecosystem restorations.

Simulation of two-dimensional interior ballistics model of solid propellant electrothermal-chem ical launch with discharge rod plasma generator

Instead of the capillary plasma generator(CPG),a discharge rod plasma generator(DRPG)is used in the30 mm electrothermal-chemical(ETC)gun to improve the ignition uniformity of the solid propellant.An axisymmetric two-dimensional interior ballistics model of the solid propellant ETC gun(2D-IB-SPETCG)is presented to describe the process of the ETC launch.Both calculated pressure and projectile muzzle velocity accord well with the experimental results.The feasibility of the 2D-IB-SPETCG model is proved.Depending on the experimental data and initial parameters,detailed distribution of the ballistics parameters can be simulated.With the distribution of pressure and temperature of the gas phase and the propellant,the influence of plasma during the ignition process can be analyzed.Because of the radial flowing plasma,the propellant in the area of the DRPG is ignited within 0.01 ms,while all propellant in the chamber is ignited within 0.09 ms.The radial ignition delay time is much less than the axial delay time.During the ignition process,the radial pressure difference is less than 5 MPa at the place 0.025 m away from the breech.The radial ignition uniformity is proved.The temperature of the gas increases from several thousand K(conventional ignition)to several ten thousand K(plasma ignition).Compare the distribution of the density and temperature of the gas,we know that low density and high temperature gas appears near the exits of the DRPG,while high density and low temperature gas appears at the wall near the breech.The simulation of the 2D-IB-SPETCG model is an effective way to investigate the interior ballistics process of the ETC launch.The 2D-IB-SPETC model can be used for prediction and improvement of experiments.

Two-dimensional Numerical Modeling Research on Continent Subduction Dynamics

Continent subduction is one of the hot research problems in geoscience. New models presented here have been set up and two-dimensional numerical modeling research on the possibility of continental subduction has been made with the finite element software, ANSYS, based on documentary evidence and reasonable assumptions that the subduction of oceanic crust has occurred, the subduction of continental crust can take place and the process can be simplified to a discontinuous plane strain theory model. The modeling results show that it is completely possible for continental crust to be subducted to a depth of 120 km under certain circumstances and conditions. At the same time, the simulations of continental subduction under a single dynamical factor have also been made, including the pull force of the subducted oceanic lithosphere, the drag force connected with mantle convection and the push force of the mid-ocean ridge. These experiments show that the drag force connected with mantle convection is critical for continent subduction.

Performance assessment of two-dimensional hydraulic models for generation of flood inundation maps in mountain river basins

Hydraulic models for the generation of flood inundation maps are not commonly applied in mountain river basins because of the difficulty in modeling the hydraulic behavior and the complex topography. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the performance of four twodimensional hydraulic models (HEC-RAS 2D, Iber 2D, Flood Modeller 2D, and PCSWMM 2D) with respect to the generation of flood inundation maps. The study area covers a 5-km reach of the Santa B-arbara River located in the Ecuadorian Andes, at 2330 masl, in Gualaceo. The model's performance was evaluated based on the water surface elevation and flood extent, in terms of the mean absolute difference and measure of fit. The analysis revealed that, for a given case, Iber 2D has the best performance in simulating the water level and inundation for flood events with 20- and 50-year return periods, respectively, followed by Flood Modeller 2D, HEC-RAS 2D, and PCSWMM 2D in terms of their performance. Grid resolution, the way in which hydraulic structures are mimicked, the model code, and the default value of the parameters are considered the main sources of prediction uncertainty.

HIGH RESOLUTION PARAMETRIC MODELLING FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL RADAR TARGET USING PRONY ALGORITHM

On the conditions of low-resolution radar, a parametric model for two-dimensional radar target is described here according to the theory of electromagnetic scattering and the geometrical theory of diffraction. A high resolution estimation algorithm to extract the model parameters is also developed by building the relation of the scattering model and Prony model. The analysis of Cramer-Rao bound and simulation show that the method here has better statistical performance. The simulated analysis also indicates that the accurate extraction of the diffraction coefficient of scattering center is restricted by signal to noise ratio, radar center frequency and radar bandwidth.

Displacement Field Variable Modeling Method for Heterogeneous Materials in Wind Power Blade Core Plates

In order to study the mechanical properties of the heterogeneous core plate of the wind turbine blade,a modeling method of the core plate based on displacement field variables is proposed.Firstly,the wind turbine blade core plate was modeled according to the theory of modeling heterogeneous material characteristics.Secondly,the three-point bending finite element model of the wind turbine blade core plate was solved by the display dynamic equation to obtain the deformation pattern and force-deformation relationship of the core plate.Finally,the three-point bending static test was conducted to compare with the finite element analysis.The test results show that:the damage form of the wind turbine blade core plate includes elasticity,yield,and failure stages.The main failure modes are plastic deformation,core material collapse,and panel-core delamination.The failure load measured by the test is 1.59 kN,which is basically consistent with the load-displacement result obtained by the simulation,with a difference of only 1.9%,which verifies the validity and reliability of the model.It provides data references for wind turbine blade structure design.

A Numerical Algorithm Based on Quadratic Finite Element for Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Time Fractional Thermal Diffusion Model

In this article,a high-order scheme,which is formulated by combining the quadratic finite element method in space with a second-order time discrete scheme,is developed for looking for the numerical solution of a two-dimensional nonlinear time fractional thermal diffusion model.The time Caputo fractional derivative is approximated by using the L2-1formula,the first-order derivative and nonlinear term are discretized by some second-order approximation formulas,and the quadratic finite element is used to approximate the spatial direction.The error accuracy O(h3+
t2)is obtained,which is verified by the numerical results.

Global Two-Dimensional Chemistry Model and Simulation of Atmospheric Chemical Composition

A global two-dimensional zonally averaged chemistry model is developed to study the chemi-cal composition of atmosphere. The region of the model is from 90°S to 90°N and from the ground to the altitude of 20 km with a resolution of 5° x 1 km. The wind field is residual circulation calcu-lated from diabatic rate. 34 species and 104 chemical and photochemical reactions are considered in the model. The sources of CH4, CO and NOx, which are divided into seasonal sources and non-seasonal sources, are parameterized as a function of latitude and time. The chemical composi-tion of atmosphere was simulated with emission level of CH4, CO and NOx in 1990. The results are compared with observations and other model results, showing that the model is successful to simu-late the atmospheric chemical composition and distribution of CH4. Key words Global two-dimensional chemistry model - Atmospheric composition - Emission This work was supported by the State Key Program for basic research “ Climate Dynamics and Cli-mate Prediction Theory” (Pandeng-yu-21).The authors would like to express their thanks to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL), Carbon Cycle Group for providing the observational data of CO and CH4.

Comprehensive two-dimensional river ice model based on boundary-fitted coordinate transformation method

River ice is a natural phenomenon in cold regions, influenced by meteorology, geomorphology, and hydraulic conditions. River ice processes involve complex interactions between hydrodynamic, mechanical, and thermal processes, and they are also influenced by weather and hydrologic conditions. Because natural rivers are serpentine, with bends, narrows, and straight reaches, the commonly-used one-dimensional river ice models and two-dimensional models based on the rectangular Cartesian coordinates are incapable of simulating the physical phenomena accurately. In order to accurately simulate the complicated river geometry and overcome the difficulties of numerical simulation resulting from both complex boundaries and differences between length and width scales, a two-dimensional river ice numerical model based on a boundary-fitted coordinate transformation method was developed. The presented model considers the influence of the frazil ice accumulation under ice cover and the shape of the leading edge of ice cover during the freezing process. The model is capable of determining the velocity field, the distribution of water temperature, the concentration distribution of frazil ice, the transport of floating ice, the progression, stability, and thawing of ice cover, and the transport, accumulation, and erosion of ice under ice cover. A MacCormack scheme was used to solve the equations numerically. The model was validated with field observations from the Hequ Reach of the Yellow River. Comparison of simulation results with field data indicates that the model is capable of simulating the river ice process with high accuracy.

Constitutive Behavior of the Interface between UHPC and Steel Plate without Shear Connector:From Experimental to Numerical Study

The application of ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC)as a covering layer for steel bridge decks has gained widespread popularity.By employing a connection without a shear connector between the steel plate and UHPC,namely,the sandblasted interface and the epoxy adhesive with sprinkled basalt aggregate interface,the installation cannot only be simplified but also the stress concentration resulting from the welded shear connectors can be eliminated.This study develops constitutive models for these two interfaces without shear connectors,based on the interfacial pull-off and push-out tests.For validation,three-point bending tests on the steel-UHPC composite plates are conducted.The results indicated that the proposed bilinear traction-separation model for the sandblasted interface and the trapezoidal traction-separation model for the epoxy adhesive with sprinkled basalt aggregate interface can generally calibrate the interfacial behavior.However,the utilization of the experimentally determined pure shear strength underestimates the load-carrying capacity of the composite plates in the case of three-point bending tests.By recalling the Mohr-Coulomb criterion,this underestimation is attributed to the enhancement of the interface shear strength by the presence of normal stress.

Research on the quasi-isentropic driving model of aluminized explosives in the detonation wave propagation direction

Taking CL-20(Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane)-based aluminized explosives with high gurney energy as the research object, this research experimentally investigates the work capability of different aluminized explosive formulations when driving metal flyer plates in the denotation wave propagation direction.The research results showed that the formulations with 43 μm aluminum(Al) powder particles(The particle sizes of Al powder were in the range of 2~43 μm) exhibited the optimal performance in driving flyer plates along the denotation wave propagation direction. Compared to the formulations with Al powder 13 μm, the formulations with Al powder 2 μm delivered better performance in accelerating metal flyer plates in the early stage, which, however, turned to be poor in the later stage. The CL-20-based explosives containing 25% Al far under-performed those containing 15% Al. Based on the proposed quasi-isentropic hypothesis, relevant isentropy theories, and the functional relationship between detonation parameters and entropy as well as Al reaction degree, the characteristic lines of aluminized explosives in accelerating flyer plates were theoretically studied, a quasi-isentropic theoretical model for the aluminized explosive driving the flyer plate was built and the calculation methods for the variations of flyer plate velocity, Al reaction degree, and detonation product parameters with time and axial positions were developed. The theoretical model built is verified by the experimental results of the CL-20-based aluminized explosive driving flyer plate. It was found that the model built could accurately calculate the variations of flyer plate velocity and Al reaction degree over time. In addition, how physical parameters including detonation product pressure and temperature varied with time and axial positions was identified. The action time of the positive pressure after the detonation of aluminized explosives was found prolonged and the downtrend of the temperature was slowed down and even reversed to a slight rise due to the aftereffect reaction between the Al powder and the detonation products.

DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODEL FOR FIXED-BED ADSORBERS

A new method is proposed for the determination of the parameters in a two-dimensionalmodel which characterizes the properties of axial and radial mixing and mass transport in afixed-bed adsorber.Parameter estimation for the model is carried out with methane-air-5A molecularsieve in a bed under the condition of step injection of tracer from a point on the main axis of thebed by the curve fitting method in the time domain.

Two-dimensional hydrodynamic robust numerical model of soil erosion based on slopes and river basins

Erosion is an important issue in soil science and is related to many environmental problems,such as soil erosion and sediment transport.Establishing a simulation model suitable for soil erosion prediction is of great significance not only to accurately predict the process of soil separation by runoff,but also improve the physical model of soil erosion.In this study,we develop a graphic processing unit(GPU)-based numerical model that combines two-dimensional(2D)hydrodynamic and Green-Ampt(G-A)infiltration modelling to simulate soil erosion.A Godunov-type scheme on a uniform and structured square grid is then generated to solve the relevant shallow water equations(SWEs).The highlight of this study is the use of GPU-based acceleration technology to enable numerical models to simulate slope and watershed erosion in an efficient and high-resolution manner.The results show that the hydrodynamic model performs well in simulating soil erosion process.Soil erosion is studied by conducting calculation verification at the slope and basin scales.The first case involves simulating soil erosion process of a slope surface under indoor artificial rainfall conditions from 0 to 1000 s,and there is a good agreement between the simulated values and the measured values for the runoff velocity.The second case is a river basin experiment(Coquet River Basin)that involves watershed erosion.Simulations of the erosion depth change and erosion cumulative amount of the basin during a period of 1-40 h show an elevation difference of erosion at 0.5-3.0 m,especially during the period of 20-30 h.Nine cross sections in the basin are selected for simulation and the results reveal that the depth of erosion change value ranges from-0.86 to-2.79 m and the depth of deposition change value varies from 0.38 to 1.02 m.The findings indicate that the developed GPU-based hydrogeomorphological model can reproduce soil erosion processes.These results are valuable for rainfall runoff and soil erosion predictions on rilled hillslopes and river basins.

Impact of Large Fresh Water Discharges into Hakata Bay Due to Torrential Rain Using Nested Two-Dimensional Convective-Dispersive Model

In this study, numerical simulation of a two-dimensional convective-dispersive model in Hakata Bay, Japan, is performed to analyze the impact of major river discharges due to torrential rain in Fukuoka City. Tank models are applied to calculate river discharges, which are taken into consideration as river inflow in the hydrodynamic model of Hakata Bay. A two-way nesting “edge” technique is developed and applied in the model in order to consider the influence of narrow and complex geographical features. The area around “Island City” and Imazu Bay are calculated in high resolution. The resulting model has high reproducibility since the calculated river discharges, tidal current, and salinity show good agreement with observed data. To analyze the impact of large river discharges, the calculation period is set from 11 September 2002 to 21 September 2002 since there was torrential rain on September 16 in the given year in Fukuoka City (163.5 mm/d). The results show that low-salinity water covered the whole of the inner part of Hakata Bay, and water of lower salinity than outer sea water (<34.0 psu) spread out to the bay’s mouth two days after the torrential rain event. Fresh water covered the entire area of Imazu Bay and flowed out from the mouth of the Bay after the torrential rain event. The behavior of fresh water after a few days of torrential rain was remarkably different from normal discharge river flow. These results indicate that the environment in Imazu Bay can be degraded severely by torrential rain. Therefore, countermeasures to protect ecosystems in Hakata Bay must be examined immediately.

Vertical two-dimensional non-hydrostatic pressure model with single layer

The vertical two-dimensional non-hydrostatic pressure models with multiple layers can make prediction more accurate than those obtained by the hydrostatic pres- sure assumption. However, they are time-consuming and unstable, which makes them unsuitable for wider application. In this study, an efficient model with a single layer is developed. Decomposing the pressure into the hydrostatic and dynamic components and integrating the x-momentum equation from the bottom to the free surface can yield a horizontal momentum equation, in which the terms relevant to the dynamic pressure are discretized semi-implicitly. The convective terms in the vertical momentum equation are ignored, and the rest of the equation is approximated with the Keller-box scheme. The velocities expressed as the unknown dynamic pressure are substituted into the continuity equation, resulting in a tri-diagonal linear system solved by the Thomas algorithm. The validation of solitary and sinusoidal waves indicates that the present model can provide comparable results to the models with multiple layers but at much lower computation cost.

The Model for Linear Magnetoresistance of Two-Dimensional Metal-Semiconductor Composites with Interfacial Shells

A metal-semiconductor composite with the interracial shells is investigated theoretically for the large linear mag- netoresistance effect of high doping Ag2＋δ Se and Ag2＋δ te materials. The magnetoresistance （MR） of composites is a function of the magnetic field, temperature, the conductivities of two phases without magnetic field, and the thickness and conductivity of the interracial shells. The MR increases with the increase of the magnetic field and with the decrease of temperature, and no saturation is found even under the high magnetic field. Moreover, it is interestingly found that the interracial shell is an important factor for the MR of the composites. The MR increases with the thickness and the conductivity of the interfacial shells. Lastly, the theoretical results on the MR are compared with the experimental data. It is found that the value of the MR of the composite with the interfacial shell is larger than that without the interfacial shell.

Inflation Cosmological Solutions in Two-Dimensional Brans-Dicke Gravity Model

The purpose of this paper is to study cosmological properties of two-dimensional Brans-Dicke gravity model. For massless scatar field, the new cosmological solutions are found by integration of field equation, these solutions correspond to the inflation solutions with positive cosmological constant. The result of this paper show that the inflation process of universe is controlled by the classical and quantum effect of the scalar field.

“Products-Knowledge” Two-Dimensional Increment Model of Fashion Industry Value Chain Based on Industry Analysis

Fashion industry has a complex characteristic for it spans the first, second, and third industries. In addition, the characteristic of creative industry has high value-added for its knowledge outputting, which makes the traditional value-added analysis based on supply chain not easy and good enough to interpret its industry value-added features. From the perspective of "products-knowledge" two-dimensional analysis,a fashion industry value chain increment model is built,by simulating the process of "product flow" and "information flow" value-added. The fashion industry value chain increment model provides an effective way for the enterprise strategy formulation and production strategy adjustment.

AN EXPLORATION TO THE MODELLING OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL COMPLEX TURBULENT SHEAR FLOWS

The regions with shear stress and mean velocity gradient of opposite sign often existin complex turbulent shear flows.In these cases,the eddy viscosity hypothesis breaksdown.Hinze regards the,departure from eddy viscosity hypothesis as a result from transportationof mean momentum over distance by the large structures and arrives at a shearstress expression including the second order derivatives of the mean velocity.However,hisexpression greatly overestimates the shear stress.This implies that the flow particles areunlikely to have enough memory of the mean momentum over distance.By assuming thedeparture from eddy viscosity hypothesis as a result from transportation of the shear stresscontained in smaller eddies over distance by the large structures,the present author hasarrived at a new shear stress expression.The shear stress estimated so far is in goodagreement with the experiments.