Battlefield dynamic scanning and staring imaging system based on fast steering mirror

This paper presents the design of an experimental battlefield dynamic scanning and staring imaging system based on a fast steering mirror(FSM), which is capable of real-time monitoring of hot targets and wide-area reconnaissance of hot regions. First,the working principle and working sequence of the FSM are briefly analyzed. The mathematical model of the FSM system is built by modeling its dynamic and electrical properties, and the rationality of the model is validated by means of model identification. Second,the influence of external sources of disturbance such as the carrier and moment on the control precision of the FSM is effectively suppressed by the jointly controlling of proportional integral(PI)and disturbance observer(DOB), thus realizing a high precision and strong robustness control of the FSM system. Then, this paper designs an experimental prototype and introduces a special optical structure to enable the infrared camera to share the FSM with the visible light camera. Finally, the influence of the velocity difference between the mirror of the FSM and the rotating platform on the imaging quality of the system is experimentally analyzed by using the image sharpness evaluation method based on point sharpness. A good dynamic scanning and staring imaging result is achieved when the velocity of these two components correspond.

Structured mirror array for two-dimensional collimation of a chromium beam in atom lithography

Direct-write atom lithography,one of the potential nanofabrication techniques,is restricted by some difficulties in producing optical masks for the deposition of complex structures.In order to make further progress,a structured mirror array is developed to transversely collimate the chromium atomic beam in two dimensions.The best collimation is obtained when the laser red detunes by natural line-width of transition 7S3 → 7P40 of the chromium atom.The collimation ratio is 0.45 vertically（in x axis）,and it is 0.55 horizontally（in y axis）.The theoretical model is also simulated,and success of our structured mirror array is achieved.

Fabrication and Application of Nano-SQUID Magnetometer to Scanning Imaging of Two-Dimensional Quantum Materials

Superconducting quantum interference devices(SQUIDs)are directly sensitive to magnetic flux.Nano-fabricated SQUID chip with miniaturized superconducting circuits can be further utilized as scanning probes for imaging of materials.Scanning SQUID microscopy(SSM)combines both high spatial resolution and high magnetic field sensitivity and is especially suitable for studying low dimensional materials with small sensing volumes.Here,we briefly review the fabrication of different types of nano-SQUIDs and the recent progress of utilizing them for scanning microscopy of quantum materials.We focus on but are not limited to topological states,unconventional superconductivity and exotic magnetism with a particular interest in two-dimensional materials.The magnet-ometry,susceptometry and current imaging modes of the SSM coupled with the external tuning of the material by magnetic field,electrical field gating and strain reveals a multitude of information beyond the scopes of charge-sensing probes.

Endoscopic Optical Doppler Tomography Based on Two-Axis Scanning MEMS Mirror

We study the feasibility of endoscopic optical Doppler tomography with a micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS) mirror based probe. The additional phase shifts introduced by the probe are tracked and formulated.The suppression method of the probe phase shifts is proposed and validated by fluid flow detection experiments.In vivo blood flow detection is also implemented on a hairless mouse. The velocities of the blood flow in two directions are obtained to be-8.1 mm/s and 6.6 mm/s, respectively.

Two-dimensional precise figuring of 500 mm-long X-ray mirror using one-dimensional ion beam system

In this study,a new method was developed to realize two-dimensional(2D)figure correction of grazing-incidence X-ray mirrors using a one-dimensional(1D)ion-beam figuring system.A mask of holes was specifically designed to generate removal functions at different widths and extend the figuring capability over a wide area.Accordingly,a long mirror could be manufactured.Using this method,the surface height root-mean-square(RMS)error of the center area of 484 mm×16 mm was reduced from 11.49 nm to 2.01 nm,and the 1D meridional RMS error reached 1.0 nm.The proposed method exhibits high precision and cost effectiveness for production of long X-ray mirrors.

A Compact MEMS-Based Optical Scanning System with Large Field of View for Lidars

In this work, a design of a compact optical MEMS-based lidar scanning system with a large field of view (FOV) and small distortion is presented. The scanning system applies an off-axis structure and the length of the system can be reduced to about 10 cm in an optimized way. Simulation results show that a large FOV is achieved under a uniform scanning scheme. In addition, the spot size less than 20 cm at distance of 100 m is also realized. The optical scanning system can be used for the vehicle-mounted Lidar.

基于双楔形扫描镜的甲烷气体光谱成像方法

随着我国油气管道铺设数量的增加,对管道的维护工作也需予以更多的重视.目前,在油气输送站场内,主要采用人工巡检、对射式和云台式检测设备来检测天然气泄漏.但是这些方法存在响应度差、检测区域受限、泄漏点定位较慢等问题.为了满足对油气管道泄漏实时监测和快速定位的需求,本文设计了一种快速、精确控制的双楔形扫描镜系统,结合可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术,使得气体测量由原来的点测量转换为面测量.通过反解迭代优化算法,控制楔形镜的转角获得高效均匀的光束扫描轨迹,并将激光束的偏转方向及检测位置与对应的甲烷浓度信息相融合,构建了包含有位置信息的甲烷浓度数据,实现甲烷气体的光谱成像.实验中为了定量验证测量准确度及空间分辨率,通过标准气袋模拟甲烷泄漏分布,结果表明系统的成像浓度检测限小于500 ppm·m(1 ppm=10^(–6)),位置分辨率小于6 cm.同时该方法可以依据油气站场的测量距离调节扫描步进节点,从而实现成像分辨率的可调节,该成像方法为精确定位甲烷气体泄漏提供了新的思路.

Field induced Chern insulating states in twisted monolayer–bilayer graphene

Unraveling the mechanism underlying topological phases, notably the Chern insulators(Ch Is) in strong correlated systems at the microscopy scale, has captivated significant research interest. Nonetheless, Ch Is harboring topological information have not always manifested themselves, owing to the constraints imposed by displacement fields in certain experimental configurations. In this study, we employ density-tuned scanning tunneling microscopy(DT-STM) to investigate the Ch Is in twisted monolayer–bilayer graphene(t MBG). At zero magnetic field, we observe correlated metallic states.While under a magnetic field, a metal–insulator transition happens and an integer Ch I is formed emanating from the filling index s = 3 with a Chern number C = 1. Our results underscore the pivotal role of magnetic fields as a powerful probe for elucidating topological phases in twisted Van der Waals heterostructures.

Slow Phase Transition-Induced Scan Rate Dependence of Spin Crossover in a Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Fe(III)Complex

Spin crossover(SCO)is commonly accompanied by a synchronous phase transition.A few phase transitioncoupled SCO compounds have been reported,yet the synergy between SCO and phase transition on different time scales has not been explored.Herein,we report an[Fe(H-5-Cl-thsa-Et)(5-Cl-thsa-Et)]·H2O(1·H2O;H2-5-Cl-thsa-Et=5-chloro-salicylaldehyde ethylthiosemicarbazone)Fe(III)complex that displays a two-dimensional supramolecular structure and SCO behavior above room temperature.Its dehydrated form1 exhibits a two-step spin transition with aplateau in the temperature-dependent magnetization(M−T)curve at room temperature and a 51 K thermal hysteresis loop(Tc↑↓=299/248 K)at a rate of 5 K/min.The improved SCOperformance in 1 could be attributed to the stronger intralayer but weaker interlayer interactions,which is supported by single-crystal structural analysis and density functional theory calculations.Remarkably,complex 1 displays an unusual scan rate-dependent SCO behavior at rates of 0.5−30 K/min,in whichM−T curveplateaus appear at lower scan rates(<10 K/min)but vanish at faster scan rates(≥10 K/min).Scan rate-dependent differential scanning calorimetry,powder X-ray diffractometry,timedependent magnetic moment decays,and infrared spectroscopy consistently reveal that the slow structural relaxation is coupled with a slowcrystallographic phase transition,which is the mechanism for the unusual scan rate-dependent SCO.

Structure and Growth of Two-dimensional Ices at the Surfaces Probed by Scanning Probe Microscopy

Scanning probe microscopy(SPM) stands out as one of the most powerful tools for characterizing the solid surface and the adsorbed molecules with ?ngstr?m resolution in real space. In particular, this unique technique provides an unprecedented opportunity for directly probing the low-dimensional ices at surfaces. In this perspective, we first review the recent advances of scanning tunneling microscopy(STM) imaging of various two-dimensional(2 D) ice structures on metal[1-7], insulator[8-12], graphite[13-15] surfaces and under strong confinement[10, 16-19]. We then introduce that noncontact atomic-force microscopy(AFM) with a CO-terminated tip enables atomic imaging of a genuine 2 D ice grown on a hydrophobic Au(111) surface with minimal perturbation[20], paying particular attention to the growth processes at the edges of 2 D ice. In the end, we present an outlook on the future applications of 2 D ice as well as the relation between the 2 D and 3 D ice growth.

Defect-induced Surface and Interface Reconstruction in Novel Two-dimensional Materials Revealed by Low Voltage Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Two-dimensional(2 D) materials attracted substantial attention due to their extraordinary physical properties resulting from the unique atomic thickness. 2 D materials could be considered as material systems with flat surfaces at both sides, while the van der Waals gap is a natural out-of-plane interface between two monolayers. However, defects are inevitably presented and often cause significant surface and interface reconstruction, which modify the physical properties of the materials being investigated. In this review article, we reviewed the effort achieved in probing the defect structures and the reconstruction of surface and interface in novel 2 D materials through aberration corrected low voltage scanning transmission electron microscopy(LVSTEM). The LVSTEM technique enables us to unveil the intrinsic atomic structure of defects atom-by-atom, and even directly visualize the dynamical reconstruction process with single atom precision. The effort in understanding the defect structures and their contributions in the surface and interface reconstructions in 2 D materials shed light on the origin of their novel physical phenomenon, and also pave the way for defect engineering in future potential applications.

基于二维函数PST的离轴四反系统杂散光分析

离轴四反系统是顺应多光合一机载观瞄系统未来发展的光机核心部件。该类型系统容易受到视场外部强杂散光的影响,系统杂散光的点源透射率(PST)一般要求不大于10^(-4)量级,因此,对系统PST进行全方位扫描计算是分析和抑制其杂散光的关键。针对系统的非对称性,将PST作为随杂散光入射空间水平角和垂直角变化的二维函数,用以评价外部杂散光的影响,同时建立了水平角、垂直角与光机建模所需绕坐标轴旋转的过程量的对应转换关系,编制了仿真控制程序,通过调用LightTools软件实现杂散光的自动追迹和PST的二维扫描计算。对多光合一离轴四反系统,计算了整个入射半球空间内、所有方向的杂散光对应的PST分布情况,从而筛选出对机载观瞄应用影响较大的三路杂散光,寻找到其传输的路径和关键表面。基于此,设计了内部遮光罩和挡光环,优化系统内部的杂散光陷阱结构,使得系统的PST峰值由原来10^(-1)量级降低至10^(-4)量级,在规避角范围以外小于10^(-7),可满足机载光电观瞄系统的使用要求。为离轴四反系统杂散光分析及抑制提供了依据。

精指向机构45°扫描镜光矢量轨迹正交性研究

在空间激光通信终端中,精指向机构45°扫描镜振动轴绕不同轴系振动时,捕获跟踪CMOS相机上的扫描轨迹不正交,使得激光终端扫描概率降低、光轴在轨标定难度增大。为研究其内在机理,利用光学追迹的方法建立三维光矢量扫描轨迹模型,计算并仿真45°反射镜振动轴沿两组常用正交轴扫描时,CMOS相机上光矢量轨迹的正交性,搭建实验测试系统验证该计算仿真在精指向机构扫描过程反射光矢量的性能。研究结果表明:45°扫描镜振动轴绕P=(1/2,-1/2,√2/2)^(T)和P′=(1/2,-1/2,-√2/2)^(T)振动扫描轨迹的不正交度为19.47°,不随扫描角度的变化而发生变化,实验验证和理论结果一致;45°扫描镜振动轴绕z轴和P=(√2/2,-√2/2,0)^(T)振动时,由扫描角度和扫描轨迹正交性曲线关系,得出CMOS相机上扫描轨迹夹角随着扫描角度变化而变化,当扫描角度为9 mrad时,扫描轨迹的不正交度为6.4 mrad。该研究对空间激光通信终端精指向机构扫描的内在机理、安装方式、轴外视场光轴标定等有深刻的认识和指导意义。

一种基于集成扫描光栅微镜和改进型非对称式C-T结构的微型近红外光谱仪

近红外光谱分析技术在航空航天、生物医药、环境检测、食品安全等众多领域均有广泛应用。高性能、微型化、低成本近红外光谱仪是制约基于近红外连续光谱分析的微小型检测装备发展的主要瓶颈,是当前光谱仪发展的主要研究方向。提出了一种基于微光机电系统(Micro-optical electro-mechanical system,MOEMS)集成扫描光栅微镜和改进型非对称式切尼-特纳(Czerny-Turner,C-T)光学结构的微型近红外光谱仪系统结构,分析了光谱仪系统和集成扫描光栅微镜的工作原理,基于光栅相关参数和光谱仪性能指标要求确定了集成扫描光栅微镜最大扫描角度。分析了改进型非对称式C-T初始光学结构像差,基于ZEMAX光学设计平台完成了光谱仪光学系统的仿真和优化设计,确定了系统关键参数。仿真分析了平凸柱面透镜对改进型非对称式C-T光学结构系统分辨率、检测灵敏度等性能参数的影响。基于仿真优化结果,完成了微型近红外光谱仪机械结构设计、加工与装调,搭建实验平台完成了光谱仪相关性能参数测试。结果表明,设计的基于MOEMS集成扫描光栅微镜和改进型非对称式C-T光学结构的微型近红外光谱仪,采用重庆大学自主研发的谐振频率为677.1 Hz的MOEMS集成扫描光栅微镜来实现同步扫描和分光,0.8 ms时间内即可完成一次波长范围800~1800 nm的光谱测量,光谱准确性与国外品牌光谱仪比较无明显差异,光谱整体分辨率半峰全宽(FWHM)≤11 nm,波长稳定性≤±1 nm;基于平凸柱面透镜的光学结构设计可将探测输出光强值提高15%以上,可有效提高光谱测量的灵敏度;同时,经过平凸透镜二次聚焦后的光斑尺寸更小,可选用感光面积小、截至频率大的单管探测器实现光谱探测,可降低系统成本、抑制外部光噪声,满足扫描频率较高的扫描光栅式光谱仪的光谱分辨率需求。因此,提出的基于MOEMS集成扫描光栅微镜和改进型非对称式C-T结构的近红外光谱仪满足高性能、微型化和低成本的光谱仪发展需求。

大惯量扫描镜的滑模自抗扰控制

针对大惯量扫描镜伺服系统中因柔性连接所导致的机械谐振问题,本文提出一种非线性滑模自抗扰控制方法对机械谐振加以抑制.首先建立了伺服系统谐振数学模型,并分析了自抗扰控制抑制谐振的原理;然后建立了速度环滑模自抗扰控制器,并在计算机仿真软件中针对连续-离散混合模型进行仿真;最后在大惯量扫描镜机构上进行控制实验.仿真结果表明,采用滑模自抗扰控制后,机械谐振得到了抑制,系统的动态性能得到了提高,系统更接近于刚性连接系统.实验结果表明,扫描镜摆动过程中匀速段及反向加速段的机械谐振得到了有效抑制,位置跟踪精度得到了有效提高,达到了设计要求(<1′′).

High-sensitive two-dimensional PbI_(2)photodetector with ultrashort channel

Photodetectors based on two-dimensional(2D)semiconductors have attracted many research interests owing to their excellent optoelectronic characteristics and application potential for highly integrated applications.However,the unique morphology of 2D materials also restricts the further improvement of the device performance,as the carrier transport is very susceptible to intrinsic and extrinsic environment of the materials.Here,we report the highest responsivity(172 A/W)achieved so far for a PbI_(2)-based photodetector at room temperature,which is an order of magnitude higher than previously reported.Thermal scanning probe lithography(t-SPL)was used to pattern electrodes to realize the ultrashort channel(~60 nm)in the devices.The shortening of the channel length greatly reduces the probability of the photo-generated carriers being scattered during the transport process,which increases the photocurrent density and thus the responsivity.Our work shows that the combination of emerging processing technologies and 2D materials is an effective route to shrink device size and improve device performance.

基于FR4的多自由度电磁式扫描光栅微镜结构设计

本文面向低成本、高可靠、便携式光谱分析检测设备的需要,提出了一种基于FR4(Flame Retardant,阻燃等级为UL94V-O的板材,4表示树脂为环氧树脂、增强材料为玻璃纤维布)复合材料的多自由度电磁驱动微型集成扫描光栅微镜新结构。通过多自由度结构设计,有效提升了微镜转动角度。建立了器件有限元仿真模型,开展了静力学、模态及谐响应分析。有限元分析结果表明:微镜能够在设定谐振模态下工作,其微镜与驱动线圈的位移比值为1.795,为大转角电磁式微型集成扫描光栅微镜设计提供了一种新方法。

应用于激光微显示中高速扫描的压电MEMS微镜

设计并制作了一款直径为1.1 mm、频率为31.11 kHz的MEMS压电微镜,用于需要高速扫描且小尺寸的应用场景。该器件所需模态为扭转模态,与其他模态分离情况好,不会出现耦合。实验结果显示,电压为32 V时光学扫描角40.66°,品质因子1155。改变PZT极性,实验得到了薄膜材料的铁电性质影响。另外,完成了MEMS微镜在0℃~100℃不同温度下角度的变化实验,偏离不超过±1°。仿真模拟、实验结果和理论计算结果三者拟合情况好,表明该设计的微镜具有较高的可控性和稳定性,为实现高精度扫描提供了有力支持。该MEMS压电微镜在AR/VR等领域中具有潜在的应用前景。

工业型红外干涉仪的设计

用于工业现场的傅里叶变换红外光谱仪不仅要求具备与实验室设备相近的信噪比和稳定性,而且仪器的体积和重量需要更小,且对抗震性、易维护性等要求更为严格。在充分利用立体角镜与平面反射镜相组合的光学原理的基础上,通过对影响干涉仪性能的影响因素进行量化分析,对仪器的设计方案提出指导,设计了一种双摆式的干涉仪光路结构,使仪器具有更高的稳定性。通过对仪器基本性能及标准样品的测试,表明仪器的性能完全能够满足实际测试的需求。

自补偿型双摆式干涉仪的设计

受自身体积、重量、抗震性能等方面的限制,傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)难以在工业现场的应用中取得很好的效果.在充分利用立体角镜与平面折返镜各自光学特性的基础上,设计了一种自补偿型的双摆式干涉仪,在光学原理上解决干涉仪稳定性的问题.通过对扫描机构的电力学分析与建模,建立了控制器与扫描速度之间的关系,并利用高速数字信号处理(DSP)技术实现相应的控制算法,能够将速度误差控制在±0.2%的范围内.通过对仪器性能及标准样品的测试表明,仪器具有较高的信噪比与稳定性,能够满足工业应用的需求.